Lasers, Diode, Surgical
Lasers, Diode, Surgical
Lasers, Diode, Surgical
Purpose
High-power surgical diode lasers are used to cut or vaporize soft tissue with
hemostasis and to photocoagulate soft tissue in surgical specialties such as general
surgery, gastroenterology, gynecology, neurology, otorhinolaryngology, plastic
surgery, and urology. Typical diode laser wavelengths between 800-900 nm have a
high absorption rate for hemoglobin and therefore these units are a good choice for
procedures requiring hemostasis, like laparoscopic cholecystectomy, treatment of
gastrointestinal bleeding, endometrial ablation, tumor removal (e.g., esophageal,
spinal), uvulopalatoplasty, and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (e.g.,
visually assisted laser ablation of the prostate).
At lower power settings, surgical diode lasers have been used for interstitial laser photocoagulation—a
minimally invasive technique for tumor destruction—and various tissue-welding applications.
Principles of operation
A typical surgical diode laser is a stand-alone tabletop or wall-mounted unit with a connector port for a
fiberoptic delivery system. A high-power surgical diode laser generates light energy (e.g., 15 to 60 W) using an
array of semiconductor diodes. Each diode emits laser light (e.g., 0.5 to
5 W) from the layer containing the active medium as electrical current
passes through it. The aggregate laser energy emitted from the UMDNS Information
individual diode chips is either collimated by a lens and focused onto
This Product Comparison covers the
an optical fiber (e.g., by an additional lens) or gathered by and directly following device term and product code as
coupled to a fiberoptic delivery system before it is conveyed to the listed in ECRI Institute’s Universal Medical
Device Nomenclature System™
treatment site. (UMDNS™):
Lasers, Diode, Surgical [18-183]
5200 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462-1298, USA Tel +1 (610) 825-6000 Fax +1 (610) 834-1275 Web www.ecri.org E-mail [email protected]
Lasers, Diode, Surgical
The specific wavelength of emitted light is determined by the semiconductor material used as the active
medium. Current high-power surgical diode lasers use either AlGaAs, which emits light at a nominal wavelength
of 810 nanometers (nm), or InGaAs, which emits light at a nominal wavelength of 980 nm. These wavelengths can
be changed slightly (i.e., tuned) by the manufacturer by adding aluminum or indium, depending on the type of
laser.
Depending on the application or desired tissue effect—heating, water vaporization, or ablation of tissue
solids—laser energy can be delivered in continuous-wave (CW), single-pulse, or repeat-pulse treatment modes. In
CW mode, energy is emitted without interruption during the period of activation. Most units allow this exposure
duration (e.g., 10 to 3,600 sec) to be set using a countdown function. In single-pulse mode, a continuous beam is
delivered for a short pulse duration (width) (e.g., 0.1 to 9.9 sec). In repeat-pulse mode, a series of single pulses is
emitted at a specific pulse interval.
Surgical diode lasers require an aiming beam to verify precise treatment delivery because the near-infrared
beam is invisible. Most devices use a separate low-power (3 to 5 mW) diode laser to generate this visible laser
beam. Diode aiming lasers are available in a variety of colors—red, orange, yellow, or green. Red lasers were
traditionally used for aiming lasers; however, green beams have garnered recent attention because some perceive
them as brighter and having more visibility in the blood-filled surgical area.
Reported problems
The smoke generated during laser surgery (smoke plume) when treating malignancies such as human
papillomavirus has the potential to transmit certain pathogens. There is also a risk of releasing mutagens and
carcinogens into the air, including benzene and formaldehyde, in concentrations that may exceed federal
standards. Smoke plume from vaporized tissue is composed of water vapor (95% or more), cell fragments, toxic
chemical by-products such as benzene and toluene, and potentially infectious microorganisms and emits noxious
odors and gases. If not evacuated, the potentially hazardous particulates and gases can become airborne and
deposit in the respiratory tracts of the surgical team, causing lacrimation, nausea, abdominal cramping, and
vomiting. The type of surgical instrument, the characteristics of the tissue, and the surgeon’s technique all affect
the quantity and characteristics of the smoke plume.
