Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 95 views

    Signals and Systems: Laboratory Manual

    Uploaded by

    Fakhar Abbaspp
    This laboratory manual document describes an experiment on implementing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT using MATLAB. The objectives are to learn how to compute the DFT and inverse DFT using the fft and ifft commands in MATLAB, as well as using the formula directly. It also covers sampling and aliasing, analyzing the effects of different sampling rates, and demonstrates these concepts using MATLAB code examples. Filtering of audio signals is also briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Signals and Systems: Laboratory Manual

    Uploaded by

    Fakhar Abbaspp
    95 views6 pages
    This laboratory manual document describes an experiment on implementing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT using MATLAB. The objectives are to learn how to compute the DFT and inverse DFT using the fft and ifft commands in MATLAB, as well as using the formula directly. It also covers sampling and aliasing, analyzing the effects of different sampling rates, and demonstrates these concepts using MATLAB code examples. Filtering of audio signals is also briefly mentioned.

    Original Description:

    Discrete Fourier Transform

    Original Title

    SNS_LAB_13_SP_2020

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This laboratory manual document describes an experiment on implementing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT using MATLAB. The objectives are to learn how to compute the DFT and inverse DFT using the fft and ifft commands in MATLAB, as well as using the formula directly. It also covers sampling and aliasing, analyzing the effects of different sampling rates, and demonstrates these concepts using MATLAB code examples. Filtering of audio signals is also briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    95 views6 pages

    Signals and Systems: Laboratory Manual

    Uploaded by

    Fakhar Abbaspp
    This laboratory manual document describes an experiment on implementing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse DFT using MATLAB. The objectives are to learn how to compute the DFT and inverse DFT using the fft and ifft commands in MATLAB, as well as using the formula directly. It also covers sampling and aliasing, analyzing the effects of different sampling rates, and demonstrates these concepts using MATLAB code examples. Filtering of audio signals is also briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Signals and Systems

    (EL-223)

    LABORATORY MANUAL

    Dr.Shahzad Saleem
    Engr. Fakhar Abbas
    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB
    (LAB # 13)

    ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

    Prepared by: Engr. Fakhar Abbas Version: 1.00


    Last Edited by:
    Verified by: Dr. Waqas bin Abbas, Dr. Shahzad Updated: Spring 2020
    Saleem
    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB Lab 13

    Lab # 13: Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB


    Objective: In this lab, you will learn:
     How to find DFT and inverse DFT:
     Using fft and ifft command
     Using Formula implementation
     Sampling and Aliasing using MATLAB
     Analysis of fft command over different points
     Filtering applied to Audio Signals
    Tools Used: MATLAB

    Description:

    DFT:
    The discrete Fourier transform, or DFT, is the primary tool of digital signal processing. The foundation
    of the product is the fast Fourier transform (FFT), a method for computing the DFT with reduced
    execution time. Many of the toolbox functions (including Z-domain frequency response, spectrum and
    cepstrum analysis, and some filter design and implementation functions) incorporate the FFT. DFT and
    Inverse DFT are represented as:

    DFT and IDFT computations using usign fft and ifft commands in MATLAB:

    Example: x[n] = [ −3 4 1 2]
    fft:
    fft(x) computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of X using a fast Fourier transform (FFT)
    algorithm

    ifft:
    ifft(X) returns the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of vector X, computed with a fast Fourier
    transform (FFT) algorithm. If X is a matrix, ifftreturns the inverse DFT of each column of the matrix.

    Example:
    x = [3 4 1 -2] % Defining x[n]
    XK = fft(x)% Computing DFT
    xn = ifft(XK)% Computing IDFT
    Note: You can also compute DFT and IDFT using formula given above that would also give same
    results as fft and ifft command.

    Sampling and Aliasing:

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB NUCES FAST, ISLAMABAD Page 2 of 6


    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB Lab 13

    The sampling theorem states that a band-limited continuous-time signal, with highest frequency (or
    bandwidth) equal to B Hz, can be recovered from its samples provided that the sampling frequency,
    denoted by Fs, is greater than or equal to 2B Hz (or samples per second). The minimum sampling rate
    is often called the Nyquist rate. For example, the minimum sampling rate for a telephone speech signal
    (assumed low-pass filtered at 4 kHz) should be 8 KHz (or 8000 samples per second), while the
    minimum sampling rate for an audio CD signal with frequencies up to 22 KHz should be 44KHz.

    In the figure below, you see the sampling effects on a sinusoidal signal of frequency B Hz that result
    from the use of different sampling frequencies.

