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    of 16

    Global Safety Concerns for Women and LGBT

    Anna Kalbarczyk, MPH


    Center for Global Health
    Johns Hopkins University
    Section A

    Safety and Gender-Based Violence

    The material in this video is subject to the copyright of the owners of the material and is being provided for educational purposes under
    rules of fair use for registered students in this course only. No additional copies of the copyrighted work may be made or distributed.
    Perpetrators Span the Globe

     Harassment
     In Egypt, 62% of men admitted perpetrating harassment, and 99.3% of women
    indicated experiencing forms of sexual harassment (Egyptian Centre for Women’s
    Rights, 2008, and UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
     In Poland, 85% of women and 44% of men experienced harassment in public spaces,
    and 78% of those reported male harassers (Hollaback! Polska, 2012)
     In New York City in the United States, 86% of respondents had been harassed on the
    street (Worker Institute at Cornell University and Hollaback!)
     In Brazil, 99.6% of 7,762 participants reported experiencing harassment (Enough Fiu
    Fiu Campaign)
     Intimate partner violence
     Sexual violence
    Sources:
    Hassan, R. M., et al., for UNFPA. Clouds in Egypt's sky: sexual harassment: from verbal harassment to rape: a sociological study.
    Roszak, J., Gober, G., for Hollaback! Poland. Poland has the power to end street harassment: research on harassment in public spaces in Poland.
    The Worker Institute at Cornell: equity at work: research at a glance.
    OLGA. Chega de Fiu Fiu: resultado da pesquisa. 3
    Impacts of Physical and Sexual Violence on Health

     Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, HPV, genital


    herpes, hepatitis B, and syphilis
     Pregnancy
     Rape trauma syndrome
     Flashbacks
     Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD
     Depression
     Dissociation
     Stockholm syndrome
     Battered women syndrome

    4
    Access to
    Reproductive
    Health Services Is
    Not Universal

    Source: World Health Organization. Contraceptive


    prevalence rate (%). Global Health Observatory Map
    Gallery. 5
    Reproductive
    Rights Vary Across
    the Globe

    Source: Center for Reproductive Rights. The World's


    Abortion Laws 2016 (map). 6
    Resources for
    Supporters:
    “Empowerment
    Through
    Advocacy”

    Source: National Center on Domestic and Sexual


    Violence (NCDSV). Advocacy Empowerment Wheel. 7
    Section B

    Lesbian-, Gay-, Bisexual-, Transgender-,


    Queer-, and Intersex-Specific Considerations

    The material in this video is subject to the copyright of the owners of the material and is being provided for educational purposes under
    rules of fair use for registered students in this course only. No additional copies of the copyrighted work may be made or distributed.
    Violence, Inequality, and Discrimination Against LGBTQI

    “People around the world face violence and inequality – and sometimes
    torture, even execution – because of who they love, how they love, or who
    they are. Sexual orientation and gender identity are integral aspects of our
    selves and should never lead to discrimination or abuse”
    —Human Rights Watch

    2
    High Levels of Abuse and Violence

     In the United States, people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual experience sexual
    assault at a higher rate than the population-wide prevalence rates
     Systematic review
    • 12%–54% of gay and bisexual males
    • 16%–85% of lesbian and bisexual females
     Lifetime prevalence of U.S. residents
    • 11%–17% for women
    • 2%–3% for men

     IPV prevalence in the Trans populations


     22% of transmen and 15% of transwomen report “domestic violence” perpetrated by
    family members because of gender identity (NTDS 2011)

    Sources:
    Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. L. (2011). The Prevalence of Sexual Assault Against People Who Identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in the United States: A
    Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(2), 55–66. doi:10.1177/1524838010390707
    Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey.
    Washington: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 3
    Implications for Travelers

    Sources:
    BBC News. (February 10, 2014). Where is it illegal to be gay?
    LGBT rights at the United Nations. (December 10, 2015). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 4
    Different Manifestations of Violence, Discrimination, and Inequality

     Kazakhstan
     Consensual same-sex conduct was decriminalized in 1998
     Although transgender people are legally recognized, coerced sterilization is a
    prerequisite
     A “propaganda law” restricts positive and inclusive expressions of sexual and
    gender diversity
     81% of lesbian and gay people surveyed reported that LG-identifying individuals
    “faced disapproval and disrespect from those in the general population”
     “The failure of the [Kazan] government to protect people against abuses on the
    basis of sexual orientation and gender identity …” (Human Rights Watch, 2015)

    Sources:
    Human Rights Watch. (July 23, 2015). "That's when I realized I was nobody": a climiate of fear for LGBT people in Kazakhstan.
    International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association: Carroll, A. & Itaborahy, L.P. (2015). State Sponsored Homophobia 2015: A world survey of laws:
    criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love. Geneva; ILGA. 5
    Anti-Homosexuality Laws in Uganda and JHU Research

     Homosexuality was illegal and enforced with prison sentences

     Months of uncertainty

     Withdrawal of some researchers/student programming/etc.

     Gradual reintroduction of programming after August 2014 ruling

    6
    Changing Landscape in Some Countries

     Vietnam
     Vietnam legalized sex reassignment surgery and right to legal gender recognition for
    transgender people who have received surgery (November 2015)
     Incomplete—transgender individuals who have not undergone surgery are unable to
    change their legally recognized gender marker

     Nepal
     A legal category was created for people who identify as neither male nor female,
    including the ability to receive documents that indicate a third gender (2007)
     National census included a third gender option
     Passport options include “other,” “male,” and female”
    • The first Nepali citizen traveled abroad carrying a passport with “O” in October
    2015

    Sources:
    Human Rights Watch. (November 30, 2015). Vietnam: positive step for transgender rights: Vietnamese parliament adopts new transgender legislation.
    Human Rights Watch. (October 26, 2015). Nepal's third gender passport blazes trails. 7
    Power and
    Control Wheel

    Source: National Coalition of Anti-Violence


    Programs (NCAVP). LGTB Power and Control Wheel. 8
    Concluding Remarks

     Become familiar with the landscape of sexual, reproductive, and LGBTQI rights of the
    country and region where you will be living

     Everyone has different comfort levels and thresholds, so the choices of your friends
    and colleagues will not necessarily be right for you

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