Results: Following Data Saturation and Analysis,: Abuse, Vol 17, Issue 5, Pp. 585
Results: Following Data Saturation and Analysis,: Abuse, Vol 17, Issue 5, Pp. 585
Results: Following Data Saturation and Analysis,: Abuse, Vol 17, Issue 5, Pp. 585
Sexual stigma refers to stereotyping, prejudice, and Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related
discrimination directed toward individuals perceived to experiences among sexual minority adults in the United
be non-heterosexual. States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability
sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(1), 54-74.
doi: 10.1177/0886260508316477
Herek, Gillis, and Cogan (2009) assert that sexual Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009).
minorities may experience this stigma in three unique Internalized stigma among sexual minority
ways. First, individuals may be subject to “enacted adults: Insights from a social psychological
stigma” which represents relatively overt discrimination perspective. Journal of Counselling
that may manifest in the form of hate crimes, social Psychology, 56(1), 32-43. doi:
ostracism, and the use of anti-gay epithets. Second, 10.1037/a0014672
individuals may experience “felt stigma” which denotes
awareness that persons and institutions are homo- and
binegative and consequent engagement in strategies
designed to hide one’s sexual minority status (e.g., being
closeted). Third, and finally, individuals may suffer from
“internalized stigma” which refers to “negative and
distressing thoughts and feelings” about one’s sexuality
“which are attributed to experiences of cultural
heterosexism and victimization”
A hate crime is defined by Black's Law Dictionary
(Garner, 1999) as "a crime motivated by the victim's
race, color, ethnicity, religion or national origin."
Although underreporting of such crimes certainly Stotzer, R. L. (2008). Gender identity and hate
remains an issue, the findings suggested 3 main crimes: Violence against transgender people in
conclusions: Hate crimes based on a victim’s Los Angeles county. Sexuality Research &
gender identity are often violent, perpetrators Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 5(1), 43-
often manifest and verbalize high levels of a 52.
variety of prejudices, and transgender persons http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.43
may be targets of violence for reasons far more
complex than simply their violation of gender
norms. This article discusses findings about the
intersections of race, sexuality, socioeconomic
status, and gender identity in the context of hate-
motivated violence.
In recent decades, states such as California,
Connecticut, Hawaii, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico,
Pennsylvania, Iowa, Oregon, Vermont, and New Jersey
have expanded hate crimes legislation to include
gender identity, gender expression, sex, disability,
and/or sexual orientation (Transgender Law and Policy
Institute, 2006; National Center for Transgender
Equality, 2007).
In July 2016, the TMM archive held reports of a total of TMM annual report 2016
2,190 murdered trans and genderdiverse people in 66
countries worldwide between 1 January 2008 and 30
June 2016. These murders have been reported from all
major world regions (Africa, Asia, Central and South
America, Europe, North America, and Oceania).
"Geraldine Roman: First transgender politician Heather Chen (10 May 2016). "Geraldine Roman:
elected in the Philippines" First transgender politician elected in the
Philippines". BBC News.
New Peoples Army recognizes same-sex marriage LeiLani Dowell (17 February 2005). "New Peoples
Army recognizes same-sex marriage". Workers
World Party. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
Despite its religiosity, the Philippines is one of the Tubeza, Philip C (8 June 2013). "PH ranks among
countries in the world where the level of public most gay-friendly in the world". Inquirer.net.
“acceptance” of homosexuals is high, according to the Retrieved 20 July 2017.
results of the survey.
The Philippines has been celebrated as one of the Laurel, R. (2016). Revealed: The Philippines most
most "tolerant" countries in Southeast Asia on the shocking LGBT hate crimes Read
issue of LGBT rights, but it has yet to achieve true more: https://kami.com.ph/18658-philippines-most-
equality and acceptance. While we certainly allow horrifying-lgbt-hate-crimes.html#18658. Retrieved
LGBT people to go and live their lives, the from https://kami.com.ph/18658-philippines-most-
community still lives in fear of being subject to hate horrifying-lgbt-hate-crimes.html#18658
crimes, discrimination, and oppression.
United Nations, New York, 10 December
2009: Panel discussion organized by the
Permanent Missions to the United Nations of
Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, France, the
Netherlands, Norway and Sweden on the occasion
of the International Day of Human Rights.
http://outragemag.com/15-reasons-philippines-
is-not-gay-friendly/