Ref: S/Mabhena.

Secretary

ZIMBABWE AGRICULTURE
INVESTMENT PLAN (ZAIP)

2013-2018

A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT OF ZIMBABWE‟S
AGRICULTURE SECTOR 1

Zimbabwe Agricultural Investment Plan (ZAIP 2013-2018) is the sector plan for implementing the
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Agricultural Policy Framework and contributing to the attainment of the Zimbabwe Agenda for
Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET 2013-2018) in line with core CAADP principles,
such as broad stakeholder consultation and participation, accountability, and coordination.

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 PREFACE

The Zimbabwe Agricultural Investment Plan (ZAIP) (2013 – 2018) is the shared national
framework for coordinating public, private and development partners‟ investment into
the agriculture sector aimed at enhancing the realization of the objectives of the
Zimbabwe Comprehensive Agriculture Policy Framework (2012-2032), Food and
Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP) (2012) and the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable
Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET) (2013 – 2018).

ZAIP is aligned to the principles of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development

Programme (CAADP) which include investing in agriculture to promote economic growth
and development, broad-based stakeholder participation, consultations, accountability
and coordination. The investment plan‟s business model is premised on Government
allocating 10% of the national budget towards agriculture to leverage private sector
investment into the same in order to sustain an agriculture growth rate of 6% per
annum.

ZAIP acknowledges that agriculture is the backbone of the Zimbabwean economy and
that it plays a critical role in sustaining equitable national growth and development
required for poverty reduction. The investment plan identifies abundant equity and non
equity investment opportunities in primary production and marketing of crop and
livestock products as well as processing and value addition.

The investment plan will strengthen agriculture input and output markets, create
capacities for increasing production and productivity and widen opportunities for new
strategic choices.This shall lead to modernization and commercialization of agriculture
and its contribution to food and nutrition security.
I wish to urge all private investors and development partners to align their investment
programmes accordingly and harness their energies to work with government in the
context of the ZAIP implementation and coordination framework in order to realise the
objectives of ZIMASSET and sustainable development goals.

Honourable Dr Joseph Made (MP)

Minister of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development

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 FOREWORD

Zimbabwe continues to exhibit untapped potential in the agricultural sector in the form
of a broad-based agricultural production structure dominated by smallholder farmers. If
fully exploited and developed into a productive, diversified, vibrant, competitive and
efficient sector, this potential will have remarkable multiplier effects on the country‟s
economic growth and development. It will assure food and nutrition security at both
household and national levels, contribute to employment and income generation,
increase supply of raw materials to industry, improve export earnings and greatly
contribute to overall economic development.

The extent and speed at which the potential of the agriculture sector can be tapped will
be driven by investment, innovation and appropriate policies in the agriculture sector.
These will target the sources of productivity while conserving and protecting natural
resources, preserving biodiversity and restoring fragile ecosystems. The Zimbabwe
Agriculture Investment Plan (ZAIP 2013-2018) has been developed in this context. It
will provide agriculture stakeholders with a sustainable mechanism through which
investment is mobilised, controlled and directed towards the sector to avert shocks to
food and nutrition security posed by a growing list of risks associated with a fragile
global food security situation, climate change, unstable international financial markets
and escalating energy costs in the context of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture
Development Programme (CAADP), the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable, Socio-
Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET 2013 - 2018), the Food and Nutrition Security
Policy (FNSP), the draft Zimbabwe Comprehensive Agriculture Policy Framework (ZCAPF
2012-2032), and Industrial Development Policy (IDP 2012-2016).

The Investment Plan is cognisant of the fact that investment in agriculture requires
national and strategic multi-sectoral interventions and coordination at all levels. The
Plan was developed through extensive multi-sectoral consultation and participation at
provincial and national level and incorporates a coordination mechanism that starts
from the highest to the lowest levels. The Plan, therefore, provides a guide to all
stakeholders and Government is convinced that this plan will usher in a new era of an
enhanced and sustained partnership between Government, the private sector, farmers

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and development partners for economic development. The realisation of this
Investment Plan will contribute to achievement of Millennium Development Goal
Number 1 of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger which provides a much stronger
base for the achievement of other Millennium Development Goals 2 - 8.

R.J. Chitsiko
Secretary for Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development

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 Executive Summary
Background

The agriculture sector provides livelihoods to approximately 70% of the population,

contributes 15% -20% of GDP and 40% of exports and supplies 63% of agro-industrial
raw materials. Women contribute about 70% of the agricultural labour and the bulk of
them are subsistence farmers. Therefore the sector is important inemployment
generation, economic growth, reduction of poverty as well as food and nutrition
insecurity.

Agriculture grew by 33% in 2010, 9.6% in 2011 and 4.6% in 2012. Agriculture is
expected to grow by 5.6% in 2013. The Zimbabwe Agricultural Investment Plan (ZAIP
2013-2018) is the sector investment plan for implementing the
AgriculturalPolicyFramework and contributing to the attainment of the Agricultural
Sector and the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation
(ZIMASSET 2013 - 2018) objectives. The ZAIP is also aligned to the core CAADP
principles, which include broad stakeholder consultation and participation,
accountability, and coordination. As a major strategy, the Government shall continue to
engage all stakeholders in policy review, interpretation and implementation.

ZAIP Strategic thrust

The ZAIP recognizes that the Zimbabwean agricultural sector has undergone massive
changes in the farm size leading to increased number of farmers and relatively smaller
sizes of farms which are operating at sub-optimal levels. Howeverwith appropriate
investment, the sector has potential to increase production, productivity and
competitive capacity. . For this to happen, there is need for the farmers and farming
systems to be integral parts of domestic and export value chains. Further, productive
and competitive capacities of farmers as well as capacities of public institutions which
support farmers need to be built across different commodities so that farmers can
participate competitively and supply both domestic and export markets.

More resources will need to be mobilized to increase public investments and leverage
the private sector to invest in the agricultural sector. Policies and institutions have to be

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strong and supportive so that actors in the value chains operate in an ambient
environment which facilitates sustainable increase in production, productivity and
competitiveness as well as increased income generation and food and nutrition security.

The strategic focus areas for ZAIP to attain the agricultural sector objectives are:
 farmers and their farming systems and the various key players in the
sector: Targeting them and how to make them an integral part of domestic and
export value chains;
 Ensuring Capacity Building: Building capacities for farmers, private sector and
of public institutions which support farmers so that farmers and agri-businesses
can participate profitably and competitively and supply both domestic and export
markets;
 Fostering Partnerships: To mobilize more public investment which makes it
attractive for private sector to invest viably and make profits in the agricultural
sector; and,
 Policy alignment and institutional reforms: to create a profitable and viable
environment for business operations by farmers, private sector and development
partners.
 Gender mainstreaming: ensuring that power dynamics between men and
women in access, control and ownership to means of agricultural production are
balanced.
 Focus on agriculture that contributes to the eradication of malnutrition
and in turn result in a healthy Zimbabwe.

The overall goal of ZAIP is:

“to facilitate engendered sustainable increase in production, productivity and

competitiveness of Zimbabwean agriculture that focuses on client and
consumer needs through building capacity of farmers and institutions, and
improving the quantity and quality of public, private and development
partner investment and policy alignment‟‟.

