Bridge Inspection & Maintenance PDF

DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON PRIMARY BRIDGES ON NATIONAL ROADS AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF BRIDGES
FINAL REPORT
CHAPTER 10 BRIDGE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
10.1 Current Situation of RDA
10.1.1 Organization
(1) Whole Organization (Division and Their Duty)
RDA was established in 1986 by RDA ACT No.73 in 1981 as road administrative organization
affiliated with MOH as a succeeding organization of Department of Highway which was internal
bureau of Ministry of Highway (hereinafter "MOH"). Since then, it has a responsibility on
maintenance and improvement of Class –A and Class -B road. By executing of new
construction of Class -A and Class -B roads, construction of the highway expanding the existing
roads network, plan, design and construction of the bridges made the total road network
12,020km in length and number of bridges is 4456 (Span, more than 3m) according to the
statistic of the year 2010. Management of RDA is performed by the board of directors (Board
of Management) appointed by Minister of MOPH. The maintenance policy of the national road
network is formulated by the board of directors under the Minister of MOPH responsibility in
accordance with government policy. The board of directors is composed of a Director General
(Chief Executive Officer), 5 numbers of Additional Director General and 16 Directors. In
addition, 11 persons of Project Directors are deployed at PMU affiliated with MOPH.
Organization chart of RDA is given in Figure 10.1-1.
Japan Bridge & Structure Institute,Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

and Landtec Japan, Inc.
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FINAL REPORT
Secretary - Ministry
Secretary–Ministry Of Highways
of Ports & Highway Working Director
Mr. R.W.R. Pemasiri
Mr.R.W.R.Pemasiri
DD
Proformance Audit
Chairman & Board of Directors DIRECTOR(Internal Audit)

DD Staff
Mr. R.W.R. Pemasiri Mr. Keerthi Damboragama
DIRECTOR(Mech.)
DD Staff
Mr. R. D. B. Premarathna
DIRECTOR(Legal) Chief Legal

Mrs. R.Liyanapathirane Officer
DIRECTOR(R & D)
DD Staff
Mr. J. Jayamanna
Director General DIRECTOR(Training)

DD Staff
Mr. W.A .S. Weerasinghe Mr. W.E.S.K. Fernando
DIRECTOR(Pro.)
DD Staff
Mr. D. M. P. R. K. Bandara
DIRECTOR(E.S.D.)
DD Staff
Mr .S.H.U.de Silva
DIRECTOR(Land)
DD Staff
Mr. S. Opanayake
ADG(Finance & Administration) DIRECTOR(Adm.)

DD Staff
--- Mr. A. A .Ariyarathna
Chief Stores
Staff
DIRECTOR(Finance) Liation Officer
DD Staff
Mr. C.K. Sedara
ADG(Planning & Programming) DIRECTOR(Planning)

DD Staff
Mr. S .Yogendra Mr.H.M.K.G.G.Bandara
ADG(Asset Development) Project Director

Staff
Mr .R .M. Amarasekera RPPF
Project Director
Staff
UKSB
DIRECTOR(ES) DD
Staff
Mr.D.K.Rohitha Swarna BD
DIRECTOR(HD.)
DD Staff
Mr. D.Ganesan
ADG(Asset Operation & M aintenance) DIRECTOR(RBCU)

M r. R .H .Karunaratna
DD Staff
Mr. K .Amaraweera
DIRECTOR(MM&C) D.DD
C.EE/S.EE EE.E Staff
Mr.B.D.K.Bandara Provincial Directors
DD.Property
Management & Revenue Staff
Head
Staff
EMU
DD
Staff
Utility
DIRECTOR(Works) C.E Project

DD
Mr. W. A. K. Bandara Colombo
Project Dir C.E Project

Staff
(Western) Gampaha
ADG(Projects) PROJECT DIRECTORS

Staff
Mr .R .M. Amarasekera ( PMUs)
ABBREVIATION
MM&C : MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT & CONSTRUCTION UKSB : UK STEEL BRIDGE

AGM : ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL R&D : RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
D.D : DEPUTY DIRECTOR E.S.D. : ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL DIVISION
ES : ENGINEERING SERVICES MECH. : MECHANICAL
BD : BRIDGE DESIGN PRO. : PROCUREMENT
HD : HIGHWAY DESIGN EMU : EXPRESSWAY MANAGEMENT UNIT
ADM. : ADMINISTRATION RBCU : RURAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION UNIT
C.EE : CHIEF ENGINEERS PMUs : PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNITS
Figure 10.1-1 RDA Organization Chart
Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

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FINAL REPORT
(2) Role of Each Division

Main roles for each division are summarized in Table 10.1-1.
Table 10.1-1 Role of Each Division
Division Roles and Functions

Assisting the top management that whether policies of RDA are efficiently
1.Internal Audit
applied throughout RDA and organization is efficiently fulfilling its objects.
Providing vehicles, construction machinery and equipment, production plant,
2.Mechanical
ferry services and related services.
Carry out all legal activities relating to RDA and the projects, such as drafting &
3.Legal
piling plaints, answers, objections, and various type of pleading in behalf of RDA.
Mainly responsible for monitoring of quality control of work. Providing
4.Research & Development investigation of foundation, embankments etc, and training of technical personal
in road construction, rehabilitation &maintenance techniques.
Carry out training function of RDA. Provide training facilities of all categories
5.Training of employees in RDA to enhance their knowledge, upgrade their skills, and
develop appropriate attitudes in order to improve their effectiveness.
Handling procurement activities of road and bridge improvements under GOSL
6.Procurement
funding and bulk purchase of stationary and goods for RDA.
Review and improve any environment social safeguard documents prepared by
7.Environmental Social external agencies& in behalf of RDA and monitoring the level of safeguards
compliances.
Expediting land acquisition works with respect to all road development projects
8.Land
under the land acquisition act.
Overall human resource management and administration function of RDA such as
9.Administration staff recruitment, placement, capacity development, staff promotion, disciplinary
procedures, grievances handling etc.
Overall financial management of RDA ,collect all revenues of such as hoarding
10.Finance and testing charges, control expenditure on capital works, prepare overhead
budget for the year & control it within these limits.
Responsible for planning short term, medium term, long term program me for
implementation. The overall function of this division divided into four areas
11.Planning such as, Planning formulation programming progress monitoring and GIS unit,
Data collection and evaluation unit, Traffic management and safety unit,
Management information system unit.
Design of bridges and approach roads for bridge improvements and rehabilitation
12.Engineering Services
projects.
Preparation of geometric design of roads, intersections, and reviewing the designs
13.Highway Design
submitted by consultants.
Undertake urgent and emergency repairs to bridges and provide low-cost bridges
14.Rural Bridge Construction Unit
in rural areas.
15.Maintenance Management & Handling all kinds of road and bridge maintenance work such as routine,
Construction recurrent, periodic maintenance, structure improvements, light signal etc.
Handling all road widening and improvement works on national highways. Also
16.Works
involving pre construction and construction phases.
17.Project Management Units Handling regional bridge projects by using U.K fund. Contract was scheduled to
(UKSB) complete 05 flyovers & 150 bridges.
18.Expressway Management Unit Study operation, maintenance and management of expressways especially
Southern expressway in Sri Lanka with the assistance of JICA.
19.Property management & Generate income for RDA out of it own resources, by levying rentals from
Revenue Division Hoardings/ Bill board/Gantries/Cantilevers/Telephone booths etc.
Source) RDA

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FINAL REPORT
(3) Staff
Total number of RDA staff is summarized in Table 10.1-2, and number of each department and
site office staff are given in Table 10.1-3.
Table 10.1-2 The Total Number of RDA Staff

Classification Accepted Number of
The Staff (Person)
Executive (Engineering and professional) 923
Semi executive /Officer (Administration, Finance, Developing program/Duty concerning 142
Implementation)
Assistant for administration member (Office work and other service business) 1,161
Assistant for administration member (Technology) 384
Technology workers 1,198
Semi technology workers 690
Workers 4,691
Total 9,189
Source) RDA Annual Report 2010
Table 10.1-3 Number of Staff at Each Division and Site Office
Directors Staffs
Division Administration Total
Engineering Technical Clerical
/Finance
1.Internal Audit --- 1 9 6 16
2.Mechanical 1 --- 20 8 29
3.Legal --- 1 --- 5 6
4.Research & Development 2 --- 6 6 14
5.Training 1 --- 1 5 7
6.Procurement 1 --- 2 5 8
7.Environmental Social 2 --- 2 2 6
8.Land 1 --- 2 13 16
9.Administration --- 1 --- 22 23
10.Finance --- 1 --- 38 39
11.Planning 4 --- 29 43 76
12.Engineering Services 2 --- 18 2 22
13.Highway Design 2 --- 25 4 31
14.Rural Bridge Construction Unit 1 --- 3 5 9
15.Maintenance Management 3 ---
8 12 23
& Construction
16.Works 3 --- 11 11 25
17.Project Management Units 20 --- 155 275 450
18.Local offices 10 --- 400 391 801
Source) RDA
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FINAL REPORT
(4) Outline of Bridge Operation and Maintenance Organization

Relating to bridge maintenance there are three divisions, Planning Div., Engineering Service Div.
and Maintenance Management & Construction Div.
Following 3 types of site offices are existed under Maintenance Management & Construction Div.
for inspection, operation and maintenance work.
･PD (Provincial Director) Office: They control the operation and maintenance of road and bridge
in a province (9 provinces in the whole country).
･CE (Chief Engineer) Office: They control over the operation and maintenance of a road and
bridge within the District (25 Districts in the whole country).
･EE (Executive Engineer) Office: They control over the operation and maintenance of the road
and bridge of segment (100-200 km) (52 routes in the whole country).
The number of staff with years of experience for 3 divisions related to Bridge operation and
maintenance are given in Tables 10.1.4, 10.1.5, and 10.1.6.
Table 10.1-4 Number of Staff by Years of Experience at Planning Div.
Year of Experience 0～5years 5～10years 10～25years Total
Director --- --- 1 1
Deputy Director 1 2 1 4
Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer 2 2 --- 4
Engineers 9 1 1 11
Technical Officer --- 1 1 2
GIS analyst 2 --- --- 2
Planning / Management Assistant 6 6 1 12
Other --- --- --- 43
Total 79
Source) RDA
Table 10.1-5 Number of Staff by Years of Experience at Engineering Service Div.
Year of Experience 0～5years 5～10years 10～25years Total
Deputy Director --- --- 1 1
Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer --- --- 2 2
Engineers 13 4 --- 17
Drafts man 12 2 2 16
Other --- --- --- 5
Total --- 42
Source) RDA

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FINAL REPORT
Table 10.1-6 Number of Staff by Years of Experience

at Maintenance Management & Construction Div.
Year of Experience 0 - 5years 5 - 10years 10 - 25years Total
Director’s Office 33
Deputy Director --- --- 2 2
Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer --- --- 1 1
Engineers --- 1 3 4
Technical Officer --- --- 2 2
Other --- --- --- 23
PD’s Office 361
Provincial Director --- --- 10 10
Projects-CE --- --- 4 4
Bridge & Highway Design -CE --- --- 1 1
Engineer 31
Technical Officer --- --- 1 1
Other 314
CE’s Office 497
Chief Engineer --- --- 24 24
Engineer 68
Technical Officer 51
Other 354
EE’s Office 1113
Executive Engineer 53
Engineer 104
Technical Officer 159
Other 797
Baseline Unit under EE Colombo 6
Engineer --- --- 1 1
Technical Officer 1
Other 4
Total 2010
Source) RDA

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FINAL REPORT
(5) Plan of New Organization for Bridge Operation and Maintenance.

