Review of Related Literature

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new
substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skills are
employed by the researchers. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology
are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These
useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is
society in general. The fast-growing trend and innovation in technologies today
prompts researchers to conduct studies about shredder for the waste plastics. This
Chapter presents a brief review of literature and studies, both local and foreign that is
related to these studies.
In waste management, industrial shredders for waste products play a very
crucial role. The benefits of using mega-shredders in large-scale waste disposal
systems recycling centers and municipal landfills are related to material reduction.
Asphalt, rubber, wood, plastics and similar materials can be quickly condensed to a
mere fraction of their original size. Also, of note, bio-degradable waste decomposes
faster when shredded. If properly shredded, the materials that are buried in landfills
take much less space. (Leblanc, 2018)
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and
reprocessing the material into useful products. According to the Beverage Marketing
Corp, the average American consumed 1.6 gallons of bottled water in 1976. In 2006,
that number jumped to 28.3 gallons. Below list some plastic recycling facts.
More than 2.4 billion pounds of plastic bottles were recycled in 2008.
Although the number of plastic bottles recycled in the U.S. has grown every year
since 1990, the actual recycling rate remains steady at around 27 percent. In 2007,
more than 325 million pounds of wide-mouth plastic containers were recovered for
recycling. (This included deli containers, yogurt cups, etc.)
In recent years, the number of U.S. plastics recycling business has nearly
tripled. More than 1,600 businesses are involved in recycling post-consumer plastics.
Plastics in the U.S. are made primarily (70 percent) from domestic natural gas. Plastic
bags and product wraps (known collectively as “plastic film”) are commonly recycled
at the many collection programs offered through major grocery stores. Recycling 1
ton of plastic saves 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space. During Keep America Beautiful
2008 Great American Cleanup, volunteers recovered and recycled 189,000,000 PET
(plastic) bottles that littered highways, waterways and parks. (Harden Shredder
Machinery Ltd., 2013)
Life-cycle analysis can be a useful tool for assessing the potential benefits of
recycling programs. If recycled plastics are used to produce goods that would
otherwise have been made from new (virgin) polymer, this will directly reduce oil
usage and emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the production of the virgin
polymer (less the emissions owing to the recycling activities themselves). However, if
plastics are recycled into products that were previously made from other materials
such as wood or concrete, then savings in requirements for polymer production will
not be realized (Fletcher & Mackay 1996).
It is possible in theory to closed-loop recycle most thermoplastics, however,
plastic packaging frequently uses a wide variety of different polymers and other
materials such as metals, paper, pigments, inks and adhesives that increases the
difficulty. Closed-loop recycling is most practical when the polymer constituent can
7
be effectively separated from sources of contamination and stabilized against
degradation during reprocessing and subsequent use. Ideally, the plastic waste stream
for reprocessing would also consist of a narrow range of polymer grades to reduce the
difficulty of replacing virgin resin directly. For example, all PET bottles are made
from similar grades of PET suitable for both the bottle manufacturing process and
reprocessing to polyester fiber, while HDPE used for blow molding bottles is less-
suited to injection molding applications. As a result, the only parts of the post-
consumer plastic waste stream that have routinely been recycled in a strictly closed-
loop fashion are clear PET bottles and recently in the UK, HDPE milk bottles. Pre-
consumer plastic waste such as industrial packaging is currently recycled than post-
consumer packaging, as it is relatively pure and available from a smaller number of
sources of relatively higher volume. The volumes of post-consumer waste are,
however, up to five times larger than those generated in commerce and industry to
achieve high overall recycling rates, post-consumer as well as post-industrial waste
need to be collected and recycled. (Patel et al. 2000)
Injection moulding is a plastic-forming process used in the production of most
of the plastic parts (about 70%) in automobile industries. The manufacturing industry
has gone through significant changes in the recent years. For a good manufacturing
plant, the most recommended thing is quality, efficiency and operating cost. These
parameters depend on the function of the equipment’s used in the industry. Nowadays
a remarkable improvement has taken place in the maintenance management of the
physical assets and productive systems to reduce the wastage of energy and resources.
Because of this, the organization should introduce a maintenance system to improve
and increase both the quality and productivity continuously. OEE is one of the
performance evaluation methods that are most common and popular in the production
8
industries. In this work, the OEE of the injection moulding process was increased
from 61% to 81% through the implementation of availability, better utilization of
resources, high quality products and also raised employee morale and confidence.
(S.R.Vijayakumar , S.Gajendran, 2014)
Plastic is a very good thermal insulator and therefore it is difficult to cool
quickly. When compared with the conduction of heat in plastic it is 2000 times much
slower than steel. In a plastic extrusion line, a sealed water bath is acted upon by a
carefully controlled vacuum to keep the newly formed and still molten tube or pipe
from collapsing. For products such as plastic sheeting, the cooling is achieved by
pulling through a set of cooling rolls. Sometimes, on the same line a secondary
process may occur, before the product has finished its run. Once the product is cooled,
it can be spooled, or cut into desired length for further use. (Chia Feng Juang and
Chao Hsin Hsu 2005).
The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) established a classification system in
1988 to allow consumers and recyclers to identify different types of plastic.
Manufacturers place an SPI code, or number, on each plastic product, usually
moulded into the bottom.
Polyethylene Terephthalate sometimes absorbs odours and flavours from
foods and drinks that are stored in them. Items made from this plastic are commonly
recycled. PET(E) plastic is used to make many common household items like
beverage bottles, medicine jars, rope, clothing and carpet fibre.
PET has a wide range of applications and is extensively used in many products
containing plastic. As PET is a thermoplastic, within a certain temperature band the
polymer becomes extremely pliable, making it easy to mould in to shapes. This occurs
9
between the glass transition temperature and the melting point, which for PET are
75oC and 255oC respectively. Once cooled, PET will return to a solid form, making
the plastic polymer extremely useful for drinks bottles. It is also almost completely
impermeable. Chemically, PET is a thermoplastic polymer, and is made up of
polymerized, repeating units of C10H8O4. (Thomas, 2012)
Compression molding process is followed by two step first one preheating and
pressurizing. The compression molding system works as the heated matched metal
mold set is mounted in a large press. A pre-weighed charge of molding compound is
loaded into the mold and the press is closed. Under the pressure and temperature of
the tool set the material cures rapidly. (Farhan, 2015)
10
Conceptual Framework
START
FILL THE HOPPER WITH