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The public, private, development partners and non-governmental organizations are
bound by common values to accelerate investment in sustainable agriculture
development. The key ZAIP values include:
 Farmer development and capacity building through maximum exploitation of
the comparative advantages of the different agro-ecological;
 Customer/consumer oriented farming systems to meet changing needs and
desires of domestic and international markets;
 Consistent public sector investment to ensure attractiveness of the
agricultural sector to the private sector;
 Consistent alignment, interpretation and implementation of the agricultural
policies, decisions and regulations to reduce the perceived uncertainty and
risks;
 Sustainable utilization of the natural resources and the environment;
 Continuous stakeholder consultations to ensure that major decisions are
acceptable.
 Efficient delivery of agricultural services leading to widespread adoption of
sustainable agricultural practices.
 Equal and full participation of men and women in the agricultural value chain.

ZAIP Business model

The implementation of ZAIP will require commitment from all stakeholders including
government, private sector, farmers and development partners. The following
assumptions have to be made for the ZAIP business model to take root:
 Government will be able to avail the requisite catalytic financing that is required
to trigger finances from others actors;

 Private sector, development partners and farmers are able to respond to the
catalytic finance;

 There is adequate commitment for policy alignment and support for institutional
reforms from stakeholders;

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  There is cooperation, shared interest, and unity of purpose for achievement
among all key stakeholders; and

 Farmers are capacitated to operate effectively and compete domestically,

regionally and internationally.

Government in partnership with development partners will provide catalytic financing as

well as other forms of financing such as venture capital and equity investments to
trigger long term funding into specific strategic areas that include infrastructure,
capacity development, viable micro, small and medium sized agribusinesses and
farmers (syndicates, cooperatives and other groups). Catalytic investment by
government and development partners will be specially targeted at strategic areas
which provide leverage for the farmers and private sector to operate competitively.
Strong partnerships between government and private sector will need to be formed so
that investment deals are appropriately structured.

In order to enhance production, competitiveness and commercialization of agriculture ,

ZAIP shall focus on building the capacity of Zimbabwean farmers, service
institutions, and private sector through increased investment, institutional
reforms and policy alignment with emphasis on commodities that have the biggest
potential for growth and impact. In addition, ZAIP shall also target the food insecure
population (2.2 million) (ZIMVAC, 2013).

Based on existing agro-ecological zones, ZAIP shall promote agricultural production

based on the regional comparative advantage such as livestock in Matabeleland,
horticulture and timber in Manicaland; especially those products with significant
downstream value-adding activities which if taken into account would increase the
commodity‟s contribution to agriculture GDP significantly.

ZAIP objective and intermediate result areas

The overall programme objective of ZAIP is to facilitate sustainable increase in

production, productivity and competitiveness of Zimbabwean agriculture that focuses on
client and consumer needs through building capacity of farmers and institutions,

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improving the quantity and quality of public, private and development partner
investment and policy alignment.

There are four Intermediate Result Areas thathave been identified as individually
and collectively contributing to the overall Programme Objective. Based on the
provisions from the ZIMASSET, CAPF and CAADP framework, the key issues from the
literature review and stakeholder consultations were clustered in the formulation of four
ZAIP intermediate result areas as follows:
a. Intermediate Result Area 1: Increasing production and productivity through
improved management and sustainable use of land, water, forestry and wildlife
resources;
b. Intermediate Result Area 2: Increased participation of farmers in domestic and
export markets through development of an efficient agricultural marketing
system and an enabling environment for competitive agricultural production,
investment (Domestic and FDI) and Trade;
c. Intermediate Result Area 3: Ensuring food and nutrition security by facilitating a
cohesive multi-sectoral agricultural response; and,
d. Intermediate Result Area 4: Improving gender sensitive agricultural research,
technology dissemination and adoption.

ZAIP Illustrative Budget

Between 2013 and 2018, the estimated total ZAIP budget is US$4. 69 billion. The
allocations to the various ZAIP components are as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: ZAIP Budget Summary

Intermediate result area Estimated Percent
budget(US$) (%)
a. Intermediate Result Area 1: Increasing production and 1,056,940,000 22.53
productivity through improved management and sustainable
use of land, water, forestry and wildlife resources;
b. Intermediate Result Area 2: Increased participation of 2,726,473,280 58.13
farmers in domestic and export markets through
development of an efficient agricultural marketing system
and an enabling environment for competitive agricultural

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 production, investment (Domestic and FDI) and Trade;

c. Intermediate Result Area 3: Ensuring food and nutrition 350,600,000 7.47

security by facilitating a cohesive multi-sectoral agricultural
response; and,
d. Intermediate Result Area 4: Improving gender sensitive 418,054,122 8.91
agricultural research, technology dissemination and
adoption.
e. Secretariat, Implementation, coordination, Monitoring and 138,272,590 2.95
evaluation
Grand total 4,690,339,992

Coordination and Implementation

The implementation of ZAIP shall involve a number of stakeholders, requiring joint
programming through an independent ZAIP Secretariat with clear reporting system,
oversight and governance structure headed and facilitated by the MAMID. With the
signing the CAADP Compact, all stakeholders are now compelled to realign their
programmes and funding in line with the ZAIP priorities. Established Thematic Working
Groups (TWGs) will serve to analyze, prioritize, and address constraints and
opportunities in the agricultural sector. In order to ensure continuous involvement in
ZAIP implementation, the private sector representatives shall be encouraged to chair
the TWGs to be convened by Directors from sector Ministries.

Monitoring and Evaluation

ZAIP shall develop an effective and participatory monitoring and evaluation system that
will provide input into the national monitoring system to measure the progress towards
implementation of the planned activities and attainment of the expected results.

Risks and Sustainability

The major external risks arise from climate change, international commodity prices, and
an artificial lack of domestic cost competitiveness which has led to importation of
products from other countries, which however, can be addressed though right
instruments.

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The principal internal risks facing ZAIP relate to the inherent complexity of getting
several agriculture sector ministries to work together to implement ZAIP.
Another potential risk facing ZAIP is the issue of gender roles in the agricultural value
chain given that women are largely alienated yet they are the dominant players in
agriculture.