Currently, new division specialized in bridge operation and maintenance (Bridge Assessment
Unit) is planned in RDA.
This Bridge Assessment Unit is explained in detail “10.6.5 Counter Part (Proposal)”
10.1.2 Budget for Bridge Operation and Maintenance

(1) RDA Total Budget
Total budget transition between 2000 and 2012 in RDA is given in Figure 10.1-2. It indicates
that the budget is increasing rapidly in recent years. And the amount of total budget for RDA in
2010 is shown in Figure 10.1-3 and Table 10.1-7. The amount of budget distributed to RDA
was 86,249 million Rs. including donor support, and the amount disbursed was 81,577 million
Rs.
Source) RDA
Figure 10.1-2 RDA Total Budget (2000 to 2012)

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FINAL REPORT
Figure 10.1-3 RDA Total Budget (2010)
Table 10.1-7 RDA Total Budget (2010)
Distribution Amount Expenditure Amount Ratio of Budget

Items
（million Rs.）（million Rs.） Execution
Highway maintenance cost 25,183 24,708 98.1%

National road maintenance cost 30,157 28,018 92.9%
Extension, Improvement cost 9,070 8,877 97.9%
Bridge, Viaduct construction cost 4,388 3,722 84.8%
Tsunami damage road rehabilitation cost 12,356 11,237 90.9%
Organization operation expenses 5,095 5,015 98.4%
Total 86,249 81,577 94.6%
(2) Budget for Road and Bridge Operation and Maintenance

The amount of budget and the amount disbursed (for the past 2 years) of each province for
operation and maintenance of road and bridge is shown in Table 10.1-8. In addition, although
the amount of distribution for each province is unknown, the amount of total budget in 2012 is
5,500 million Rs., operation and maintenance budget as well as the amount of whole RDA
budget is increasing.

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FINAL REPORT
Table 10.1-8 Budget for Road and Bridge Operation and Maintenance for Each Province
Amount unit: million Rs.

2010 2011
Budget Amount Disbursement Budget Amount Disbursement
Western 821.50 807.92 500.50 499.02
Central 606.50 596.00 851.50 849.99
Southern 600.00 595.70 601.50 600.21
Uva 225.00 217.12 518.50 516.47
Sabaragamuwa 229.00 222.48 465.00 463.61
North Central 294.50 260.11 619.00 617.60
North Western 288.00 245.93 512.00 511.00
Northern 873.00 867.98 521.50 519.43
Eastern 249.00 200.87 613.50 610.48
TOTAL 4,186.50 4,014.11 5,203.00 5,187.81
Source) RDA
(3) Amount of Disbursement for Replacement of Dilapidated Bridges and Operation/Maintenance

The amount disbursed for each province for replacement of bridges and operation/ maintenance
(the last 3 years) is shown in Table 10.1-9.
Replacement means reconstruction of aging bridges, Operation/Maintenance means daily and
periodical inspection and structure repair means replacement and repair works for parts of bridge
structure.
In the disbursement at year 2010, total amount of disbursement for roads and bridges is 4,014
million Rs. for replacement of bridges is 399 million Rs.(8%) and for operation and maintenance
of bridge is 84 millions Rs (2%) as shown in Table 10.1-8. It indicates that very few budget
was assigned to the bridge.
Table 10.1-9 Amount Disbursed for the Past Three Years of Each Province on Structure Repair
Amount unit: million Rs.

Replacement Operation/Maintenance Structure Repair
2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011
Western 102.0 122.0 77.5 1.8 9.4 39.2
Central 32.8 14.5 3.7 1.4 0.5 44.0
Southern 19.5 46.0 4.5 2.6 3.3 48.6
Uva 43.0 43.0 66.7 1.8 10.4 36.4
Sabaragamuwa 47.0 59.5 77.0 4.4 3.3 50.0
North Central 31.3 3.0 2.8 1.8 0.0 23.5
North Western 46.2 47.5 65.4 7.1 46.9 25.5
Northern 0.2 - - 0.5 1.8 1.0
Eastern 3.9 3.5 50.8 1.3 8.7 37.8
Total 325.9 339.0 348.4 22.7 84.3 306.0
Source) RDA

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FINAL REPORT
(4) Source of Fund

Source of fund of RDA budget is shown in Table 10.1-10. It indicates that most of sources are
donor’s support.
Table 10.1-10 The Budget According to Separated Revenue Source of RDA

Amount Disbursed
A source of Revenue Allocation (million Rs.) (million Rs.)
Domestic Funds (DF) 23,534.90 22,943.02 (28%)
Foreign Aid Loan (FAL) 44,201.10 41,203.95 (51%)
Foreign Aid Grant (FAG) 4,005.50 3,550.75 (4%)
Reimbursable Foreign Aid-Loan(RFAL) 752.00 615.55 (1%)
Reimbursable Foreign Aid-Grant(RFAG) 200.00 44.71 (1%)
Foreign Aid related Domestic Funds(FARDF) 13,555.60 13,219.32 (16%)
Total 86,249.10 81,577.30 (100%)
10.1.3 Donor’s Assistance for Road Sector

(1) Bridge Projects Assisted by Donors.
Donor support in road sector is focusing on the road maintenance and improvement at district
area. The main projects are shown in Table 10.1-11. There are no bridge operation and
maintenance project, and the steel bridge construction project (Photograph 10.1-1) supported by
UK fund is the largest scale.
Table 10.1-11 Main Road Projects Assisted by Donor
Project Donor Outline
Southern Expressway ADB, JBIC, Expressway between Kottawa and Pinnaduwa (95.3km),
opened Nov, 2011. Extension section Pinnaduwa to Matara
NDF, SIDA, (35.8km) is under construction by China companies.
GOSL
Colombo - Katunayake Expressway China 26km highway which connects Katunayake airport to Colombo.
It is under construction by Chinese companies. Opening of
traffic in 2012 is aimed
Outer Circular Highway Project JICA The beltway of 28 km of extension (expressway standard)
China Phase-1：Kottawa～Kaduwela（11km）under construction

Phase-2：Kaduwela～Kadawatha（8.9km）under construction
Phase-3：Kadawatha～Kerawelapitiya（9.2km）In land
acquisition
Colombo Kandy Alternate Highway F/S（SIDA） Total length 98 km (Rs 90 bil) expressway, F/S is completed,
(North East Expressway) and topographical survey, geological survey, hydrological
survey, social environment investigation and detail design are
ongoing at 38 km extension section.

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FINAL REPORT
Project Donor Outline
Japan Aided Projects JICA Implementing the following projects
i) Eastern poverty measures infrastructure project, ii) Baseline

road extension project (Phase III), iii) Eastern 5 Bridges
reconstruction project.
Miscellaneous Foreign Aided Project EDCF Implementing following projects by several finances,
(MFAP) Kuwait Fund i) Road improvement project Ratnapura - Banlangoda, ii) Road
Saudi Fund improvement projects Banlangoda - Bandarawela, iii) 32

bridges bypass reconstruction project, iv) Kinniya bridge
etc.
construction, road improvements projects Thambalamuwa -
Kinniya and etc.
World Bank Funded Road Sector World Bank Implementing the road sector support project (13 sections), the
Assistant Project （WB） main section of business, i) Ingiriya - Ratnapura section, ii)
Nittanbuwa - Kandy section, iii)Haliela - Bandarawela section
and etc.
National Highway Sector Project Asian Improvement of national expressways, operation and
Development maintenance projects, main section in the business, i) A005
Bank（ADB） Nuwara - Badulla (54.9km), ii) A006 Habarana - Kantale
(43.6km), iii) A012 Puttalam - Anuradhapura(70km) and etc.
Asian Development Bank Funded Asian The following projects are carried out about district road
Projects Development maintenance and improvement.
Bank（ADB） i) Reconstruction project in conflict areas, ii) Tsunami damage
reconstruction project, iii) Trincomalee road project, iv) Steel

bridge project, v) Northern part road reconstruction project.
Northern Road Connectivity Project Asian Planning to following projects, i) Northern road linking project,
(NRCP) Development ii) Urgent project in conflict areas, iii) Road project preparation
Bank（ADB） and etc.
the Sri
Lankan
government
UK Steel Bridge Project UK At the whole country district roads of RDA and other than RDA
roads, design, provision of steel members for 118 steel bridges
and technical assistance for construction. UK Steel bridge
Under the Project, 33 bridges were complete in 2011,within this
length longer 30m are 8 nos. and structure type is bailey.
Note) SIDA: Swedish Development Agency EDCF: Economic Development Corporation Fund
＊Other donor’s projects are covering many small and middle span bridges. Comparatively long bridges are mostly
truss bridges.

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FINAL REPORT
Source) RDA
Photograph 10.1-1 UK Steel Bridge Project
(2) Inhouse Consultant

There are no in house consultant supported by donor, and only RDA staff.