While the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration has no specific standards regarding the use of
smoke evacuators, the American National Standards Institute recommends using portable smoke evacuators
equipped with activated carbon filters, high-efficiency particulate-air filters, and/or ultralow-penetration air
filters during most laser surgeries. The American Society for Laser Surgery and Medicine recommends that
surgeons consider all vaporized tissue infectious and therefore use high-suction smoke evacuators in all laser
surgeries. (See the Product Comparison titled Smoke Evacuation Systems, Surgical for more information.)
As with all surgical lasers, safety precautions must be taken during diode laser use to minimize patient and
staff exposure to laser radiation risks. The units are typically provided with visual signals and/or audible tones to
indicate laser activation. Laser safety eyewear with sufficient optical density at a given wavelength should be
worn by all personnel in the area where the laser is in operation. Additionally, personnel should lower window
shades, close procedure room doors, and post warning signage outside the room while the laser is in service to
prevent inadvertent injury to bystanders outside.
Fire is a risk, particularly during laser surgery in the area of the head and neck; a number of incidents have
been reported. Laser irradiation can ignite a surgical drape or other material (e.g., dressings), human fat, or bowel
gas. These risks can be reduced by operator training and careful attention to protocols and procedures.
Purchase considerations
ECRI Institute recommendations
Included in the accompanying comparison chart are ECRI Institute’s recommendations for minimum
performance requirements for surgical diode lasers. No single laser is appropriate for all surgical applications;
therefore, healthcare facilities should identify the types of lasers that will meet the needs of their surgical
departments.
Possibly the most important specifications to consider are power output and exposure time. ECRI Institute
recommends that lasers have a maximum power of ≥15 W and the ability to produce a 0.1 to 9.9 sec single and
repeat pulse.
Other considerations
Surgical diode lasers are very reliable—the diodes have been reported to last for 10,000 to 25,000 hours of use.
These lasers are nearly maintenance-free because they have no mirrors or other internal components to adjust and
are air cooled. Their minimal maintenance requirements may contribute to significant cost savings over time.
Fiber prices, which typically include the handpiece, vary from $50 to approximately $300, depending on type.
Most fibers are designed to be used for only one surgical procedure.
With an increasing awareness of prostate screening and detection of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and
other urologic conditions, surgical diode lasers (as well as other lasers used for BPH, such as 532 nm "green light"
YAG units) may see increased adoption. At least one supplier offers a program in which laser units are provided
to the facility for treatment of BPH at no cost under an agreement for a certain monthly purchase of single-use
delivery fibers. This type of consumables-only purchasing agreement can help facilities (particularly smaller
practices and physician offices) provide laser therapy for BPH.
Surgical diode lasers are less expensive than other comparable surgical lasers, and the cost is expected to
decrease further as semiconductor laser diodes become less expensive over the next few years. This lower cost,
combined with their other advantages, makes diode lasers attractive for use in physician offices and other
outpatient settings and as replacements for functionally equivalent lasers that have reached the end of their useful
life.
In-service training in laser operation is typically provided by the manufacturer; however, in some cases, there
may be a charge for this training.
Environmental considerations include fiber recycling services and/or take-back or trade-in programs. If a
supplier does not offer such an arrangement, the hospital must absorb the costs of disposing of the system
according to local environmental protection laws when it is replaced.
Stage of development
Diode lasers designed for medical applications have been available for nearly 20 years. Initial systems used
single-emitter diode lasers that limited their output power levels to <5 W. These low-power devices were used
primarily for photocoagulating ocular tissue during ophthalmic procedures. Higher-output-power (e.g., 15 to 60
W) surgical diode lasers using diode arrays have been available since 1992, and the clinical application base for
these lasers has expanded rapidly.