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 Table of Contents
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Tables .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figures ................................................................................................................................................................... 13
List of acronyms ................................................................................................................................................... 14
1. CHAPTER ONE: ZIMBABWE‟S NATURAL RESOURCE BASE AND THE ROLE OF THE
AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY .............................................................................................15
1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 15
1.2 The Natural Resource Base .................................................................................................................. 15
1.3 The Role of the Agriculture Sector in economic development ........................................................ 21
1.4 Crop and Livestock Production Trends ............................................................................................... 26
2. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING AGRICULTURE SECTOR
OBJECTIVES IN ZIMBABWE ........................................................................................................................32
2.1 The vision of the agricultural sector in Zimbabwe ............................................................................ 32
2.2 Public sector investment into the agricultural sector: National budget allocations ..................... 33
2.3 Private Sector Investment and participation in the Agriculture Sector .......................................... 35
2.4 Development Partner Support to the Agriculture Sector ................................................................. 38
2.5 Provision of services in the agricultural sector .................................................................................. 39
2.6 Farmer Organization and representation ........................................................................................... 42
3. CHAPTER THREE: PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ...............................43
3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 43
3.2 ZIMASSET Agricultural Sector Provisions ........................................................................................... 44
3.3 Draft Agricultural Policy Provisions ..................................................................................................... 45
3.4 ZAIP Strategic thrust ............................................................................................................................. 47
3.5 ZAIP objective ........................................................................................................................................ 48
3.6 ZAIP Values ............................................................................................................................................ 49
3.7 Overview of ZAIP Business model ....................................................................................................... 49
3.8 Investment Opportunities and Incentives in Zimbabwe .................................................................. 50
3.9 Target Beneficiaries and Geographical Coverage ............................................................................. 53
4. CHAPTER FOUR: ZAIP PROGRAMME EXPECTED RESULTS AND ILLUSTRATIVE
ACTIVITIES ......................................................................................................................................................53
4.1 Investment plan: Intermediate result areas, sub result areas and illustrative activities ............ 54
4.2 Business model for the investment plan ............................................................................................ 80
5. CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION AND COORDINATION OF ZAIP .......................................82
5.1 Strategic issues on implementation and coordination of ZAIP ....................................................... 82
5.2 Institutions Involved in ZAIP Implementation ................................................................................... 82
5.3 Coordination of ZAIP implementation ................................................................................................. 83
CHAPTER SIX: ASSUMPTIONS, EXTERNAL FACTORS AND RISKS .................................................90
5.4 Assumptions/External Factors.............................................................................................................. 90
5.5 Risks to ZAIP .......................................................................................................................................... 90

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6. CHAPTER SEVEN: MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...................................................................95
6.1 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation............................................................................................. 95
6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements .......................................................................................... 95
7. CHAPTER EIGHT: ZAIP INDICATIVE BUDGET 2013-2017 .........................................................97
7.1 Estimated Budget .................................................................................................................................. 98
7.2 Budget Scenarios ................................................................................................................................... 98
7.3 Impact of the ZAIP Budget on the Agriculture Sector ....................................................................... 6
7.4 Impact of Donor funding on ZAIP Programme ................................................................................. 10
7.5 Private Sector Contribution .................................................................................................................. 10
8. CHAPTER NINE: NEXT STEPS .............................................................................................................11
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................................................................12
ANNEX 2: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX .............................................................................................17
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET ...........................................................................................................23
ANNEX 4: LIST OF PEOPLE/INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED ...................................................................28

Tables

Table 1: ZAIP Budget summary ............................................................................ 9

Table 2: Zimbabwe‟s Agro-Ecological Regions .....................................................16
Table 3: Changes in the National Distribution of Land, 1980 – 2010 ......................17
Table 4: Land Allocation Patterns by Gender and Province in 2003 ........................18
Table 5: Dams with Water Lying Idle, 2004 ..........................................................21
Table 6: National Budget and Allocations to Agriculture (1995-2008) .....................33
Table 7: Government Support to the Agriculture Sector 2007 to 2011 ....................34
Table 8: All Support to the Agriculture Sector (US$) .............................................34
Table 9: Government Public Expenditure in Agriculture since 2009 ........................34
Table 10: Donor Working Groups in Zimbabwe‟s Agriculture Sector .......................38
Table 11: Interest Rates, 2011 (annual percentages) ............................................42
Table 12: ZAIP Business Model ............................................................................80
Table 13: Preliminary Risk Management Matrix.....................................................91
Table 14: ZAIP Production Targets ....................................................................... 8

Figures
Figure 1: Zimbabwe Agro - Ecological Zones .......................................................17
Figure 2: Contributions of various sectors to GDP .................................................22
Figure 3: Production and productivity of staple crops in Zimbabwe ........................26
Figure 4: Production and productivity of Oil seed in Zimbabwe ..............................28
Figure 5: Production and Productivity of cash crops in Zimbabwe ..........................29
Figure 7: Proposed ZAIP Implementation structure ...............................................85

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 List of acronyms

AMA Agricultural Marketing Authority

ASIMC Agriculture Sector Inter-Ministerial Committee
ASSC Agricultural Sector Steering Committee
ASTRG Agrarian Sector Technical Review Group
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme
CAPF Comprehensive Agricultural Policy Framework
CFU Commercial Farmers Union
DASIC District Agriculture Sector Implementation Committee
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FNSP Food and Nutrition Security Policy
FTLR Fast track Land Reform
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GoZ Government of Zimbabwe
GMB Grain Marketing Board
HDI Human Development Index
ICFU Indigenous Commercial Farmers Union
IOM International Organisation of Migration
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development
ZIMASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation
MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa‟s Development
PASCU Provincial Agriculture Sector Coordination Unit
PWC Price Water-House Coopers
RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
SAP Structural Adjustment Programme
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children and Education Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
TPCL Total Poverty Consumption Line
TWGs Thematic Working Groups
ZAIP Zimbabwe Agriculture Investment Programme
ZFU Zimbabwe Farmers Union
ZNFU Zimbabwe National Farmers Union

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 ZIMBABWE AGRICULTURE INVESTMENT PLAN 2013-2018

1. CHAPTER ONE: ZIMBABWE‟S NATURAL RESOURCE BASE AND THE

ROLE OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY

1.1 Overview
Zimbabwe is an agro-based country since 70% of the country‟s population lives in rural
areas, and over 80% depends on agriculture for a livelihood. The majority of farmers
are women. The manufacturing sector derives products inputs from agriculture and in
turn provides services and inputs to the sector through backward and forward linkages.
The sector produces various commodities which contribute to agricultural GDP as
follows: maize 14%, tobacco 25%, cotton 12.5%, sugar and horticulture 7%, beef and
fish 10%, at least 24% is devoted to the rest of livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs,
poultry and ostrich etc.), 0.5% is accounted by subsistence crops. Of these
commodities, tobacco, cotton, sugar, horticulture, tea, and bananas accounts for
exports. Agriculture is the major employer of the country‟s labor force, accounting for
65% of the rural population. This chapter outlines the country‟s natural resource base
and the role of the agricultural sector in economic development.

1.2 The Natural Resource Base

Zimbabwe has a wide range of natural resources that include arable land, water
minerals, wild life and other natural resources to support development of a sustainable
agricultural sector in line with the MDGs and the CAADP targets for reduction of poverty
and food and nutrition insecurity. The major natural resources to increase agricultural
production include land, water, forestry and wild life resources.

1.2.1 Land resources

Zimbabwe has a total land area of 39.6 million hectares, and Agriculture is practiced on
39.9% of total land area (15.8 million ha) of which 10.9%(4.31 million ha) is arable.
Zimbabwe‟s arable land is classified into five agro-ecological regions based on the soil
types and the uni-modal rain-season from October – April. It is estimated that only
37% of the country receives rainfall considered to be adequate for crop production

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(FAO [2000]). Most crops are produced during the rain-season save for horticultural
crops and wheat. Table 2 and Figure 1 present the predominant agricultural activities
in the various agro-ecological regions. . The utilization of the comparative advantage of
each agro-ecological region has proven that Zimbabwe can produce competitively.

