Assignment1 Solutions

1) Consider two systems S1 and S2 connected in series. Assume that if x1(t) and x2(t) are the inputs to S1, then y1(t) and y2(t)
are the outputs respectively. Also, assume that if y1(t) and y2(t) are the inputs to S2, then z1(t) and z2(t) are the outputs,
respectively. Since S1, S2 is linear,
S1 S2
ax1(t) + bx2(t) ay1(t) + by2(t); ay1(t) + by2(t) az1(t) + bz2(t),
S1, S2
where a and b are constants. Therefore we see that, ax1(t) + bx2(t) az1(t) + bz2(t).

Again from Homogeneity principle, zero input to the systems S1 and S2 will have zero outputs, as these systems are inherently
linear, and therefore, they will follow the said principle. Therefore, their series combination of S1 and S2 is linear.

Since S1 and S2 are time invariant systems, we may write

S1 S2
x1(t-T0) y1(t-T0); y1(t-T0) z1(t-T0).
Therefore, x1(t-T0) S1, S2 z1(t-T0).
Therefore, the series combination of S1 and S2 is time invariant.
 n
2. We have, x [ n ]  cos( ) 2) In the second case we have,
4
      3 
x [ n ]  cos     n   cos  n
1) Period of the given signal can be found using,  o N  2  k ,
 4 2    4 
where K is an integer.
2k 8k
Again using the periodicity equation, we have N  
2
3
4 3
Hence, we have, N  
 8 (for k=1).
4 for k = 3, N = 8.

3. The given signal is

t
x ( t )  sin( ) t=21
7

t=0 t=7 t=14

For the sampled signal to be reconstructed from its discrete values, fs  2 fm (Nyquist rate). But it is given that the f s is taken
equal to 2 fm and first sample is taken at t  0. Following this rule, next sample will be taken at t  7 then at t  14 and so on.
Hence, we will be taking samples at the points where sine wave is zero. Therefore, the signal cannot be reconstructed at this
sampling frequency.
4. 1. y [ n ]  2 x [ n ]. Therefore, system is time invariant

2. y [ n ]  ( 2 n  1 ) x [ n ]. This is not time variant because, y[ n  N 0 ] 

 ( 2 n  1) x [ n  N 0 ]

n 1
y [ n ]  x [ n ]{ 1  (  1 )  1  (  1) }  2 x [ n ] . Therefore
n
3. the system is time-invariant.

5. From the given equation, we have, y[ n ]  x [ n ]  h [ n ]   x [ k ]h [ n  k ]
k  

 1
 u [  k  1] u [ n  k  1]
 k
 ( )
k  
3
1 1
 u [ n  k  1]
 k
 ( )
k  
3
 1
 ) u [ n  k  1]
k
 (
k 1
3
Replacing k by p+1, 
1 p 1
y[n ]   (
3
) u[n  p ]
p0
For n≥ 0 the above equation reduces to,

1 p 1 1 1 1
y[n ]   (
3
) 
3 1 1

2
p0 3

For n<0, equation (1) reduces to,

 
1 p 1 1  n 1 1
y[n ]    ( 
p
( ) ) ( )
pn 3 3 p0 3
n
1  n 1 1 1 n 1 3
 ( )  ( ) 
3 1 1
3 3 2 2
Therefore,

3 2 n  0
n

y[n ]   ,
 1 2 n  0
6. a) g[n] is as shown in Figure below. Clearly, g[n] has a fundamental period of 10.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
n
b) Since g [ n ]  x [ n ]  x [ n  1 ] ,
 [1  e
 j ( 2  10 ) 8 k
whose Fourier series is, b k
1
10 ]
the FS coefficients must be related as
 j (2
bk  a k  e
10 ) k
ak

where, 𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑘 ,

[1  e
 j ( 2  10 ) 8 k
b 1
10 ]
Therefore, a  k

1 e 1 e
k  j ( 2  10 ) k  j ( 2  10 ) k
7. (a) 𝐹1 = 1000 Hz; 𝐹2 = 3000 Hz; 𝐹3 = 6000 Hz
These are the frequency components of 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡), where maximum frequency content is 𝐹3 = 6000 Hz.
Hence, Nyquist Rate (𝐹𝑁 ) of 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) should be, twice of its maximum frequency content, i.e.,
𝐹𝑁 = 2𝐹3 = 12000 Hz
1 3 6
(b) 𝑥(𝑛) = 3 cos 2𝜋( )𝑛 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋( )𝑛 + 10 cos 2𝜋( )𝑛
1000 1 5 5 5
𝐹1 1 2 1
𝑓1 = 𝐹𝑠 = 5000 = 5 = 3 cos 2𝜋( )𝑛 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋(1 − )𝑛 + 10 cos 2𝜋(1 + )𝑛
5 5 5

𝐹2 3000 3
𝑓2 = 𝐹𝑠 = = 1 2 1
5000 5 𝑥(𝑛) = 3 cos 2𝜋( )𝑛 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋(− )𝑛 + 10 cos 2𝜋( )𝑛
5 5 5
1 2
𝐹3 6000 6 = 13 cos 2𝜋 𝑛 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋( )𝑛
𝑓3 = 𝐹𝑠 = 5000 = 5 5 5

The frequency content will be changed as the 𝐹𝑆 < 𝐹𝑁 . Due to aliasing effect 3000 Hz and 6000 Hz frequency components
are changed to 2000 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. No effect on 1000 Hz component as 𝐹1 < 𝐹𝑆 /2.
8 (a)

(b)
9. a) Let the input and output be x1(n) and y1(n) , respectively;
then the system output is 𝑦1 𝑛 = 2𝑥1(𝑛 − 5).

Again, let 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥1(𝑛 − 𝑛0) be the shifted input and y2(n) be the output due to the shifted input. We determine the system
output using the shifted input as 𝑦2 𝑛 = 2𝑥2 𝑛 − 5 = 2𝑥1(𝑛 − 𝑛0 − 5)

Meanwhile, shifting y1(n) by n0 samples leads to 𝑦1 𝑛 − 𝑛0 = 2𝑥1(𝑛 − 5 − 𝑛0)

We can verify that y2 𝑛 = 𝑦1 𝑛 − 𝑛0

Thus the shifted input of n0 samples causes the system output to be shifted by the same 𝑛0 samples, thus the system is time
invariant.

b)Not time invariant(Hint: Scaling factor on ‘𝑛’)

10.