Researchers are currently developing a diode laser that allows surgeons enhanced energy dose control to
minimize carbonization and inadvertent damage to surrounding tissues. Although it is not currently available for
clinical use, the laser allows clinicians to manipulate the length of the time the laser energy is activated or idle in
the pulse treatment mode. In other words, users can select long pauses between exposures to allow the tissue to
cool between energy bursts. The developers are also investigating how different treatment parameters affect
different tissue types.
Because of the advantages (i.e., 110/220 VAC air-cooled operation, small size, portability, efficiency, reliability,
low maintenance requirements, and relatively low cost) of surgical diode lasers over competing technologies,
their use is expected to increase.
Bibliography
Anvari B, Motamedi M, Pow-Sang M, et al. Application of a high power diode laser (810 nm) for treatment of
benign prostatic hyperplasia: theoretical and experimental analysis. Proc SPIE 1994;2129:76-83.
Arons IJ. FDA breathes life back into laser BPH market. Med Laser Rep 1995 Dec;9(12):1-3.
The outlook for diode lasers in medicine. Proc SPIE 1994;2131:374-5.
Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN). Recommended practices for laser safety in practice
settings. In: 2008 Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices. Denver (CO):AORN;2008.
Bhatta KM. Lasers in urology. Lasers Surg Med 1995;16(4):312-30.
Bhatta N, Isaacson K, Bhatta KM, et al. Comparative study of different laser systems. Fertil Steril 1994
Apr;61(4):581-91.
Depuy CG, Hwang CJ, Benenati D, et al. High power diode laser system near 1 µm and comparative tissue
interaction studies. SPIE Biomed Optics 1994:2131-43.
ECRI. Surgical diode lasers [technology overview]. Health Devices 1998 Mar:27(3):84-92.
Geldi C, Bozkulak O, Tabakoglu HO, et al. Development of a surgical diode-laser system: controlling the mode of
operation. Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Dec;24(6):723-9.
Manni JG. High-power diode-based lasers for medical applications. Biophotonics Int 1997 Jan-Feb;4(1):40-6.
Pow-Sang M, Orihuela E, Motamedi M, et al. Thermocoagulation effect of diode laser radiation in the human
prostate: acute and chronic study. Urology 1995 May;45(5):790-4.
Sakr G, Watson GM, Lawrence W. The use of a semiconductor diode laser in laser prostatectomy. Proc SPIE
1996;2671:353-8.
Wezel F, Wendt-Nordahl G, Huck N, et al. New alternatives for laser vaporization of the prostate: experimental
evaluation of a 980-, 1,318- and 1,470-nm diode laser device. World J Urol 2010 Apr;28(2):181-6.
Supplier information
ANGIODYNAMICS
AngioDynamics Inc [199733]
603 Queensbury Ave
Queensbury, NY 12804
Phone: (518) 798-1215, (800) 772-6446 Fax: (518) 798-1360
Internet: http://www.angiodynamics.com
E-mail: [email protected]
ARC LASER
ARC Laser GmbH [392734]
Bessemerstrasse 14
Nuremberg D-90411
Germany
Phone: 49 (911) 217790 Fax: 49 (911) 2177999
Internet: http://www.arclaser.de
E-mail: [email protected]
ASAH
Asah Medico A/S [177056]
Valseholmen 11-13
Hvidovre DK-2650
Denmark
Phone: 45 36342300 Fax: 45 36342323
Internet: http://www.medart.dk
E-mail: [email protected]
ASCLEPION
Asclepion Laser Technologies GmbH [426724]
Brussler Strasse 10
Jena D-07747
Germany
Phone: 49 (3641) 7700100 Fax: 49 (3641) 7700102
Internet: http://www.asclepion.com
E-mail: [email protected]
BIOLITEC
biolitec AG [378489]
Winzerlaer Strasse 2a
Jena D-07745
Germany
Phone: 49 (3641) 508550 Fax: 49 (3641) 508599
Internet: http://www.biolitec.de
E-mail: [email protected]
DORNIER
Dornier MedTech America Inc [348944]
1155 Roberts Blvd
Kennesaw, GA 30144-3617
Phone: (770) 426-1315, (800) 367-6437 Fax: (770) 426-6115
Internet: http://www.dornier.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.dornier.com
E-mail: [email protected]
KLS MARTIN
Gebrueder Martin GmbH & Co KG A KLS Martin Group Co [159755]
Ludwigstaler Strasse 132
Tuttlingen D-78532
Germany
Phone: 49 (7461) 706227 Fax: 49 (7461) 706203