Table 2: Zimbabwe‟s Agro-Ecological Regions

Natural Province Spread Average Rainfall % Total Characteristics Agricultural Activity
Region (mm) Land
I Manicaland Greater than 1050 2 High rainfall, specialized Forestry, tea, coffee, fruit,
and diversified intensive livestock
II Mashonaland Central, 750 – 1000 15 High rainfall Maize, flue cured tobacco,
Mashonaland East, cotton, sugar beans,
Mashonaland West, horticulture, intensive animal
Manicaland, Harare husbandry, coffee, irrigated
wheat and barley, sorghum,
groundnuts
III Manicaland, Midlands 680 – 800 19 Periodic droughts, Semi intensive farming,
unreliable start to rain extensive beef ranching,
season, mid - term dry marginal maize, millet,
spells sorghum
IV Masvingo, 450 – 650 37 Too dry for successful Marginal millet, sorghum,
Matebeleland South, crop production without extensive beef ranching,
Matebeleland North, irrigation, prolonged mid game ranching
Manicaland, Midlands, - term dry spells
Bulawayo

V Masvingo, Matebeland Less than 450 27 Too dry for successful Marginal millet, sorghum,
South, Manicaland, crop production without extensive beef ranching,
Bulawayo irrigation, prolonged mid game ranching
- term dry spells

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Figure 1: Zimbabwe Agro - Ecological Zones

In1980, Zimbabwe inherited an agricultural sector characterised by duality and a

racially skewed land ownership pattern, with approximately 4,500 white commercial
farmers owning 40% of the land under the freehold land tenure system (Table 3). To
address the imbalance, the Government of Zimbabwe prioritized land redistribution.
Between 1980 and 2000, protracted discussions on acquisition of the land did not
produce the desired results as only 3.5 million hectares (9%) of the land had been
redistributed to small scale farmers (72,000) in the Old Settlement Scheme.

Table 3: Changes in the National Distribution of Land

1980 2000 2010
Farmer Land Area (Million % Area (Million % Area % Number of
Cluster Category hectares) hectares) (Million Farmers
hectares)
Smallholder Communal 16.4 41.9 16.4 41.9 16.4 41.9 1,100,000
Farmers Old resettlement 0.0 3.5 9.0 3.5 9.0 72,000
New resettlement A1 0.0 0.0 4.1 10.5 141,656
Small - Medium New resettlement A2 0.0 0.0 3.5 9 8,000
Scale Small-scale 1.4 3.6 1.4 3.6 1.4 3.6 14,072
Commercial commercial farms
Large-scale Large-scale 15.5 39.6 11.7 29.9 3.4 8.7 4,317
Commercial commercial farms
State farms 0.5 1.3 0.7 1.8 0.7 1.8
Urban land 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.8
National parks and 5.1 13.0 5.1 13.0 5.1 13.0
forest land
Unallocated land 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.8

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Source: I. Scoones, et. al [2010] with percentages added

Table 3 also shows that the land reform launched in 2001 further reduced the area
under large scale commercial farmers from 11.7 million hectares in 2000 to only 3.4
million hectares in 2010. This enabled approximately 141656 A1 and 8000 A2 farmers
to settle on 7.6 million hectares of arable land. However, Table 4 reveals that there
was inequitable distribution in that most of the land was given to male beneficiaries
(82% in A1 and 88% in A2).

Table 4: Land Allocation Patterns by Gender and Province

MODEL A1 MODEL A2
Males Females Males Females
Province No. % No. % No. % No. %
Midlands 14 800 82 3,198 18 338 95 17 5
Masvingo 19 026 84 3,644 16 709 92 64 8
Mashonaland Central 12 986 88 1,770 12 1,469 87 215 13
Mashonaland West 21 782 81 5,270 19 1,777 89 226 11
Mashonaland East 12967 76 3,992 24 - - - -
Matebeleland South 7 754 87 1,169 13 215 79 56 21
Matebeleland North 7 919 84 1,490 16 574 83 121 17
Manicaland 9 572 82 2,190 18 961 91 97 9
TOTAL 106 686 82 22723 18 6043 88 796 12
Source: Beyond the Enclave, 2011

The Government has replaced the freehold with the leasehold land tenure system.
Three clusters of farms (Table 3) have emerged: large scale commercial farms (4317),
small to medium scale commercial farms (22072) and the smallholder sector (1313656
farmers). These shifts in land tenure and farm sizes require new policy and strategies
to develop the agriculture sector and that further land reforms should address the
gender imbalance.

The land redistribution programme has created a favorable agrarian structure for
growth of the agriculture-sector self-employment, wage employment, and rural non-
farm sector development in that the net farm income now accrues to many households
as opposed to a small number of large-scale farmers. Many small scale farmers have
access to relatively more fertile land with bias towards labor intensive crop production
as opposed to livestock grazing that requires extensive land and relatively less labor
(Moyo and Mikhezi, 2012).

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With regards to land resources management, the ZIMASSET (2013-2018) notes that the
following issues need to be attended in order to increase participation by the private
sector in agriculture development:
 Finalization of the land audit to establish the remaining underutilized land;
 Finalization of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme to restore confidence in
farm land ownership;
 Rationalization of vacant and abandoned land based on the land audit;
 Adoption and issuance of documents to provide security of tenure;
 Converting farm land leasehold into marketable title deeds that can be used as
acceptable collateral to agricultural credit institutions;
 Surveying and demarcation of the farm lands; and
 Compensation for large scale farmers that lost their farms during the FTLR.

In view of the direct relationship with access to commercial agricultural credit and the
general desire to encourage the private sector financial institutions to increase funding
for agricultural development, the government is committed to addressing most of the
above issues. In the case of compensation, the government has indicated that further
consultations are needed.

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1.2.2 Forest and wildlife Resources

Forestland constitutes 40.39% of total land area and is inhabited by different wildlife
species. Zimbabwe‟s land thus offers opportunities for wildlife-based economic
activities. Table 3indicates that Zimbabwe has huge national park and forest area (5.1
million hectares) with hardwood timber and flora and fauna that are a major attraction
to the tourism subsector and a good source of livelihood to some rural people. Forests
contribute about 3% to the GDP in Zimbabwe and are an important source of
employment.

Between 1990 and 2010, Zimbabwe lost about 30% of its forest cover at the rate of
1.5% deforestation per year translating to 327000 hectares per annum with tobacco
curing being a major contributor hence the need to invest in sustainable technologies
for curing. This continued unsustainable utilization of forestry resources depletes carbon
sinks andenhances soil erosion leading to siltation of dams and rivers. Depletion of
carbon sinks contributes to climate change, responsible for the increasing frequency of
droughts and floods.

In order to minimize these effects, the government is reviewing legislation and

regulations to compel farmers to plant trees for every hectare of tobacco planted. In
addition there is promotion and up-scaling of conservation agriculture, as a climate
change adaption strategy as spell out in the ZIMASSET.

1.2.3 Water resources

Predominance of rain-fed crop production exposes the country to the adverse effects of
rainfall variations. Irrigation provides opportunities for intensification by enabling crop
production throughout the year.

In Zimbabwe, there is potential to irrigate 220 000 hectares in the next five years from
the current 150 000 hectares. There is need to develop new irrigation schemes and
rehabilitate and modernise existing ones. The challenges to utilization of irrigation
potential include inadequate access to long term credit, marginalization of marketing

20
and production support services; inadequate institutional capacity, unsustainable land
tenure arrangements, and poor rural road infrastructure.