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FINAL REPORT
10.2 Current Condition of Bridge Managed by RDA
10.2.1 Current Condition of Bridges

(1) Number and Classification of All Bridges Managed by RDA.
Currently, the bridges with 3m or greater span are managed by RDA, are 4,456 bridges. The
breakdown by bridge length and tupes are shown in Table 10.2-1 (the number of bridges for each
breakdown is changed with defects of database). The number of bridges length more than 30m
are 365 and 8.3 % of the total and less than 10m are about 70 % of the total.
Moreover, when bridges are classified by the types of structure, 80% of 4,292 bridges in the
whole are concrete type (RC, PC), and 20% are steel bridge.
RC bridges are constructed after the 1950s and PC Bridges are after the 1970s, post tensioned
beams are used for about L=30 length bridges, and pretension beams (standard of main beam
width 1000(500) mm) are used for less than L=25(19)m length bridges. For the steel bridge
(truss and plate girder bridge), the standard beam up to about L=40m is manufactured by
Government Factory (factory of Ministry of Public Works) since prewar days.
Table 10.2-1 Number of Bridge by Length/Type
Number of Number of
Length (m) Bridge Ratio（%） Bridge Type Bridge Ratio（%）
30＜L 365 8.3 RC 2,381 55.5

10＜L≦30 1,029 23.4 PC 800 18.6
5＜L≦10 1,800 41.0 Steel bridge 915 21.3
L≦5 1,202 27.3 Others 196 4.6
Total 4,396 100.0 Total 4,292 100.0
(2) Elapsed Years and Degree of Bridges Managed by RDA.

The number of bridges by the construction year is summarized in Table 10.2-2, and Figure 10.2-1,
records of 2,204 bridges are existing. It turns out that there are many bridges built in the 1970s
to 1980s from these records.
Moreover, the numbers of bridges which are more than 50 years in service and 100 years in
service respectively, show in Table 10.2-3. According to this table, the bridges that passed more
than 50 years after construction is 42% as of year 2010 and passed more than 100 years is 2%.
Naturally the ratio becomes increased, and it is necessary to produce a bridge replacement plan
and operation and maintenance plan. There are some bridges which operation and maintenance
are appropriately carried out and are utilized satisfactorily more than 100years, on the other hand
among recent built bridges, there are salt damaged concrete bridges and steel bridges which
corrosion are progressing. It is important to make improvement of construction technology and
operation and maintenance capability for the bridges.

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FINAL REPORT
Table 10.2-2 Number of Bridges

by Construction Year (1)
Construction Number of
year bridges
1948 Independence Day
1900 43
1910 7 450
1920 68
400
1930 141
350
1940 227
1950 139 300
No of Bridges
1960 292 250

1970 400
200
1980 410
1990 230 150
2000 135 100
2010 112
50
Total 2204
Source) RDA 0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year of Construction
Figure 10.2-1 The Number of Bridges by Construction Year (2)
Table 10.2-3 Number of Bridges after 50 Years and 100 Years in Service.
More than 50 Years More than 100 Years

The Number of The Number of
Year Ratio Ratio
Bridge Bridge
2000 625 28% 43 2%
2010 917 42% 50 2%
2020 1317 60% 118 5%
2030 1727 78% 259 12%
2040 1957 89% 486 22%
2050 2092 95% 625 28%
Source) RDA
(3) Comparison with Situation in Japan in Recent Years

Currently, the aging of bridge has become a problem in Japan, they are required for replacement,
emergency repair and reinforcement. Bridge construction in Japan has been carried out in the high
economic growth period (1960s - 1990's) intensively. Therefore, it is concerned that renovation of
the groups of bridges that have been constructed in this period will be carried out at same term
intensively in near future.
The bridge construction has been intensively in 1960s to 1990s in Sri Lanka as well, and it is
speculated that the similar problem will occur. In addition to the above, the rate that the number of
bridges constructed before 1960 occupies to the whole in Sri Lanka is larger than in Japan, and the
urgency of the bridge degradation problem is speculated to be more serious than Japan.

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FINAL REPORT
10.2.2 Number of Bridges Managed by The Local Organization of RDA

(1) Number of Bridge Managed by Each Province.
The number of bridges managed by each province is shown in Table 10.2-4. Western province
and Sabaragamuwa province have the largest number of bridges. North Central, Central, and
Sabaragamuwa which are located in the central part of Sri Lanka are mountains range and there
are many dangerous area of slope mudslide in the mountain road. It is necessary to care the
bridges for the damage caused by slope collapse. Southern part of the island, North Western,
Eastern belong to tropical rain forests, since it is a pluvial humid area, it is necessary to mind
about the corrosion of steel bridge and also the measure to damage from salt water at coastal
area.
Table 10.2-4 Number of Bridges of PD Office Management of Each Province (Total 4247 Bridge)
Province The Number Component

of Bridge Ratio（%）
Northern 276 6.2
North Central 361 8.1
North Western 463 10.4
Eastern 334 7.5
Central 626 14.0
Western 788 17.7
Sabaragamuwa 698 15.7
Uva 437 9.8
Southern 473 10.6
Total 4456 100.0
Source) RDA

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FINAL REPORT
10.2.3 Damaged Condition of Bridges

(1) Damaged Condition of Bridges
The number of damaged points at each part and by degree of damage according to the inspection
records for 58 bridges received from EE office of Kalutara is shown in Table 10.2-5. In
addition, the judgment RDA criteria of degree of damage are as follows.
Degree 1：Component is in good condition with little or no deterioration.

Degree 2：Component shows deterioration of a minor nature with primary structural material
which is first signs of being affected.
Degree 3：There is significant damage and a detailed survey to be carried out to establish
whether repair work is to be carried out or not.
Degree 4：There is substantial damage and urgent repair is required or the bridge has
to be closed to traffic or restriction on vehicle weight to be imposed.
From the analysis of this result, there are many bridges which have many parts applicable to the
degree 3 or 4 damage, and to be repaired urgently. Moreover, since there are no particular parts
which have especially high or low degree of damage, it is considered that damage is advancing to
the whole of bridge.
Table 10.2-5 Totalization for Degree of Damage
Degree 1 Degree 2 Degree 3 Degree 4

Element Damage Damage Damage Damage Total
Pavement 21 (36%) 14 (24%) 22 (38%) 1 (2%) 58
Bridge surface Curb 22 (71%) 7 (23%) 2 (6%) 0 (0%) 31
Handrail 28 (54%) 9 (17%) 15 (29%) 0 (0%) 52
Floor Slab 25 (56%) 8 (18%) 8 (18%) 4 (9%) 45
Main Girder 15 (42%) 8 (22%) 8 (22%) 5 (14%) 36

Superstructure Secondary
7 (41%) 8 (47%) 1 (6%) 1 (6%) 17
Member
Painting 34 (63%) 17 (31%) 2 (4%) 1 (2%) 54
Joint 0 (0%) 4 (27%) 9 (60%) 2 (13%) 15

Accessory
Bearing 3 (43%) 0 (0%) 3 (43%) 1 (14%) 7
Drainage 6 (25%) 8 (33%) 10 (42%) 0 (0%) 24
Subtraction 27 (47%) 26 (45%) 4 (7%) 1 (2%) 58
Pier 4 (33%) 5 (42%) 3 (25%) 0 (0%) 12
Substructure Foundation 2 (20%) 5 (50%) 3 (30%) 0 (0%) 10
Wing 15 (38%) 20 (50%) 4 (10%) 1 (3%) 40
Embankment 9 (56%) 5 (31%) 2 (13%) 0 (0%) 16

Source）RDA
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FINAL REPORT
(2) Classification of Damage Condition of Bridges

It is shown in Photograph 10.2-1 about highly damaged existing bridge which received from EE
office of Kalutara and it’s also taken by this inspection.
1) Damage to the concrete beam
Rebar exposure and corrosion of the concrete girder Collapse of lining concrete
Kalutara(AA002- 31/3) Kalutara(B224-11/5)
2) Damage to the steel beam
Corrosion of steel main truss and cross beam Corrosion and cross sectional deficit of steel main girder
Kalutara(AA002-20/1) Kalutara(B157-23/1)
3) Damage to the pavement and the floor slab
Consumption of pavement Collapse of floor slab

Colombo Kalutara(B157-27/8)

10-17
FINAL REPORT
4) Damage to the abutment
Collapse of abutment Crack of abutment

Kalutara(AA002- 7/1) Colombo(AA001-6/1)
5) Damage of Attachments
Damage of expansion device Damage of handrail

Colombo(B388- 2/5) Matara(B607-10/1)
Source）RDA, Study Team
Photograph 10.2-1 Damage Condition of Bridge
(3) Causes of Damage

Though causes of damage to bridge structures are assumed to be such severe environment as
chloride damage along the coastal area, heavy loading and poor workmanship during
construction, it is difficult to identify the specific causes for each project bridge during this Study.
However, it is considered that such damage can be prevented if appropriate inspection/ repair
works for earlier detection and proper repair works are conducted.

