Name: Nur Aulia Zachriani Bahasa Inggris NIM: C 201 18 088

Name : Nur Aulia Zachriani Bahasa Inggris
NIM : C 201 18 088
CONNECTING AND LINKING

A. Linking Words
Linking words is used as a term to denote a class of English words which are employed
to link or connect parts of speech or even whole sentences. They are also called connecting
words.
B. Categories of Linking Words
1. Time Ideas and Sequencing Ideas
The former, the latter, firstly, secondly, finally, the first point is, lastly, the following, etc.
 The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points.
"Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the
first term and the latter is studied in the final term."
 Firstly, ... secondly, ... finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.
It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point,
the third point and so on.
 The following is a good way of starting a list.
"The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C
Jones and A Owen."
2. Adding information
And, in addition, as well as, also, too Furthermore, moreover, apart from, in addition to,
besides, etc.
 Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not
before and.
"We discussed training, education and the budget."
 Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis.
"We also spoke about marketing."
You can use also with not only to give emphasis. "We are concerned not only by the
costs, but also by the competition."
We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that
means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this...
 As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence.

"As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.", "We are interested in
costs as well as the competition."
 Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well.
"They were concerned too.", "I, too, was concerned."
 Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to.
"Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.", "Besides Rover, we
are the largest sports car manufacturer."
 Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making.
"Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about
the competition."
3. Contrasting Ideas
But, however, although / even though, despite / despite the fact that, in spite of / in spite
of the fact that, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, in theory-in practice, atc.
 But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a
sentence.
"He works hard, but he doesn't earn much."
"He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much."
 Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words,
you must have two halves of a sentence.
"Although it was cold, she went out in shorts."
"In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts."
 Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must
be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must
use the fact that.
"Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees."
 Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.
"The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it
was cold)".
"The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year."
 While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each
other.
"While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown."
"Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down."
"Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."
 In theory... in practice... show an unexpected result.
"In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have
enough time."

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CONNECTING AND LINKING

B. Categories of Linking Words

1. Time Ideas and Sequencing Ideas

 The following is a good way of starting a list.

"We discussed training, education and the budget."

 Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis.

"We also spoke about marketing."

 As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence.

"He works hard, but he doesn't earn much."

"He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much."

"Although it was cold, she went out in shorts."

"In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts."

 Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.

"While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown."

"Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."

 In theory... in practice... show an unexpected result.

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