Investment in irrigation should focus on rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes,

replacement and modernisation of the old irrigation machinery and equipmentand
development of potential irrigable land as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Dams with Potential Irrigable Area

Name of Dam Province Potential Irrigable Natural region
Area (Ha)
Zhove Matebele South 500 V
Muzhwi Masvingo 680 IV
Manyuchi Masvingo 330 V
Osborne Manicaland 1700 IV
Mbindangombe Masvingo 100 V
Mtshabezi Mat South 300 V
Tshatshani Mat North 230 V
Mwarazi Manicaland 400 IIB
Mwenje Mash Central 400 IIA
Mazvikadei Mash West 1000 IV
Total 6140
Source: Source: Moyo and Mikhezi [2012]

1.3 The Role of the Agriculture Sector in economic development

The agricultural sector contributes to the GDP, exports, employment generation, and
reduction of poverty and food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, the ZAIP in
compliance with the ZIMASSET-2013-2018gives priority to accelerating the growth of
the agricultural sector. Even though tobacco production is by far the highest
contributor to the agriculture GDP (26% in 2010), exports (85.8% in 2011) and
employment, the growing campaign against tobacco implies that the income from

21
tobacco should be used to diversify to other products with comparative advantage. The
roles of agriculture in Zimbabwe‟s growing economy are:
 Contributing to both household and national food and nutrition security and
feeding the growing urban industrial population;
 Supplying raw materials to the manufacturing sector;
 Building domestic capital through savings and investment;
 Providing an effective market for industrial products, as shown by the tobacco
industry;
 Earning FOREX and improving balance of payments; and,
 Releasing excess labor from agriculture into the growing industrial sector.

1.3.1 Contribution to the GDP

Over years, Zimbabwe has experienced significant decrease in agricultural GDP and
exports. Figure 2 shows that the agriculture GDP decreased from approximately 21%
in 2001 to less than 10% in 2008. Whilst the agriculture sector contribution to the GDP
increased to15% in 2009, 34% in 2010 and 20.4% in 2011, (Figure 3). In 2010, the
major commodity in the agriculture GDP (Figure 4) were tobacco (26%), maize (14%),
cotton (13%), beef (10%), sugar (7%) and horticulture (7%).

Figure 2: Contributions of various sectors to GDP

Figure i: Agriculture Sector Contribution to GDP Figure ii: Commodity Contribution to GDP

22
 Figure iii: Trends in Agricultural Exports (US$) Figure IV: Contribution to Agriculture Exports in
2009

Table 6: Contribution of various commodities to agricultural export earnings 2

Tobacco Sugar Horticulture Cotton lint Others
2000 54% 9% 12% 15% 9%
2001 65% 8% 13% 9% 5%
2002 62% 9% 18% 8% 3%
2003 55% 9% 20% 12% 4%
2004 45% 9% 17% 24% 4%
2005 47% 11% 18% 22% 3%
2006 43% 10% 11% 23% 5%
2007 46% 17% 12% 22% 5%
2008 50% 16% 5% 26% 8%
2009 61% 11% 3% 22% 3%
2010 53.9% 11.0 2.5% 16.7 5.7
2011 65.5% 8.9 8.7 12.8 4.0
2012 63.8% 8.8 6.9 16.3 4.0

1.3.2 Contribution to Exports

The value of total agricultural exports decreased from above US$1 billion in 2004 to
less than US$0.5 billion in 2008 (Figure 5). In 2009, the major agricultural exports
(Figure 6 and Table 6) are tobacco (61%), cotton (22%) and sugar (11%). The
decrease in agricultural export earnings is attributed to low productivity, hyper inflation,
overvalued currency and export bans. This had the effect of reducing contribution to
export earnings and resulted in loss of export markets, loss of employment and failure
to utilize the preferential trade agreements the country has signed with COMESA, SADC,
India, China, Brazil, and the EU.

2
RBZ Monetary Policy Statement, 2009

23
1.3.3 Contribution to Employment

At least 70% of the population lives in rural areas and hence directly derive livelihood
from agriculture related activities (65%), whilst the rest of the population is in urban
areas where they mainly depend on informal sector employment, with only a small
number being engaged in the civil service (24%) and industry and commerce (10%).
The official unemployment rate is 10.6% (ZIMSTAT, 2011). The Human Development
Index (HDI) for 2012 is 0.397 (HDI Report, 2014).

1.3.4 Contribution to Reduction of Poverty

Zimbabwe is a low-income country with a population of 13.06 million person sand an

annual population growth rate of 1.1% (ZIMSTAT, 2012). It would be appreciated that
prior to 2004 the population experienced high prevalence of HIV/AIDS which
contributed to the decline in life expectancy. However Life expectancy has increased
from 43.2 years in 2004 to 58 years in 2012 (World Bank 2014)

In Zimbabwe 39.1 % of the population lived in multi-dimensional poverty while an

additional 25.1% were vulnerable to multi-deprivations (UNDP-ZHDI report, 2013).

1.3.5 Contribution to Reduction of Food Insecurity and Malnutrition

The national food insecurity in Zimbabwe varies between urban and rural areas from
year to year; (20% in 20093,11% in 2012 and 24.9% in 2013(ZIMVAC 2013). The
population of food insecure households in urban areas decreased from 26% in 2010, to
10% in 2011. In rural areas, the proportion of food insecure population declined from
18% in 2009/2010 to 12% in 20114. In 2013, the food insecure population was2.2
million people with approximately 30% living in urban areas. Most of the food
insecurity is due to chronic poverty (ZIMVAC 2013).

3Fews Net, ZIMVAC September 2011 – Zimbabwe Food Security Outlook Update, page 2.
4Ibid, page 2

24
In terms of nutrition, one in every three children in Zimbabwe is chronically
malnourished (33.8%), leading to more than 12000 children under the age of five to die
from malnutrition every year (National Nutrition Survey [2010]). The causes of
malnutrition include lack of proper breastfeeding, the right foods and safe water and
sanitation facilities. In this regard, it is important to prioritise agriculture development
to increase incomes, food supply and consumption of the right foods, provision of basic
social services, and access to nutritious food.

Factors that enhance food and nutrition security:

 Increased investment in the agricultural sector.
 Improved input and output market access.
 Increased value addition of agricultural produce.
 Increased production and productivity of nutritious crops and livestock.
 Increased capacity development (R&D, Human Capital)
 Increased investment in agricultural research and development.
 Increased labour productivity
 Climate smart technologies and management.

 Improved access to agricultural services such as extension and credit.

 Adequate supporting infrastructure such as roads and telecommunication services.

 Enabling policy environment.

There is need for continued targeted social safety nets, administered by Government,
with support from Civil Society and Development Partners. It is important to provide
smart subsidies that will not distort the market.

25
1.4 Crop and Livestock Production Trends

1.4.1 Staple Crops

Maize: Maize is the major staple food predominantly (90%) produced by small scale
farmers for consumption and marketing of surplus. Since 2008, maize production
increased from nearly 0.5 million tons to approximately 1.5 million tons in 2011(Figure
3) against an average of 1.4millionhectares over the period.

Most of the maize (65%) is produced in the high rain fall natural agro-ecological regions
I and II where the average yield is approximately 35% above the national average.
Figure 3: Production and productivity of staple crops in Zimbabwe
Production of Staple Food Crops Yield of Staple Food Crops/Hectare
(„000 tons) (kg)

The average yield masks the variations in the yield of maize per hectare on various
categories of farms. During the 2013/2014 farming season, the average maize yield
per hectare was 2,55 tons on A2 farms, 1.11 tons on A1 farms, 0.59 tons on the
communal farms, 0.82 tons on old resettlement, and 0.99 on small scale commercial
farms.](MAMID 2014). The differences between farm categories and the potential yield
offer good prospects for sustainable increase in maize productivity in areas with
comparative advantage. Relatively low cost sustainable land management practices,
such as conservation farming, have been proved to significantly increase production
among small scale farmers within a short period.