10-18
FINAL REPORT
(4) Typical Repair Method
1) Crack Injection
Cracks in a concrete structure will degrade its durability, functional performance capability and
safety due to the ingress of water and oxygen, consequent corrosion in reinforcement steels and
repetitive loading by heavy vehicles.
Injection, routing and patching, and surface coating methods are generally used for crack repair.
Appropriate method is selected based on given conditions such as extent of crack width
movement, crack depth, with or without leakage water, and crack growth rate.
Approximately
10mm
Routing
&
Patching
Crack
Crack Injection Routing & Patching Surface Coating
Figure 10.2-1 Crack Repair Method
2) Restoration of Damaged Member

Restoration works are widely used where fragile of concrete, corrosion of reinforcing bar, scaling
and/or spalling of concrete and exposed reinforcing bar are observed. Defects caused by poor
construction such as honeycomb or cold joints are also repaired with restoration works.
Appropriate restoration method shall be selected with full understanding of causes of

defects/damage, extent of deterioration, features of defect, environmental and other external
given conditions in advance after careful investigation.
It shall be ensured sufficient resistance to external forces is provided even with the lack of
member during restoration works. Rebar
a) Member with Small Extent of Damage

After cleaning the concrete substrate surface,
removing the rust and applying corrosion inhibitors
on exposed reinforcement steels, plaster work is
Plastering in
given to inject repair materials into defect directly by One Way
trowels, spatulas or hands with gloves. In order to
Figure 10.2-2 Plaster Finish
prevent materials from spalling, the following
measures are to be taken:

10-19
FINAL REPORT
Depth of one application should be small.
Non-shrinkage material should be used.
Bonding agent should be applied on substrate surface.
Sufficient curing time should be provided.
b) Member with Large Extent of Damage

Injection method is used to inject repair materials into defect with forms.
Forms shall have sufficient resistance to injection or swelling pressure, and shall be completely
filled with joints between sheathings by sealing materials. Attention shall be paid on complete
removal of air from the form with appropriate arrangement of injection and exit ports. Injection
ports shall be provided to lower places with exit ports to higher places.
Figure 10.2-3 Pre Packed Concrete

3) Repainting Steel Bridge
Steel structures are initially deteriorated in surface coating. When the corrosion is progressed
into steel members with the loss of member section, it will degrade the loading capacity of a
structure remarkably.
Repainting will initially be carried out with the removal of existing Surface Preparation
surface coatings by blasting method (surface preparation), followed
by application of surface coating. With the assumption of 20 years Primer
residual life, Ra-III paint system will be used.
Painting is conducted with three (3) layers: primer, base coating and Base Coating
surface coating.
Surface Coating

10-20
FINAL REPORT
10.3 Operation and Maintenance System for RDA Bridges
10.3.1 Current Situation of Operation and Maintenance Organization

(1) Organization Scale and Role of PD (Province), CE (District) and EE.
Western Province organization chart is shown in Figure 10.3-1 and their personal distribution
chart is in Figure 10.3-2 as a representative of whole 9 Provinces. The number is shown in
Figure 10.3-2 is number of staff and managed road length of route A and B.
In the local organization of the Province of Western, 3 Chief Engineers (CE) are arranged under
1 Provincial Director (PD), and also 8 Executive Engineers (EE) are arranged under CE. In
addition, 2 to 5 numbers of groups are organized in EE office. The Road managed by Western
province is total 1540km length (Class A 370km and Class B 1170km), and have about 600
numbers of bridges. The local office list in the whole country is shown in Table 10.3-1.
Source) RDA
Figure 10.3-1 Organization Chart of Western State

10-21
FINAL REPORT
CEColombo
A-129, B-246
T otal-375
Office Name
A-XXX, B-YYY
Road Length
Total-ZZZ
EEColombo EEAvissawella
A-66, B-138 A63, B-108
T otal-204 T otal-172
Ratmalana Kaduwela Orugodawatta Navinna Nawala Kaluaggala Galagedara Homagama Kesbewa

A-17, B-36 A-12, B-26 A17, B-23 A-12, B-25 A-8, B-29 A26, B-31 A-11, B-34 A-8, B-27 A19, B-16
T otal-53 T otal-38 T otal-40 T otal-37 T otal-37 T otal-57 T otal-45 T otal-35 T otal-35
TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 0 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1
TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 1 TA : 1 TA : 1 TA : 0 TA : 1 TA : 1 TO : T echnical Officer
WS : 1 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 2 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 0 TA : T echnical Assistant
WS : Work Supervisor
GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 3 GL : 3 GL : 2 GL : 2 GL : Gang Leader
LS : 4 LS : 2 LS : 3 LS : 2 LS : 3 LS : 1 LS : 1 LS : 2 LS : 1 LS : Labour Supervisor
L : 29 L : 15 L : 32 L : 23 L : 34 L : 33 L : 33 L : 24 L : 14 L: Labour
CEGampaha
A-161, B-577
T otal-738
EENegombo EENittambuwa EEGampaha

A-42, B-217 A-41, B190 A77, B-169
T otal-259 T otal-231 T otal-246
Madampella Negombo Ja-ela Wattala Nittambuwa Pugoda Mirigama Gampaha Minuwangoda Kaddawata Pattiwila
A-0, B-88 A-19, B-82 A-18, B-24 A-5, B-22 A-22, B71 A-0, B-46 A-19, B-74 A-23, B-47 A-0, B-75 A-18, B-46 A-36, B-1
T otal-88 T otal-101 T otal-42 T otal-27 T otal-93 T otal-46 T otal-93 T otal-70 T otal-75 T otal-64 T otal-37
TO : 1 TO : 0 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 2 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 0 TO : 1
TA : 1 TA : 1 TA : 1 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 1 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 1 TA : 0
WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 1 WS : 2 WS : 0 WS : 0 WS : 1 WS : 1 WS : 0 WS : 1
GL : 5 GL : 3 GL : 3 GL : 2 GL : 2 GL : 2 GL : 3 GL : 4 GL : 7 GL : 4 GL : 3
LS : 0 LS : 1 LS : 0 LS : 1 LS : 3 LS : 0 LS : 1 LS : 0 LS : 0 LS : 1 LS : 0
L : 16 L : 24 L : 46 L : 26 L : 36 L : 28 L : 46 L : 50 L : 35 L : 67 L : 30
CEKalutara
A-81, B-347
T otal-428
EEKalutara EEAgalawatta EEHorana

A-58, B-64 A-0, B177 A23, B-106
T otal-122 T otal-177 T otal-129
Kalutara Panadura Wadduwa Bandaragama Neboda Bellana Horawalla Ingiriya Kalawellawa Karannagoda
A-22, B-46 A-19, B-0 A-8, B-7 A-10, B-17 A-0, B18 A-0, B-88 A-0, B-89 A-23, B-42 A-0, B-28 A-0, B-35.
T otal-68 T otal-19 T otal-15 T otal-27 T otal-18 T otal-88 T otal-89 T otal-65 T otal-28 T otal-35
TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 2 TO : 1 TO : 1 TO : 1
TA : 1 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 0 TA : 2 TA : 0 TA : 1 TA : 0 TA : 0
WS : 4 WS : 3 WS : 1 WS : 1 WS : 1 WS : 1 WS : 1 WS : 0 WS : 2 WS : 2
GL : 1 GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 0 GL : 1 GL : 6 GL : 4 GL : 3 GL : 1 GL : 3
LS : 2 LS : 0 LS : 0 LS : 0 LS : 1 LS : 4 LS : 6 LS : 1 LS : 0 LS : 0
L : 40 L : 14 L : 8 L : 15 L : 17 L : 41 L : 41 L : 16 L : 8 L : 13
Source) RDA
Figure 10.3-2 Figure of Staff Placement

10-22
FINAL REPORT
Table 10.3-1 List of Local Office
(PD)Western (PD)Northern
(CE)Colombo (CE)Jaffna
(EE)Colombo (EE)Pallai
(EE)Avissawella (CE)Vavunia
(CE)Gampaha (EE)Vavunia
(EE)Gampaha (EE)Mannar
(EE)Nittambuwa (CE)Mulative
(EE)Negambo (EE)Mulative
(CE)Kalutara (EE)Kilinochchi
(EE)Kalutara (EE)Point Pedro
(EE)Agalawatta (PD)North Western
(PD)Southern (CE)Kurunegala
(CE)Galle (EE)Kurunegala
(EE)Galle (EE)Kuliyapitiya
(EE)Hiniduma (EE)Maho
(CE)Matara (CE)Chilaw
(EE)Matara (EE)Chilaw
(EE)Deniyaya (EE)Puttalam
(CE)Hambantota (PD)North Central
(EE)Tangalle (CE)Anuradhapura
(EE)Kandasurindugama (EE)Anuradhapura
(PD)Central (EE)Medawachchiya
(CE)Kandy (EE)Maradankadawela
(EE)Kandy (CE)Polonnaruwa
(EE)Kundasale (EE)Polonnaruwa
(EE)Kadugannawa (EE)Habarana
(CE)Nuwara Eliya (PD)Eastern
(EE)Nuwara Eliya (CE)Baticaloa
(EE)Norwood (EE)Baticaloa
(EE)Haguranketha (CE)Trincomalee
(CE)Matale (EE)Trincomalee
(EE)Matale (CE)Akkaraipattu
(EE)Nalanda (EE)Akkaraipattu
(PD)Sabaragamuwa (CE)Ampara
(CE)Ratnapura (EE)Ampara
(EE)Ratnapura (EE)Kalmunai
(EE)Pelmadulla (PD)Uva
(CE)Kegalle (CE)Bandarawela
(EE)Kegalle (EE)Badulla
(EE)Ruwanwella (EE)Bandarawela
(EE)Embilipitiya (EE)Mahiyangana
(CE)Monaragala
(EE)Monaragala
(EE)Bibile
Source) RDA

10-23
FINAL REPORT
(2) Specific Works of PD (Province), CE (District) and EE.