    Sampling of a continuous-time signal results in repeating its spectrum in the frequency domain. The
    spectrum is repeated every Fs Hz. Assuming that the bandwidth of the continuous-time signal is B Hz,
    then the repeated bands in the frequency domain will not interfere with each other if the sampling
    frequency is larger than 2B Hz. In this case, the spectrum of the original signal can be recovered from
    the spectrum of the sampled signal by low-pass filtering with a cutoff frequency that is equal to Fs/2
    Hz. This also means that the original signal can be recovered from the sampled signal via the low-pass
    filtering operation. When the sampling rate is not large enough (not larger than 2B Hz), then
    interference among adjacent bands will occur, and this results in the phenomenon of aliasing. In this
    case, the original signal cannot be recovered from the sampled signal

    Sampling and Aliasing Phenomenon using MATLAB:

    Example: Compting Magnitude Spectrum of DFT.


    clc; close all; clear
    Fs = 50; %sampling Frequency
    f = 2; % Signal’s Frequency
    N = Fs; % Total number of samples
    n = 0:N-1; % n represents sample number
    T = 1/Fs; % T represents sampling interval i.e., time between 2
    samples
    t = n*T; % t = n*T = n/Fs
    x = cos(2*f*pi*t); % Time Domain Signal
    subplot(211)
    plot(t,x,'linewidth',2)
    set(gca,'Fontweight','bold');
    hold on

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB NUCES FAST, ISLAMABAD Page 3 of 6


    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB Lab 13

    h = stem(t,x,'filled','r','LineWidth',2);
    xlabel('t (sec)')
    title('Sampled Signal')
    grid
    Xk = fft(x); % Computing DFT of x
    X = fftshift(abs(Xk))/length(x);
    % fx = linspace(-Fs/2,(Fs/2)-1,N); % setting frequency axis
    between –Fs/2 to Fs/2
    fx = -Fs/2:Fs/length(X):Fs/2-(Fs/length(X)); % setting frequency
    axis between –Fs/2 to Fs/2
    subplot(212)
    h = stem(fx,X,'filled','LineWidth',2);
    grid
    xlabel('f (Hz)')
    title('DFT Magnitude Sepectrum |X[k]|')
    set(gca,'Fontweight','bold');
    xlim([-5 5])

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB NUCES FAST, ISLAMABAD Page 4 of 6


    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB Lab 13

    Example: Understanding fftshift () command:


    Let x(t) = cos(2π2t), where t = nTs , Fs = 10, and N = 10 samples.
    Write a Matlab code to compute dft using fft command . The objective of this task is to become
    familiar with fftshift command. Your graphs should contain 3 subplots like this:

    Matlab Code of above Example:

    clc;close;
    Fs = 10; %sampling Frequency
    f = 2; % Signal’s Frequency
    N = 10; % Total number of samples
    n = 0:N-1; % n represents sample number
    T = 1/Fs; % T represents sampling interval i.e., time between 2
    samples
    t = n*T; % t = nTs = n/Fs
    x2 = cos(2*f*pi*t);
    Xk = fft(x2); % Computing fft
    Y = abs(Xk);
    X = fftshift(abs(Xk));
    fx = 0:Fs/length(X):Fs-(Fs/length(X));
    fy = -Fs/2:Fs/length(X):Fs/2-(Fs/length(X));
    subplot(311)
    h=stem(fx,Y,'filled');
    set(gca,'Xtick',0:13,'fontweight','bold')
    set(h,'linewidth',2);
    grid on;
    xlabel('0 to Fs - 1','fontweight','bold');

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB NUCES FAST, ISLAMABAD Page 5 of 6


    Implementatin of DFT and IDFT using MATLAB Lab 13

    ylabel('|X(k)|','fontweight','bold')
    title('Before fftshift')
    subplot(312)
    h=stem(fx,X,'filled');
    set(gca,'Xtick',0:13,'fontweight','bold');
    set(h,'linewidth',2);
    grid on;
    xlabel(' 0 to Fs - 1','fontweight','bold');
    ylabel('|X(k)|','fontweight','bold');
    title('After fftshift');
    subplot(313)
    h=stem(fy,X,'filled');
    set(gca,'Xtick',-7:7,'fontweight','bold');
    set(h,'linewidth',2);
    grid on;
    xlabel('-Fs/2 to Fs/2','fontweight','bold');
    ylabel('|X(k)|','fontweight','bold');
    title('After fftshift');

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB NUCES FAST, ISLAMABAD Page 6 of 6

    You might also like