26
Wheat: Wheat is produced under irrigation during the winter season on farms with
irrigation facilities. Prior to 2008, the total area under wheat production varied from
37000 to 70000 hectares but this decreased to 12,000 hectares in 2009 (Figure 3). .

The general decrease in wheat production is mainly due to power shortages and
irrigation facilities needing rehabilitation. In addition, most farmers have limited
capacity to mobilize the necessary capital. Since irrigation development is expensive,
the focus should be on improving irrigation capacity in areas with underutilized
irrigation infrastructure, especially in the resettlement farms where there is need to
redesign mechanisms to share water and run irrigation projects (PWC [2010]).

In addition, farmers need practical training in production of irrigated wheat and

establish partnership (contract farming) with buyers and processors.

Small grains (sorghum, finger millet, and bulrush millet): These are produced
by small scale farmers in low rainfall areas. Both the total production and yield per
hectare remained fairly stable (Figure 3). There is potential for growth of the sub-sector
through market development, seed multiplication and appropriate harvesting and
processing technologies.

27
1.4.2 Oil Seed Crops (groundnuts, soya beans and sunflower)

Groundnut is produced on small-scale farms. Figure 4 shows that groundnut

production increased from 100,000 tons in 2000 to 225,000 tons in 2011. However, the
increase in groundnut production mainly came from expansion of the area planted as
the yield per hectare remained almost constant (500 kg/hectare) with small variations
from year to year (Figure 4). The yield could however be improved by up-scaling use of
new varieties and discouraging use of retained seed.

Figure 4: Production and productivity of Oil seed in Zimbabwe

Production of Oil Seed Crops („000 Yield Oil Seed Crops/Hectare (kg)
tons)

Soya bean: Zimbabwe needs approximately 200,000 tons of soya beans per year, with
33% destined for the stock feed market. Soya bean is produced mainly on A2 farms
during the rain-season as a rotational crop with wheat. Total production increased from
approximately 100,000 tons in 2000 to 175,000 tons in 2001 and thereafter declined to
approximately 50,000 tons in 2003 (Figure 4). After this period, soya bean production
increased to approximately 100,000 tons in 2011. The upward trend in production after
2001 is mainly due to expansion of the area under soya beans.

Sunflower: The production has declined from approximately 150,000 tons in 1998 to
only 7,000 tons in 2007 (Figure 4). In view of the almost constant yield per hectare
(Figure 4), the decline in production was due to reduction in planted area.
It is important to note that leguminous oil seed crops are important rotational crops
with the staple foods because they leave residue plant nutrients in the soil, thereby

28
reducing the quantities and cost of fertilizer. In addition, the relatively short growing
period enables farmers to plant oil seed crops after staple crops have been planted,
increasing the income and opportunities for improving nutrition. Moreover, the by-
products of oil seed crops processing are important in stock feed production.
Therefore, the decreasing productivity of soya beans has a negative impact on livestock
production.

1.4.3 Cash Crops (cotton, tobacco and horticulture)

Cotton: Cotton is produced by small scale farmers under contract farming in natural
geographical ecological region III. The contractor provides the basic inputs and some
extension services. Figure 5a indicates that there has been a general upward trend in
cotton production. However, Figure 5b indicates that yield per hectare has remained
almost constant at an average of 800kg per hectare with variations that appear to be
related to drought years. There is an opportunity to surpass the 3 ton/ha yield of
available varieties provided the productivity and market arrangements are improved.

Figure 5: Production and Productivity of cash crops in Zimbabwe

Production of Cash Crops (tons) Yield of Cash Crops/Hectare (kg)

Tobacco: Tobacco production has increased from 49 million kilograms to in 2008 to

177 million kilograms in 2011, with smallholder farmers accounting for 60% of the area
under tobacco. (Table 11).

29
The recovery of the tobacco subsector is attributed to small holder expansion of the
area under tobacco production that was triggered by the emerging macroeconomic
stability after adoption of multiple currencies, increased support through contract
farming and self-financing. The challenge facing the subsector is that average yield for
2010-2011 was 1.2 tons per hectare compared to the potential yield of 4 tons per
hectare and the national average yield of 2.1 tons per hectare for 1980-2008, indicating
the need for investment in building practical skills, upgrading infrastructure and
machinery, and appropriate financial services.

Sugar: Sugar production decreased from 580005 ton in 2002 to 259145 tons in 2009.
This is attributed to the unfavorable macroeconomic environment that prevailed.
However, there are significant changes taking place in the sugar industry following the
private sector investment of over $600 million in a sugar growing and processing facility
to produce ethanol from sugar cane. Production expected to increase from
approximately 385000 tons in 2011 to 600000 tons in 2015.

1.4.4 Livestock Production and Productivity Trends

The major livestock products are beef cattle, dairy, poultry, pigs, goats and sheep. In
rural areas, 50-60% of rural households own cattle, 70 -90% own goats, and over 80%
own chickens. Small scale farmers own most of the cattle (90%), goats (98%) and
pigs (80%) as important sources of animal protein, draft power, income and social
safety net during emergencies, especially drought. Therefore, increasing livestock
production is very important in reducing poverty and food and nutrition insecurity.

Since 2002, Zimbabwe has experienced general decrease in livestock population.

Between 2002 and 2005, cattle population on large scale farms declined from about
25% of the national herd to less than 13% of the national herd (Anseeuw et al; 2011)
and to less than 21,689 (less than 1%) in 2009. Dairy herd also declined from 104,483
in 1994 to 43,159 in 2004 and to 22,000 in 2009, leading to decline in milk production.
By 2009, the livestock population of Zimbabwe consisted of 5.1 million cattle, 21,689
dairy, 397,800 sheep, 3.2 million goats and 202,234 pigs.

30
The major constraints facing the livestock subsector are:
 Low calving rate of 45%.
 Inadequate animal nutrition
 High mortality of 4.4% as compared to the desired rate of 3% per annum
 Low cattle off-take rate of 5.3% as compared to the ideal of 18-20%.
 Rangeland degradation due to over stocking and recurrent droughts.
 Limited access to markets due to restrictions on movement of animals.
 Unavailability of breeding stock and experienced breeders;
 High incidence of diseases;
 Declining genetic potential;
 Inadequate access to inputs and services;
 Limited farmer skills;
 Sub-optimal weight gain resulting in prolonged phase to market weight;
 Inadequate finance facilities to expand production.

31
2. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS IN
ACHIEVING AGRICULTURE SECTOR OBJECTIVES IN
ZIMBABWE

The Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable, Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET

2013-2018) and the Comprehensive Agricultural Policy Framework expects the
agricultural sector to play a key role in contributing to economic growth, increasing
exports, and reduction of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity. This chapter
summarizes the progress being made in attaining the agricultural policy objectives
based on the selected macroeconomic indicators (national budget allocations to the
agricultural sector, GDP, exports, employment, and poverty), the agricultural production
trends, and selected social economic indicators (food insecurity and malnutrition).