The specific works which each office carries out is as follows.
Specific Work Contents

PD Office ・Inspection of Road/Bridge improvements and maintenance works.
・Procurement of medium budget works.
・Recruitment of direct labor force.
CE Office ・Inspection of Road/Bridge improvements and maintenance works.
・Procurement of small budget works(less than 5 Million Rs.)
・Payments of direct labor force.
EE Office ・Bridge inspection works.
・Preparing inspection reports.
・Supervision of Road/Bridge maintenance works.
Source) RDA

10-24
FINAL REPORT
10.3.2 Flow of Operation and Maintenance System

Bridge operation and maintenance work was classified into the following three categories.
Furthermore, RDA divisions operating each works category are summarized in Table 10.3-2.
Bridge inspection work (inspection - data compile - data evaluation)

Bridge operation and maintenance plan preparation (plan preparation - budget preparation)
Bridge operation and maintenance work
(work plan - work management - completed confirmation - updating of completed record)
Table 10.3-2 The Flow and the Department in Charge of Bridge Operation and Maintenance Work.
Category Stage Organization in Charge
Implementation of bridge inspection EE office
Sort of inspection result EE office

Bridge Inspection Planning department
Evaluation of inspection result EE office
Work plan preparation Planning department

Engineering department
Bridge Operation and
Maintenance Plan Budget preparation EE CE PD office
Planning department
Operation and maintenance department
Work plan Engineering department
Work management PD,CE,EE office

Bridge Operation and
Maintenance Work Completed confirmation PD,CE,EE office
Updating of completed record Planning department
Source) Study Team

10-25
FINAL REPORT
10.3.3 Actual Situation of Inspection works

(1) Implementation of Bridge Inspection
EE office has done inspection work for all managed bridges within a year. Inspection methods
are visual and photography, and crack width measurement has not been performed. Inspection
works are not performed independently, they are performed as a part of the road inspection, and
it is hard to say that sufficient time for bridge inspection is secured. The visual inspection is
performed under the bridge mainly from neighborhood, and a ladder, a boat and etc are used
occasionally. RDA has had a 200kg loading inspection vehicle (photograph 10.3-1) since the
early 1980s, it is kept in the repair shop of Ratmalana and have not been used for bridge
inspection. In the hearing from local offices, the most of offices do not know the presence of
this inspection vehicle.
Source) Study Team
Photograph 10.3-1 Bridge Inspection Vehicle

10-26
FINAL REPORT
Bridge inspection results are arranged in inspection ledger shown in Figure 10.3-3. The degree of
damage for each part is determined by inspectors based on a qualitative evaluation criteria which is
given in the ledger, and it is concerned that the degree of damage varies depending on evaluators.
Source) RDA

10-27
FINAL REPORT
Source) RDA
Figure 10.3-3 Bridge Inspection Ledger

10-28
FINAL REPORT
(2) Compile of Inspection Result

The inspection ledger is reported annually to the headquarter Planning Department, CE, and PD
office from EE office with a bridge ledger, and aggregated to the Excel data by the Planning
Department staff.
These Excel data were received from the headquarter Planning Department. Contents were
checked in this study, there are many blanks in a list of a bridge ledger, and the inspection ledger
had hardly been aggregated. The report from an office is by data or paper medium, and since
the staff are counted by hand for every bridge, in order to create the database of 4000 or more
bridges improvement of the data sort system is required.
(3) Evaluation of Inspection Results

As data evaluation for the bridge inspection results, the degree of damage mentioned in the
inspection ledger is all, tasks such as determining the repair priority by the degree of damage is
not performed at all.
10.3.4 Actual Situation of Operation and Maintenance Plan

(Data Evaluation – Preparation of Plan – Preparation of Budget)
(1) Preparation of Management Plan
When serious damage is found, only treatment works may be done, and proper repair working
plan will not to be prepared under the present circumstances.
(2) Budget Preparation

PD office summaries the budget request from CE offices and request the budget to headquarter.
However, the amount actually distributed is as low as about 20% of the amount requested, and
the amount of a budget assigned to the bridge is about 5-10% of the whole, and the remainder is
assigned to the road. Insufficient budget is one of the factors for poor bridge operation and
maintenance.
10.3.5 Actual Situation of Operation and Maintenance Works

(1) Work Plan
PD office prepares a plan of operation and maintenance work and indicates it to each office.
However, if serious damage is found by inspection, it to be reported to the headquarter
Engineering Department and the Engineering Department makes plan for repair works.
The organizations which carry out works is different according to the scale of the works. The
works which cost is less than 1 million Rs. is carried out by EE office, and more than 5 million
Rs. is carried out by headquarter, and the middle cost works which cost is between 1 and 5
million Rs. will be carried out mainly by CE and PD office.

10-29
FINAL REPORT
(2) Work Management, Confirmation of Completion

General work management and confirmation of completion is carried out by EE office, but CE
office performs confirmation sometimes depending on construction scale.
(3) Updating of Completed Record

There is an inspection item of "Record of Repair /Rehab." in a bridge ledger and the bridge
which have repair and maintenance works, this item to be filled in, However no bridge ledger
which item is filled, in the 60 bridges received ledger of Kalutara this time.
10.3.6 Technical Manual is for Operation and Maintenance Works

The present RDA manuals related to bridge operation and management is sorted in Table 10.3-3.
Table 10.3-3 RDA Technical Manuals for Operation and Maintenance Work
Name Year, Form Contents

Bridge Maintenance 1997, A4 Describes Cautions of bridge inspection (superstructure,
Manual variation 21 substructure). This is classified into four sections, the whole
1
pages situation, periodic inspection in every 3 months, condition
inspection if needed, and detail inspection.
Road Maintenance 1989 The outline of operation and maintenance and inspection of road
2 Manual A5, 99 pages bridge/ culvert are explained in 2 pages, and other measures are
described.
Visual Road Condition 2008 Explanation of Inventory and inspection Form of culvert and bridge.
Surveys Guidelines A4, 43pages Inspection Foam: Inventory 1page, concrete bridge 2 pages, steel
3
bridge 2 pages, repair record(concrete bridge 1 page, steel bridge 1
page), sample of repair record form is not indicated.
Source) RDA

10-30
FINAL REPORT
10.3.7 Trial of Performance Based Road Operation and Maintenance Contract

(1) Outline
Performance Based Maintenance Contracting (hereinafter, "PBMC") for Route A4 (37 km) of
Sabragamuwa province and Route A7 (42 km) has been completed in September 2011 with the
support of ADB. Contractor was a local contractor CML-MTD only, and a contract amount was
170 million Rs. Local contractors have registration rank of ICTAD. This is classified into 10
ranks from C1 (received order contract amount is more than 600 millions Rs.), and C2 (contract
amount is more than 300million) to C10 (contract amount is more than 1million). CML-MTD
is registered as C1 rank.
(2) Contents of Implementation

Business contents are general works for ensuring the standard and operation level of road
satisfactory. Namely, keeping good condition of the whole road facilities including pavement,
traffic safety facility, planting, bridge structure, light fixtures, weeding and cleaning.
As a management system of RDA, works are managed and performed by EE office, and work
results are checked by headquarter.
(3) Future prospect

In RDA, five PBMC projects are planned over the next five years. However, since PBMC
contents are specialized to the road, it is not optimal as the operation and maintenance of the
bridge. Moreover, it is difficult to apply for seriously damaged existing route because of the
PBMC characteristic. Therefore, it is necessary to establish another operation and maintenance
system for Sri Lanka which has many damaged bridges.

10-31
FINAL REPORT
10.3.8 Current Situation of Asset Management Introduction

Asset management system has been introduced for Southern expressway which was opened in
November 2011 (Figure 10.3-4) by ADB support.
Source) RDA
Figure 10.3-4 Southern Part Highway Position Figure
(1) Route Outline

■Road extension: 95.2Km (Kottawa-Pinnaduwa)
■Number of lanes: one side 2 lanes, total 4 lanes (the land already acquired six lanes minute)
■Speed Limit: 100km/h
■Number of bridge: 19 river crossing bridges, 4 interchange bridges, 27 overpass bridges

10-32
FINAL REPORT
(2) Inspection Work

3 types of inspections, namely, daily visual inspection, periodic annual inspection by special
inspectors and emergency inspection during abnormal weather are carried out (Photograph
10.3-2).
Source) RDA
Photograph 10.3-2 Inspection Work
(3) Operation and Maintenance Work

The following 9 items are carried out as operation and maintenance work (Photograph 10.3-3).
ⅰ.cleaning, ⅱ.vegetation management, ⅲ.Traffic safety facilities management, ⅳ.Corresponding
of the accident, ⅴ.Damage prediction, ⅵ.Pavement maintenance, ⅶ. Structure maintenance,
ⅷ.Drainage facilities maintenance, ⅸ.Embankment and slope maintenance.
Source) RDA
Photograph 10.3-3 Operation and Maintenance Work

10-33
FINAL REPORT
(4) Database Operation

4 items of database system, ⅰ.Bridge, ⅱ.Slope, ⅲ.Pavement, ⅳ.Road facilities and drainage have
been established. Information of structure parameters and inspection results are inputted on
internet, and total management is possible.
Among these, Input screen of " ⅰ.Bridge " is shown in Figure 10.3-5
Source) RDA
Figure 10.3-5 Bridge Information System Input Screen

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FINAL REPORT
10.4 Extraction of The Issues in Bridge Operation and Maintenance Works of RDA
10.4.1 The Organizational Issues

Current condition and issues in RDA organization related to bridge operation and maintenance are
shown in Table 10.4-1.
Table 10.4-1 Current Condition and Issues in RDA Organization Related
to Bridge Operation and Maintenance
Category No. Issues Current condition
Operation 1-1 Insufficient Budget for bridge operation and maintenance is allocated as leveled every year.
and budget for Most of budget is allocated for the road operation and maintenance, less for the
Maintenance bridge bridges.
Plan operation and
Only routine works are possible within the budget.
maintenance
1-2 The leadership RDA staff have not strong mind for repairing bridges, because bridges will be
of RDA and close only after having big damage.
the staff’s
incentive are
missing about
bridge
operation and
maintenance
Operation 1-3 Shortage of Local office staff is responsible for the maintenance of roads and bridges, but
and maintenance most of their duty is for the road operation and maintenance
Maintenance staff There is no engineer who concentrates on bridge maintenance on site.
Work
1-4 Accumulation There is no organization which specialized in bridge operation and maintenance
of knowledge in both headquarter and local office, and there is no full time engineer, either.
and experience It is impossible to accumulate knowledge and experience in this organization.
is not enough.
The most of bridge operation and maintenance are simple routinely works, such
as the clearing, and there are few duties of bridge repair.
Almost no accumulation of technology for bridge operation and maintenance.
1-5 Engineers Engineers have mainly office works such as budget preparation, procurement
have less site and administrative procedures.
experience Practical operation on site has become the works of Technical Officer
Engineers have no knowledge about experience on site.
Site operation by Technical Officer who has less technical knowledge is not
reliable.
Source) Study Team

10-35
FINAL REPORT
10.4.2 The Operation and Maintenance Works Issues

Current condition and issues of bridge operation and maintenance are summarized by category as
shown in Table 10.4-2.
Table 10.4-2 Current conditions and problems of bridge operation and maintenance work
Category No Problems Current condition

Bridge 2-1 Inspection has Each bridge has been inspected annually by local office, furthermore, the
Inspection not been done frequency of inspections are increasing for damaged bridges.
regularly Specific inspection for the bridge has not been done, inspections are carried out
at the same time as the road inspections.
2-2 Inspection Only two maintenance manuals have been established “Bridge Maintenance
methods have Manuals (1997)” and “Visual Road Condition Survey Guidelines (2008)”.
not been The content of manual is not including the entire bridge maintenance. In
clearly addition, description contents lack of concreteness and the manual is
defined. insufficient for the site use.
2-3 There is no Currently inspections are carried out by visual.