PLASTIC BOTTLES
START THE MOTOR No
SHREDDED PLASTIC
WASTE (Average size –
10mm)
Yes
HEATING
MOLDING
FINISH PRODUCT
PRODUCT TESTING
11

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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new

substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skills are

employed by the researchers. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology

society in general. The fast-growing trend and innovation in technologies today

related to these studies.

In waste management, industrial shredders for waste products play a very

crucial role. The benefits of using mega-shredders in large-scale waste disposal

take much less space. (Leblanc, 2018)

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and

recycling. (This included deli containers, yogurt cups, etc.)

Machinery Ltd., 2013)

not be realized (Fletcher & Mackay 1996).

It is possible in theory to closed-loop recycle most thermoplastics, however,

consumer packaging, as it is relatively pure and available from a smaller number of

sources of relatively higher volume. The volumes of post-consumer waste are,

achieve high overall recycling rates, post-consumer as well as post-industrial waste

need to be collected and recycled. (Patel et al. 2000)

Injection moulding is a plastic-forming process used in the production of most

a remarkable improvement has taken place in the maintenance management of the

Because of this, the organization should introduce a maintenance system to improve

from 61% to 81% through the implementation of availability, better utilization of

(S.R.Vijayakumar , S.Gajendran, 2014)

Plastic is a very good thermal insulator and therefore it is difficult to cool

Chao Hsin Hsu 2005).

The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) established a classification system in

1988 to allow consumers and recyclers to identify different types of plastic.

Manufacturers place an SPI code, or number, on each plastic product, usually

moulded into the bottom.

Polyethylene Terephthalate sometimes absorbs odours and flavours from

beverage bottles, medicine jars, rope, clothing and carpet fibre.

containing plastic. As PET is a thermoplastic, within a certain temperature band the

impermeable. Chemically, PET is a thermoplastic polymer, and is made up of

polymerized, repeating units of C10H8O4. (Thomas, 2012)

mold set is mounted in a large press. A pre-weighed charge of molding compound is

the tool set the material cures rapidly. (Farhan, 2015)

FILL THE HOPPER WITH

START THE MOTOR No

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