2.1 The vision of the agricultural sector in Zimbabwe

The vision for the agricultural sector as enunciated in the Comprehensive Agriculture
policy framework (CAPF) 2012-2032:
““A prosperous, diverse and competitive agriculture sector,
ensuring food and nutrition security and significantly contributing
to national development.”
The above vision is expected to galvanize all stakeholders to participate in development
of the sector in an environment of improved macroeconomic stability and expanded
regional and bilateral trade opportunities to attain the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).In order to ensure success and acceptance of the policy, the Government shall
continue to engage all stakeholders in policy review, interpretation and implementation.
Furthermore, public and private sector resources shall be mobilized to increase incomes
and accelerate agriculture sector growth and enhance contribution to reduction of
poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition.

The real challenge is in mobilizing all stakeholders and building their capacity to
consistently interpret and implement the policies. There is need to carry-out a

32
structural transformation analysis in order to determine areas of highest impact and
direction of resource use.

2.2 Public sector investment into the agricultural sector: National

budget allocations
In line with CAADP, the Government is committed to increasing the agriculture sector
budget to at least 10% of national budget. Table 7shows that even though there are
variations in the annual national budget allocations to the ministry of agriculture, there
has been an upward trend.

The agriculture sector budget is channeled through many institutions that are not
coordinated and often duplicate activities, thereby reducing the impact. Table 8shows
that even though the agriculture sector budget increased from 2.74% in 2009 to 5.94%
in 2011, it remains below the CAADP target of at least 10% of the national budget.
The failure to align adequate agriculture budget support has led to an under-funding of
agricultural support services and infrastructural development as well as government‟s
priority projects (Anseeuw and Ambo, 2008). In view of the fact that Zimbabwe has
endorsed CAADP, it is possible to significantly increase public expenditure in the
agriculture sector.

Table 7: National Budget and Allocations to Agriculture (1995-2012)

Year National Budget Allocation to Agriculture Agriculture as % of
(Z$ million& US$ million) (Z$ millions& US$ millions) the National Budget*
1995 25679.00 1437.90 6.00
1996 31199.15 6747.75 2.00
1997 37335.30 1465.30 4.00
1998 70607.00 13110.60 2.00
1999 65198.60 1331.20 2.00
2000 109197.20 2173.20 2.00
2001 276450.00 5520.4 2.00
2002 421926.30 16943.10 4.00
2003 783934.00 40549.10 5.00
2004 7747638.50 497615.30 6.00
2005 28363608.40 1000155.3 4(21)
2006 430826273.00 32198830.00 7.47(31)
2007 41725656.00 3053734.00 7.32(37)
2008 7905314086.00 366858058.00 4.64(42)
2009 1,000 23.50 2.47
2010 2,250 448.00 14.00
2011 2,750 122.00 4.44
2012 4,000 337.20 8.43
2013 3,420 148.00 4.32
2014 3,640 155.00 4.26
MAMID [2010]: Review and Stocktaking Report, P53. Updates have been added
*Figures in brackets include quasi-fiscal allocations from RBZ

33
Table8: Government Support to the Agriculture Sector 2007 to 2011
Year National MAMID Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Aggregate %Aggregate %Allocation
Budget (Z$m) (Z$m) Lands & Water Environment & Spending on Agriculture Excluding
Resettlement Resources Natural Agriculture spending of other agro –
Development & Resources National related
Management Management Budget Ministries
2007 41725656 3053734 - - - - - 7.32 (37)
2008 7905314086 36658058 - - - - - 4.64 (42)
2009 1391000000 34314162 425000 3376190 36 800 38152152 2.74 2.46
2010 225000000 119145665 1018400 1690000 3585000 123244900 5.57 5.29
2011 2746000000 12259000 1200000 35215000 4732000 163312000 5.94 4.44

Source: MAMID Stocktaking Report, 2010; Zimbabwe Government Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure 2000 to 2011

Table 9: All Support to the Agriculture Sector (US$)

Sources of Funding 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Total %
Government support 79,040,040 300,206,439 172,730,737 551,977,216 0.30
Presidential facility 30,000,000 30000000 0.02
Development partners 25,000,0005 74,000,000 60,000, 000 99000000 0.05
Bank sector support 94,765,128 331,242,000 411,628,246 837,635,374 0.45
Lines of credit 162,746,635 150,379,749 14,500,000 327,626,384 0.18
Total 336,551,803 855,828,188 688,858,983

Total as % of Total Budget 37 40 25

Total as % of GDP 6 13 8

Source: Ministry of Finance, October 2011.

Table 10: Government Public Expenditure in Agriculture since 2009

Item 2009 2010 2011 TOTAL %
Grain Procurement 5,650,000 101,345,967 75,050,000 182,045,967 0.29
Input Support 60,000,000 87,400,000 45,000,000 192,400,000 0.31

Capitalisation of Agribank 17,000,000 2,500,000 19,500,000 0.03

Extension & Other Support Services 13,390,040 93,617,472 103,853,800 210,861,312 0.34

Irrigation Development 843,000 11,763,500 12,606,500 0.02

300,206,43 238,167,30 617,413,77

Total 79,040,040 9 0 9
Source: Ministry of Finance, October 2011

Table 9 indicates that between 2009 and 2011, the major sources of funding to
agriculture sectors were Government (30%), Banks (45%) and international lines of
credit (18%). It is also estimated that development partners contributed only 5% of
the funds through the public delivery system. Table 10 shows that most of the
allocations to the agriculture sector are utilized for grain procurement (29%) and input
support (31%). In addition, some funds are allocated to provision of research,
extension and support services (34%).

5The figure for 2008/2009 Season was deduced from the above Speech by the Netherlands Ambassador.

34
The Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) budget remains skewed in favour of recurrent
expenditure, at the expense of capital expenditure and services, as confirmed by the
2011 National budget estimates that provide for an overall spending envelope of
US$2.7 billion, of which 78% (or US$2.14 billion), is committed towards recurrent
expenditure. Moreover, the staff emoluments constitute approximately 65% of the
recurrent expenditure (US$1.8 billion). This budget distribution is also observed in the
various government departments, e.g., approximately 65.1% of the total budget of
MAMID ($119.53 million) is for recurrent expenditure. This is way above the trend set
by the Ministry during the mid – 1990s, when salaries accounted for only 40% of the
budget.

2.3 Private Sector Investment and participation in the Agriculture

Sector

2.3.1 The manufacturing sector

Zimbabwe‟s agri-business sector has been engaged in contract farming, input supply
(seed processing, manufacturing of fertilizer and agro – chemicals), product marketing
and processing. Between 2000 and 2008, the hyperinflation and unfavourable macro-
economic environment constrained private sector activities. These factors led to
significant slump in manufacturing capacity utilization (less than 10%) and the
downsizing and closure of many small to medium scale agribusinesses.

Since 2009, the favourable macroeconomic environment has increased private sector
activity, especially contract farming firms and agrochemical companies. In 2011, the
major sources of agricultural credit were private sector financial institutions (61%),
public sector (26%) and Development Partners (13%). Even though industrial output
recovered (2009 – 2011) in some sub sectors, the recovery has been slow in areas that
require huge capital investment with capacity utilization remaining below 35%.