inspection It is difficult to go to the bridge undersurface at the bridges crossing river,, so
equipments. there are not many undersurface inspection for such bridges.
One vehicle for inspection of undersurface of the bridge was introduced in the
1980s, but is no longer used in most decrepit.
2-4 Ledger of the The current inspection results are prepared by each EE in accordance with
bridges is not “Visual Road Condition Survey Guidelines (2008)”, and data sent to the
established. planning department of headquarter directly for manage.
Not all of the inspection results from each EE are reported, therefore the data of
planning department of headquarter is incomplete.
Operation 2-5 Own design Proper establishment of design criteria for bridge consultant is essential for the
and criteria effective bridge maintenance.
Maintenance considering The current bridge design standards define the basic matters only, and for
Work the proper details have been applied to the BS “British Standard”.
bridge
It is important to have their own bridge design standard considering the
maintenance
maintenance after the construction of bridges.
is not
established.
Source) Study Team

10-36
FINAL REPORT
10.4.3 Problems in The Actual Condition of Bridges

Current conditions and problems in the bridges managed by RDA are shown in Table 10.4-3.
Table 10.4-3 Current Condition and Problems in the Bridge
Category No Problems Current condition
Operation 3-1 Bridges are A budget specialized in bridge maintenance is almost not allocated (Budget
and neglected sufficiently rate is about 20% of the budget request).
Maintenance without repair. Therefore, local bridge maintenance is daily management only.
Plan
3-2 Recognition When damage apparent after progressed gradually, the function of the bridge is
that the already impaired. As a result, it would restore the function only by the
bridges can be replacing.
life longer by It is important to find damage at an early stage and to take quick repair for the
“LCC” early bridge life longer and for the economy, RDA engineer have to recognize
repair is this subjects.
lacking.
Operation 3-3 No knowledge There is little experience for repair works of the bridges until now.
and about the Therefore there are no accumulation of the bridge repair technology and also no
Maintenance appropriate technical improvements
Work method for
damage
repair.
Source) Study Team
10.5 Course of Action and Prioritization of The Issues to Be Solved
In Chapter 10.4, the organizational issues of RDA, bridge operation and maintenance works issue and
also the problems in the actual condition of bridges were extracted by the category. The priorities
for dealing with the technical cooperation project by JICA and basic policies towards the solution of
these issues were sorted out in Table 10.5-1.

10-37
FINAL REPORT
Table 10.5-1 Basic Policies and Prioritization of Problems to Be Solved

about Bridge Operation and Maintenance
Note: prioritization ◎ ”high”, ○”normal”, △”low”
Category Issues Policies Priority
Bridge 2-1 Inspection is not made periodically Improvement of bridge inspection
Inspection manual, then technical guidance based ◎
on it.
2-2 Inspection method is not defined clearly Improvement of bridge inspection
◎
manual.
2-3 There is no inspection equipment Procurement of bridge inspection
◎
vehicles
2-4 The bridge ledger is not sorted out Improvement of bridge inspection
◎
completely. manual.
Operation 1-1 Maintenance management budgets, Ensure budget which specialized in
and especially bridge maintenance bridge operation and maintenance
Maintenance management budgets are insufficient. budget.
Plan 1-2 The leadership and staff incentive are Recognition of the importance of
missing for bridge operation and bridge operation and maintenance.
maintenance.
3-1 Bridge has been left without repairing. Improvement of bridge operation and
maintenance manual, and guidance
based on it.
3-2 the recognition of bridge life longer by Recognition of the importance of
“LCC” repairing at an early stage is bridge operation and maintenance.
lacking.
Operation 1-3 Not enough staff for operation and Establishment of the exclusive
and maintenance is insufficient. organization of bridge operation and ◎
Maintenance maintenance.
Work 1-4 Accumulation of knowledge and Improvement of the bridge inspection

experience for operation and maintenance and operation and maintenance
are not enough. manual, and guidance based on them.
1-5 Engineers have less experience on site Improvement of the bridge inspection
and operation and maintenance
manual, and guidance based on them.
2-5 The own design criteria suitable bridge Development of bridge design criteria.
operation and maintenance are not
developed.
3-3 There is no knowledge about the suitable Improvement of bridge operation and
repair method for damage. maintenance manual and guidance
based on it.
Source) Study Team

10-38
FINAL REPORT
10.6 The Technical Cooperation Project for RDA (Proposal)
10.6.1 Aim of The Project

It becomes a main issue in the bridge operation and maintenance of RDA, within the present limited
staff, budget, and technological accumulation how the business is carried out efficiently and suitably
in order to solve many problems which is sorted out in Chapter 10.4 and Chapter 10.5. Then, the
aim of the technical cooperation project by JICA is "Improvement and strengthening of the technical
capacity of each organization through the technical assistance to the bridge operation and maintenance
work of RDA".
10.6.2 Consideration Items of The Contents
The content of technical project is considered based on the above project and also considered how to
carries out bridge operation and maintenance by RDA as a "road governmental agency". Sorted out
in Table 10.6-1, what is the assistance about the bridge operation and maintenance required for RDA
as a "Road governmental agency", and the capability which engineers of RDA should learn.
Table 10.6-1 Consideration Matters about Examination of Assist Content
Items Contents
What is the assistance about bridge operation and maintenance required for RDA?
Bridge operation Production of bridge operation and maintenance planning
and maintenance Create short term and medium long term plan based on formulation plan
work to be
performed as the A budget document creation and a budgetary request, based on short term plan
road governmental Bid preparation, consultant selection and contractor selection
agency
Implementation of construction (work), construction supervision, a completion inspection
Short term and Medium long term plan
medium long term - Understanding the condition of bridge and the calculation of the medium long term
plan about Bridge maintenance costs
operation and - Creation of the vision about Bridge operation and maintenance, and creation of a long term
maintenance plan and Milestone

Short term plan (fiscal year)
- From evaluation of the condition of each bridge to repair prioritization
- Create a bridge operation and maintenance list, and a operation and maintenance plan and
budgetary request of the following fiscal year based on prioritization
What is the capability which RDA engineer should learn?
New operation and New operation and maintenance system
maintenance - A fund scale is expanded about the road operation and maintenance trust fund founded in
organization for
performing suitable 2008, so that bridge operation and maintenance fully be performed
bridge operation and - Built a system to manage by own country technical to improve the state of the art in bridge
maintenance,
methods of operation and maintenance of local contractor
operation in the A new implementation method
limited staffs and
budget - The performance based type operation and maintenance which introduced experimentally is
evaluated and if a good result is obtained, a range of application is expanded and it strives
for enforcement of efficient operation and maintenance work.
- Operation status of the road operation and maintenance system which introduced
experimentally is recognized, and it is similarly referred as bridge operation and
maintenance system introduction.
Source) Study Team
10-39
FINAL REPORT
10.6.3 Issues and The Contents

The contents and detail, in each operating category corresponding to the project aim based on the
correspondence policy and its priority to the issue examined in Chapter 10.5 are sorted out in
Table.10.6-2.
Table 10.6-2 The Contents and Detail in Each Operating Category

Category Project Aim Detail Contents Remarks
Bridge Bridge Implementation of Implementation of daily/periodic
Inspection inspection and bridge inspection inspection using visual observation or
technology simple equipments
transfer related
Collection and Arrangement of inspection data,
to selection of a
arrangement of preparation of a bridge ledger and bridge
repair inspection data condition data
construction
method based Analysis and Arrangement of damage data, evaluation
on the result. evaluation of of a damage condition
inspection data
Repair construction Repair construction method selection as The knowledge
method selection based measures based on damage evaluation of a repair
on analysis and construction
evaluation method is
insufficient
Operation Technology Maintenance repair Repair plan preparation of individual Recognition of

and transfer about plan preparation by the bridge, and repair, operation and repair in early
Maintenance the operation selected repair maintenance work plan preparation of stages of damage
Plan and construction method nationwide bridge is low
maintenance Preparation of bridge Repair of damaged bridge, prioritization There is no
plan creation
operation and of operation and maintenance work concept of LCC
based on the
maintenance master (implementation plan, organization, (life cycle cost).
selected repair
plan schedule, budget, etc.)
construction
Preparation of bridge Preparation of short term (fiscal year) and
method
operation and medium long term operation and
maintenance plan maintenance
which is based on
budget planning and
budgetary requests
Operation Technology Bridge maintenance Design of bridge repair work,
and transfer about work and operation implementation plan preparation of repair
Maintenance operation and method plan of repair work
Work maintenance work
work by Maintenance work, Quality control method of bridge Recognition of
suitable quality construction operation and maintenance work and bridge life is
control supervision under bridge repair work prolonged by
repair construction thoroughly
quality control is
low.
10-40
FINAL REPORT
Category Project Aim Detail Contents Remarks
Operation Technology Bridge maintenance Implementation method of completion
and transfer about work, completion inspection
Maintenance operation and inspection of repair
Work maintenance work
work by Bridge ledger data Inspection - preparation of operation and
suitable quality update accompanying maintenance plan - operation and
control the completion work maintenance work completion -

establishment of series of operation and
maintenance cycle of data update
Source) Study Team
10.6.4 Technical Cooperation Project (Proposal)

(1) Implementation Scheme
The implementation scheme of technical cooperation project is suggested in Table 10.6-3 in
order to realize the contents in each work category.
Table 10.6-3 Implementation Scheme of Technical Corporation Project (Proposal)
Items Contents Remarks

Main scheme
Dispatch of experts Dispatch of a long term specialist: Bridge operation and
maintenance policy adviser
Dispatch of a short term specialist: i) Bridge operation and
maintenance plan (team leader), ii) Bridge Inspection
Equipment supply Bridge inspection vehicles, other bridge inspection Refer to Appendix-1
equipment
Bridge inspection result data system software
Auxiliary scheme
Bridge inspection, training about asset management
This country training
Research on an asset management system
This country studying abroad
Source) Study Team

10-41
FINAL REPORT
(2) The contents of Implementation and Implementation Period

Technical cooperation project show in Table 10.6-4 is suggested to carry out in single phase.
In this period mainly focusing improvement of maintenance manual and inspection work.
Counterpart organization of RDA side is confirmed maintenance work including repair, asset
management will be focusing in next phase.
Table 10.6-4 Implementation Term and Contents of Technical Corporation Project
Items Contents Remarks

(2.0years) Single phase
Draft creation of a bridge In RDA, there is bridge operation and maintenance manual
maintenance management which is created in 1997 although, renewal of the contents
manual and addition, etc have not been made until now.
Then, new manual preparation based on the present manual is
performed.
Implementation of OJT and Let Western province be a place of pilot work.
trial employment by the As a case study of pilot work, bridge inspection and bridge
created manual operation and maintenance work are carried out.
Support of finalization of a The result of OJT and trial employment is arranged and
bridge operation and support of finalization of a bridge operation and maintenance
maintenance manual, and manual, and institutionalization is offered based on the result.
institutionalization
Nationwide deployment of National deployment of finalized bridge operation and
manual maintenance manual, and spread activities are performed.