Internet: http://www.klsmartin.com
E-mail: [email protected]
LIMMER
Limmer Laser GmbH [158957]
Schwarzschildstrasse 1
Berlin D-12489
Germany
Phone: 49 (30) 63925570 Fax: 49 (30) 63925580
Internet: http://www.limmerlaser.de
E-mail: [email protected]
MEDICAL ENERGY
Medical Energy Inc [106825]
8806 Paul Starr Dr
Pensacola, FL 32514
Phone: (850) 476-8113, (800) 786-0137 Fax: (850) 469-1746
Internet: http://www.medicalenergy.com
E-mail: [email protected]
PHOTOMEDEX
PhotoMedex [401112]
147 Keystone Dr
Montgomeryville, PA 18936-9638
Phone: (215) 619-3600, (800) 366-4758 Fax: (215) 619-3208
Internet: http://www.photomedex.com
E-mail: [email protected]
VECTRA
Convergent Laser Technologies [343481]
1660 S Loop Rd
Alameda, CA 94502
Phone: (510) 832-2130, (800) 848-8200 Fax: (510) 832-1600
Internet: http://www.convergentlaser.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Note: The data in the charts derive from suppliers’ specifications and have not been verified through
independent testing by ECRI Institute or any other agency. Because test methods vary, different products’
specifications are not always comparable. Moreover, products and specifications are subject to frequent changes.
ECRI Institute is not responsible for the quality or validity of the information presented or for any adverse
consequences of acting on such information.
When reading the charts, keep in mind that, unless otherwise noted, the list price does not reflect supplier
discounts. And although we try to indicate which features and characteristics are standard and which are not,
some may be optional, at additional cost.
For those models whose prices were supplied to us in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we have also listed the
conversion to U.S. dollars to facilitate comparison among models. However, keep in mind that exchange rates change
often.
Policy Statement
The Healthcare Product Comparison System (HPCS) is published by ECRI Institute, a nonprofit organization.
HPCS provides comprehensive information to help healthcare professionals select and purchase diagnostic and
therapeutic capital equipment more effectively in support of improved patient care.
The information in Product Comparisons comes from a number of sources: medical and biomedical
engineering literature, correspondence and discussion with manufacturers and distributors, specifications from
product literature, and ECRI Institute’s Problem Reporting System. While these data are reviewed by qualified
health professionals, they have not been tested by ECRI Institute’s clinical and engineering personnel and are
largely unconfirmed. The Healthcare Product Comparison System and ECRI Institute are not responsible for the
quality or validity of information derived from outside sources or for any adverse consequences of acting on such
information.
The appearance or listing of any item, or the use of a photograph thereof, in the Healthcare Product Comparison
System does not constitute the endorsement or approval of the product’s quality, performance, or value, or of
claims made for it by the manufacturer. The information and photographs published in Product Comparisons
appear at no charge to manufacturers.
Many of the words or model descriptions appearing in the Healthcare Product Comparison System are
proprietary names (e.g., trademarks), even though no reference to this fact may be made. The appearance of any
name without designation as proprietary should not be regarded as a representation that is not the subject of
proprietary rights.
ECRI Institute respects and is impartial to all ethical medical device companies and practices. The Healthcare
Product Comparison System accepts no advertising and has no obligations to any commercial interests. ECRI
Institute and its employees accept no royalties, gifts, finder’s fees, or commissions from the medical device
industry, nor do they own stock in medical device companies. Employees engage in no private consulting work
for the medical device industry.