OJT and trial employment are performed in each state.
Source) Study Team

10-42
FINAL REPORT
(3) Implementation Scale

The schedule of each scheme and specialist’s layout plan (Proposal) based on the
above-mentioned proposal is shown in Figure 10.6-1.
1st Year 2nd Year 　

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 　　
Implementation Schedule
Phase 1 (2.0 years)
Preparation of Manuals
OJT
Pilot Project
(AdvanceTraining in Japan)
Human resorce development
Finalization of Manuals
Support to Standardize Manuals
Task Name:Despatch Specialists

Long Term Expert
A-1 Road/Bridge Maintenance Policy Adviser 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 　　 24
Short Term Expert 0
A-2 Bridge Maintenance Plan (Team Leader) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 　　 21
A-3 Bridge Inspection 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 　 12
Subtotal 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 　　 57
Total of work 29 28 　 57
Source) Study Team
Figure 10.6-1 The Schedule for a Technical Cooperation Project

and a Specialist's Layout Plan (Proposal)
10.6.5 The Counterpart (Proposal)

(1) Outline of newly established organization "Bridge Assessment Unit"
RDA is planning to establish "Bridge Assessment Unit" as the special units for bridge operation
and maintenance in the Planning Department. As requested by RDA the consultants propose
the organization and role of “Bridge Assessment Unit” as in Figure 10.6-2 and 10.6-3.

10-43
FINAL REPORT
Director of Planning JICA Long Term Expert

C/P
Division ■ Road / Bridge Maintenance Policy
Adviser
Head of Bridge JICA Short Term Experts

C/P
Assessm ent Unit (1)
■ Bridge Maintenance Plan (TL)
■ Bridge Inspection
■ Bridge Asset Management
■ Bridge Repair Technique
■ Maintenance Works Supervision
【 Permanent Organization】【 Adhoc Organization】

To Engage in the Works from Inspection to To Engage in the Works from Im plem entation
Maintenance Planning in the O&M Work Design to Work Com pletion in in the O&M Work
Flow Flow
Deputy Head of Deputy Head of

Inspection Group Supervision Group
(1) (1)
Inspection
Bridge Bridge Asset Data Maintenanc Implementa Maintenance
of Work
Inspection Management Analysis e Planning tion Design Supervision
Completion
Team Team Team Team Team Team
Team
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Source) Study Team
Figure 10.6-2 Organization Chart of [Bridge Assessment Unit] (Proposal)
The proposed organization outline is as follows.

-Among the organizations which proposed, left hand side "Inspection Group" serves as core group of
"Bridge Assessment Unit", and continue after the end of the technical cooperation project.
-Among the organizations which proposed, right hand side "Supervision Group" is a provisional
organization for this technical cooperation project, after end of this project it will be dispersed, the
results of the technical cooperation project is taken over by the related structure in RDA.
-The proposed organizational chart in ( ) expresses the number of staff of the organization, and place 13
technical engineer staffs by whole "Bridge Assessment Unit ". As for these items, 4 persons are
elected from RDA headquarters, and remaining 9 persons are elected from each state local office.
-The member of "Maintenance Planning Team" and "Bridge Inspection Team" in "Inspection Group" holds
the additional post in "Implementation Design Team" and "Inspection of Work Completion Team" in
"Supervision Group".
-All the members in this unit have a works rotation at a constant frequency during this project, and at the
end of this project will have experience for all the works in this unit.

10-44
FINAL REPORT
Maintenance Management & Construction (MMC) Div.

Bridge Assessment Unit.
Engineering Service Div.

Executive Engineer (EE)
Provincial Director (PD)
Chief Engineer (CE)
Planning Div.
Work Categories Tasks in the JICA Technical Cooperation Project
1-1 Execution of bridge inspection (routine/ periodic) ● ○ ○ ○ ○

1 Collection of inspection results (preparation of bridge inventory, bridge
1-2 ● ○ ○ ○ ○
Works from condition database)
Inspection to 2-1 Analysis and evaluation of inspection results ● ○ ○
Maintenance 2 2-2 Selection of repair methods ● ○ ○
Planning 2-3 Prioritization of repair and maintenance works of damaged bridges ● ○ ○
Preparation of bridge maintenance master plan (execution plan,
3 3-1 ○ ● ○
organization, schedule, budget etc.)
Works from 4 4-1 Implementation methods of bridge repair and maintenance work ○ ● ● ● ●
Implementation 5-1 Supervision of bridge repair and maintenance work ○ ● ● ● ●
5
Design to Work 5-2 Inspection of work completion for quality control ○ ● ● ● ●
Completion 6 6-1 Updating inventory data by repair and maintenance work records ● ○ ○
Source) Study team
Note: ●Main role, ○auxiliary role
Figure 10.6-3 Role of Bridge Assessment Unit (Proposal)
RDA is proceeding towards the establishment of the "Bridge Assessment Unit" as refer to the proposal
of the consultant. "Bridge Assessment Unit" establishment is planned to be proposed and deliberated
in RDA board of directors in December, 2012. In deliberations held on Nov.21 2012 with the
consultant, The vice minister of port and road announced that "Bridge Assessment Unit" will be
established 3 months before the technical cooperation project commencement , so that it can respond
to implementation of the technical cooperation project.
(2) The Counterpart Corresponding to Each Activity of The Technical Cooperation Project
The bridge operation and maintenance of RDA is realized by the cooperation of each department
now. In the technical cooperation project, between all related departments to be connected
across boundaries, and "Bridge Assessment Unit" newly established institution plays the role as
the point of contact for the relevant departments. Moreover, PD office of 9 states across the
country serves as a base of on-site activity of the technical cooperation project. In the technical
cooperation project, the pilot office which can be expected big result during the implementation
will be selected. It is probably selected from Western province PD office, the assist contents of
the technical cooperation project passing to the whole RDA organization, and the counter part for
each specific support is assumed in Table 10.6-5.

10-45
FINAL REPORT
Table 10.6-5 The Counterpart in Project (Proposal)
Counter Part
Category Assist Items
Main Support
Bridge Implementation of bridge inspection Bridge Assessment Unit Maintenance Management
Inspection Collection and arrangement of Provincial Director (PD) &
inspection data District Chief Engineer (CE) Construction (MMC) Div.
Executive Engineer (EE)

Analysis and evaluation of inspection Bridge Assessment Unit Engineering Service Div.
data MMC Div.
Repair method selection based on
analysis and evaluation
Operation Maintenance repair plan preparation by Bridge Assessment Unit Engineering Service Div.
the selected repair construction method MMC Div.
and
Preparation of a bridge operation and Planning Div. Bridge Assessment Unit.
Maintenance
maintenance master plan MMC Div.
Plan
Preparation of the bridge maintenance
and operation plan which is based on
of budget planning and a budgetary
request.
Operation Bridge maintenance work, MMC Div. Bridge Assessment Unit

Implementation method planning of Provincial Director (PD)
and repair work.
District Chief Engineer (CE)
Maintenance Maintenance work, construction
supervision of under repair/ repair Executive Engineer (EE)
Work
construction
Bridge maintenance work, completed
inspection of repair work
Data updates of the bridge ledger Bridge Assessment Unit Planning Div.
Engineering Service Div.
accompanying the completion of work
Source) Study Team
10.6.6 The Expected Achievement by This Project

By implementing the technical cooperation project, the assumed results are as in Table 10.6-6.
Table 10.6-6 The Result Expected by the Project
Items Contents
The operating competency of the bridge Preparation of bridge operation and maintenance manual
operation and maintenance related post
Establishment of bridge inspection system
of RDA improves, and bridge operation
and maintenance work can become Implementation of the suitable construction supervision in
independent and carry out smoothly. bridge operation and maintenance work
RDA capability is improved Maintenance of accurate bridge ledger
continuously for the independent short Maintenance of accurate bridge condition data
term (fiscal year) plan and medium long
Preparation of a bridge operation and maintenance master
term plan which should be performed as
a road governmental agency. plan
Source) Study Team

10-46
FINAL REPORT
10.6.7 RDA Attitude for the Technical Cooperation Project (Proposal)

The consultant creates the technical cooperation project (Proposal) which arranged above mentioned
proposal, It explained to the bridge maintenance management related division of RDA executive
(November 16, 2012), the President of RDA (November 19, 2012), and a port road vice minister
(November 21, 2012), and performed the exchange of idea about the contents, the support way, etc.
Then, the idea from RDA is as follows.
(1) The Whole Technical Cooperation Project

It agrees to the contents and the method basically. The early start is expected from the present
condition of the bridges operation and maintenance of RDA.
(2) Contents of Individual Category

1) Inspection Vehicles
Although there is a bridge inspection vehicle purchased by the OECF loan in the 1980s, it has
passed more than 20 years already and practical utilization has not been made. The
investigation from the bridge undersurface is indispensable, but actually investigation is hardly
carried out. In order to understand the actual condition it is necessary to survey from the bridge
undersurface by bridge inspection vehicle in the future.
2) Inspection Equipments
In bridge inspection, basically non destructive test is mainly used. Therefore, introduction of
advanced inspection technology in Japan is expected. (ex.: Reinforcing bar investigation in
concrete, salinity concentration measurement of concrete, etc.)
3) Inspection Results Database System

Currently bridge inspection results are accumulating database by hand typing of the person in
charge of the planning division. The data management in soft data is required for more efficient
data accumulation, and introduction of the database system is urgently required. RDA opinion
is to build a similar system when the consultant introduced the case of Japanese bridge data
system. In the technical cooperation project, the database system introduction which suits the
situation of Sri Lanka needs consideration.
(3) Assistance for Preparation of Request (Proposal)

Based on the result of the above mentioned discussion, we assisted for preparation of request of
the technical cooperation project which the Sri Lanka government draws up and it submits to the
Japanese government. Assistance for preparation of request (Proposal) is shown in Appendix-2.
Moreover, PDM (Proposal) which used as a springboard for determination of assist content in the
future is shown in Appendix-3.

10-47
FINAL REPORT
10.6.8 The Points of Concern on The Technical Cooperation Project Implementation

The matter which should mind in implementation of this technical cooperation project is sorted out in
Table 10.6-7.
Table 10.6-7 The Points of Concern on The technical Cooperation Project Implementation
Items Contents
Establishment of The counterpart of the technical cooperation project is considered to become MMC division in
C/P organization the organization of present RDA.
RDA is advancing new establishment of "Bridge Assessment Unit" which takes charge of
bridge operation and maintenance. Therefore, it is considered that the counterpart of this
technical cooperation project becomes "Bridge Assessment Unit".
Therefore, it is necessary to determine the organization content of "Bridge Assessment Unit" at
early stage. (Number of staff, organizational functions, the technical level of the staff)
Application of The bridge operation and maintenance manual prepared in the technical cooperation project is
the existing prepared according to the existing manual.
bridge database Then, utilized section, review section and newly additional section in the existing bridge
system maintenance and operation are clarified.

Similarly, utilizable section about the existing bridge database system is clarified, and it also
enables to build efficiently the bridge database system by the technical cooperation project.
Moreover, the idea of "Bridge Management System" which RDA has as a concept is also taken
into consideration, and builds the system of the whole bridge operation and maintenance.
Source) Study Team

10-48
FINAL REPORT
CHAPTER 11 LOCAL SUBCONTRACT OF SURVEYS
11.1 Geological Investigation Survey
1) Purpose of the Survey and outline of the work
Soil tests including borehole excavation were carried out near the expected bridge
construction points and collecting data for future bridge planning.
2) Selection of Survey points
Locations of expected bridge construction are spreading whole of the island. (North, North
Central, Southern, and Western provinces). Among these areas, the soil structure to classify
the area to determine from the existing soil information etc. and 17 locations representing
the each area were selected and carried out geological Survey.
After that, some bridges in Eastern and Northern provinces were excluded from the list of
the bridges to be reconstructed. As a result 11 bridge locations near bridge construction sites
were remaining.
3) Result of Survey
As geological Survey, Borehole Excavation, Standard Penetration Test, Sampling of surface

and bed rock layer, and Strength test were carried out.
Results of the Survey were compiled to Bore hole charts, laboratory test, CR (Core
recovery), / RQD (Rock Quality Designation) and so on.
Further Survey is necessary to clarify exact bearing layer, however in this Survey rough
depth of bearing layer were confirmed. Depth from ground surface to N=50 layer is as
follows.
Northern Province： 3.5m～9.0m
North Central Province： 5.8m～8.5m
Southern Province： 4.5ｍ～9.0m
Western province： 7.0m～13.0m
As a baring layer of bridge foundation, weathered rock or hard rock are applied. Rock as
bearing layer has compression strength more than 20N/mm2.

11-1
FINAL REPORT
As a type of foundation for future bridge construction in Sri Lanka, spread foundation is
applicable at shallower than 5m and pile foundation is applicable at deeper than 5m. (The
depth of foundation is varied with surrounding soil and construction conditions.)
4) Further issue
As a detailed study for new construction of bridge, the locations of substructures are fixed
and detailed geological Survey will carried out for each foundations. As a bearing layer
based on RDA standard, apply hard rock or apply weathered rock strong enough to bear the
bridge load based on Japanese Standard will be examined.
11.2 Social and Environmental Survey
1) Purpose of the Survey and outline of the work
Investigation for relevant law in Sri Lanka, site Survey of target bridges and surrounding
areas, hearing Survey of near the bridge site, site Survey for RAP program, understand the
actual condition of surrounding bridge site and Survey for aggregate source which are
Necessary information for planning of bridge and approach road were carried out.
2) Selection of Survey point
Firstly screening the number of houses near bridge sites by using satellite photograph, and
carried our 20 locations site Survey.
3) Result of Survey
Results of the simple and quick hearing from the people living around the bridges.
Survey for identification of quarries: Basic Survey for location of quarries. Approve of
quarries and access roads and so on will be confirmed in detailed Survey.
4) Further issue
RDA has strong intension to minimize the number of affected houses due to the difficulty of
relocation of affected houses.
Further detailed RAP study will be carried out based on JICA guideline after fixing the
alignment carefully, having public consultation. In this study stage simple and quick Survey
was carried out, detailed Survey will be carried out as a further requirements.

11-2
FINAL REPORT
11.3 Hydrological Survey
1) Purpose and outline of the Survey
Confirmation of river condition around the bridge sites, analysis of high water level and
comparison of historical high water level collected from the people living around the sites.
Preparation of hydrological Survey was carried out at the same time of selection of target
bridges. Additional Survey was carried out after changing the locations of target bridges and
finally site Survey was carried out at 40 bridge locations. These locations are covering
whole target bridge locations.
3) Result of Survey
Simple level topographical Survey was carried out at the bridge center line cross over the
river and prepared profile showing assuming high water level. Some existing bridges are not
satisfied the high water level, however it is possible to shift the location of abutment and
raise up the elevation of bridges at the time of newly construction. The elevation of the
bridge is confirmed based on detailed further study.
4) Further Issue
Detailed Survey will be carried out after confirmation of alignment of bridge locations
including the effect from the approach roads.
11.4 Traffic Count
1) Purpose and outline of the Survey
Traffic count which is the basic information for bridge planning was carried out on the
National road. RDA has already covered at major cities on National highway but not
covering exact location of target bridge sites. Then to determine priority of newly
construction in this study, traffic count Survey was carried out.
Focusing the 37 bridges requiring urgent reconstruction and screed on the same route and
closed locations, carried out Survey at 29 bridge locations.

11-3
FINAL REPORT
3) Result of Survey
At each bridge sites on National highway, from 6 AM to 8 PM, on 2days at weekday and
1day at weekend, classification of vehicles are carried out at the same time.
4) Further Survey of traffic volume
Further detailed traffic count Survey including pedestrian traffic will be carried out for
newly construction of the bridges. Results of this study to be comparison with RDA traffic
data and will use for yearly movement for future.

11-4
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA
ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
DATA COLLECTION SURVEY

ON PRIMARY BRIDGES
ON NATIONAL ROADS
AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM
OF BRIDGES
FINAL REPORT (APPENDIX)
FEBRUARY 2013
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
JAPAN BRIDGE & STRUCTURE INSTITUTE, INC. (JBSI)

DAINICHI CONSULTANT, INC.
LANDTEC JAPAN, INC.
FINAL REPORT (Appendix)
CHAPTER 3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE BRIDGE

FOR REHABILITATION AMONG THE RDA PROPOSED BRIDGES
3.1 Selected 79 nos Bridges to Studied Reconstruction as Result of Investigation

App3-1
App3-2
App3-3
App3-4
App3-5
App3-6
App3-7
App3-8
App3-9
App3-10
App3-11
App3-12
App3-13

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DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON PRIMARY BRIDGES ON NATIONAL ROADS AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF BRIDGES

CHAPTER 10 BRIDGE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

10.1 Current Situation of RDA

Japan Bridge & Structure Institute,Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

Chairman & Board of Directors DIRECTOR(Internal Audit)

DIRECTOR(Legal) Chief Legal

Director General DIRECTOR(Training)

ADG(Finance & Administration) DIRECTOR(Adm.)

ADG(Planning & Programming) DIRECTOR(Planning)

ADG(Asset Development) Project Director

ADG(Asset Operation & M aintenance) DIRECTOR(RBCU)

DIRECTOR(Works) C.E Project

Project Dir C.E Project

ADG(Projects) PROJECT DIRECTORS

MM&C : MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT & CONSTRUCTION UKSB : UK STEEL BRIDGE

Figure 10.1-1 RDA Organization Chart

Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

(2) Role of Each Division

Table 10.1-1 Role of Each Division

Division Roles and Functions

Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

Table 10.1-2 The Total Number of RDA Staff

(4) Outline of Bridge Operation and Maintenance Organization

Table 10.1-4 Number of Staff by Years of Experience at Planning Div.

Year of Experience 0～5years 5～10years 10～25years Total

Director --- --- 1 1

Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer 2 2 --- 4

Technical Officer --- 1 1 2

GIS analyst 2 --- --- 2

Planning / Management Assistant 6 6 1 12

Other --- --- --- 43

Table 10.1-5 Number of Staff by Years of Experience at Engineering Service Div.

Year of Experience 0～5years 5～10years 10～25years Total

Director --- --- 1 1

Deputy Director --- --- 1 1

Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer --- --- 2 2

Other --- --- --- 5

Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

Table 10.1-6 Number of Staff by Years of Experience

Year of Experience 0 - 5years 5 - 10years 10 - 25years Total

Director --- --- 1 1

Deputy Director --- --- 2 2

Chief Engineer/Senior Engineer --- --- 1 1

Technical Officer --- --- 2 2

Other --- --- --- 23

PD’s Office 361

Provincial Director --- --- 10 10

Projects-CE --- --- 4 4

Bridge & Highway Design -CE --- --- 1 1

Technical Officer --- --- 1 1

CE’s Office 497

Chief Engineer --- --- 24 24

EE’s Office 1113

Technical Officer 159

Baseline Unit under EE Colombo 6

Engineer --- --- 1 1

Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc., Dainichi Consultant Inc.

(5) Plan of New Organization for Bridge Operation and Maintenance.

10.1.2 Budget for Bridge Operation and Maintenance