35
2.3.2 Fertilizer and Certified Seed production and consumption

Fertilizer consumption decreased from 550000mt in 1996 to 100000mt in 2008 (Figure

6). At the same time, domestic fertilizer production decreased from approximately
460000mt in 1996 to 70000mt in 2008. This decrease is attributed to unreliable power
supply and unfavourable macroeconomic environment. In order to offset the deficit,
fertilizer imports increased from less than 10% prior to 2004 to 42% in 2008. Fertilizer
consumption currently stands at 300 000 mt for compound D and 300 000 mt for
ammonium nitrate.

Figure 6: Fertilizer Production and Consumption Trends

Source: Agriculture Monitoring and Evaluation Sub Committee, 2011

Certified maize seed production decreased significantly by 78.2% from 28-187 metric
tons in 2000/01 to 6137.8 metric tonnes in 2007/08 season6. Since 2009, certified seed
production has increased from 7806.7 metric tonnes in 2009 to 32,204 metric tonnes7.
The increased seed production has enabled increasing numbers of farmers to access
improved seed, especially from community-based seed multiplication projects. This is an
area of investment and potential growth for the industry.
2.3.3 Agro-Dealership Network

6These are figures are extracted from Seed Company of Zimbabwe (2011) that were presented by S.
Moyoand Hans Binswanger-Mkhize page 30: Study on Recovery and Growth of Zimbabwe Agriculture.
7
Ibid page 30

36
The private sector agro–dealership network has been instrumental in reducing the
transactions costs of critical inputs (seed and fertilizer) for small holder farmers.
Following attainment of macroeconomic stability, the restoration of private sector agro -
dealership capacity requires strengthening of market – oriented interventions, further
reduction of humanitarian assistance, and improving targeting of appropriate subsidies
to the beneficiaries.8The GOZ and stakeholders recommended that free input schemes
should be transformed into market-based input delivery systems, such as widespread
adoption of food and input vouchers for selected beneficiaries in rural areas to enable
them to purchase from local shops and dealers. In addition, it is important to
strengthen value-chain programmes and agro–dealer capacity9.

2.3.3 Contract Farming

Some agro-processing companies are involved in contract farming to secure strategic

raw materials for agro – processing and export. Contract farming mainly focuses on
industrial and some food crops s, such as tobacco, cotton, sugar and commercial seed
bulking. In the 2013-2014 cropping season 80% of tobacco was grown under contract.
There is scope to up-scale contract farming to other commodities.

In order to ensure continued growth of contract farming, various statutory

instruments have been developed to minimize violation of contractual obligations. A
contract farming guiding framework is being developed to complement the Statutory
instruments. For instance, the Agricultural Marketing Authority (AMA) has successfully
supervised the cotton contracts and the model could be up/out scaled to other crops.

In view of the varying levels of experience of contract farming, there is need for
targeted support to strengthen technical capacity of contracting firms and farmers to
reduce the risk of investment in contract farming (Irwin. B; Haley. S.D et. al; 2012).

8MAMID, “Zimbabwe CAADP Stock Taking Update: 2009 – 2011”, Draft Report, April, 2012, page 8.
9
Anseeuw, W; Kapuya, T; and Saruchera D; “Zimbabwe Agricultural Reconstruction and Recovery: On -
going Projects, and Prospects for Re - Investment”, CIRAD, University of Pretoria, June 2011, page 84.

37
2.4 Development Partner Support to the Agriculture Sector

In line with Government policy, Development Partner support has moved from
emergency relief to development assistance and recovery.

Support to agriculture continues to come from various Development Partners as shown

in Table 10. Donor support increased from US25 million in 2008/2009 season to USD74
million in 2009/2010 season for the provision of seed and fertilizer to food insecure
households. Donor funds also support coordination of all key stakeholders and
promotion of conservation farming, other rural livelihoods, production of small grains
and livestock, institutional strengthening, HIV/AIDS mainstreaming, and irrigation
development. Most of these projects are implemented through bilateral arrangements
with NGOs. This makes it difficult to fully account for the impacts of the various
projects.

Table11: Donor Working Groups in Zimbabwe‟s Agriculture Sector

WORKING GROUP CHAIR FOCUS
1. Agriculture FAO and NGOs, donors and government representatives. Coordinates agricultural and
Coordination food security projects. NGOs provide information on what they are doing in
GOZ
and which districts. At this platform, the Agricultural and Food Security Monitoring
Information Systems (AFSMS), composed of FAO, Agritex and FEWSNET, shares its latest
Forum (ACIF): findings. FEWSNET (Famine Early Warning Systems Network) is an
organisation that forecasts crop harvests.
2. Market Linkage MLWG links small farmers with the market, specifically organising them into
Working Group groups to work with private companies. They also maintain a database to link
(MLWG) - smallholder farmers with markets. It provides market intelligence information
for dissemination especially to the remote smallholder farmer. This is the only
working group which includes the private sector. It also works with donors,
farmers unions, government and a financial institution (Standard Chartered
Bank). It is funded by the Dutch agency SNV.
3. Food WFP The group provides food security update, monitoring and distribution of aid.
Assistance They also offer logistical support to other UN agencies. The group is made up
Working Group of Donors, NGOs and government.
(FAWG)
4. Livestock FAO and The LWG works with the Vet department in government. This forum brings
Working Group together key players in the livestock sector to discuss topical livestock issues.
Government
(LWG): Representatives of Government, farmers‟ unions, NGOs, UN agencies, donors
and other stakeholders constitute the meetings. The group produces technical
guidelines, project models, and promotes ideas for uptake. This is the only
working group where government has an active role, because of its Extension
Department‟s comprehensive rural network.
5. Conservation FAO Conservation Agriculture is being promoted and practiced in Zimbabwe as a
Agriculture sustainable agricultural technology that increases crop productivity while at the

38
 Working Group same time preserves and conserves the environment. Membership is drawn
(CAWG): from representatives of donor agencies, local and international NGOs, UN
agencies, key ministries such as MAMID and Local Government, academics,
researchers and interested individuals.
6. The Gardens FAO The purpose of the gardens working group is to provide a forum that promotes
Working Group dialogue on current and emerging issues in rural and urban gardens and
(GWG): GWG facilitate exchange of improved practice and strategic information and
experiences so as to ensure closer collaboration and networking between
partners in the area of households.
7. Cash Working - More donors are now using vouchers and cash transfers instead of giving free
Group (CWG): inputs. NGOs involved in the cash projects meet to share lessons and
coordinate. This group is comprised only of NGOs.

8. Multidonor World Bank MDTF operates through the Agrarian Sector Technical Review Group (ASTRG)*
Trust
Fund(Agricultur
al Sector
Technical
Review
Group(ASTRG)
Source:Anseeuw W. et al (2011)

2.5 Provision of services in the agricultural sector

Research and extension services are important in generation and dissemination of

gender appropriate technologies to increase crop and livestock productivity. Public and
private institutions (seed companies, large farms, and out-grower schemes) conduct
varying degrees of research and extension services.

2.5.1 Research and Development

Over the years, publicly funded research has faced the challenges of inadequate
funding, limited coordination among the various research institutions within the National
Agriculture Research System, and loss of qualified and experienced staff. As a result,
very little public research and development is being undertaken. In view of the limited
public funding, research needs to focus on increasing access to and fine tuning existing
technologies and increasing farmer access to viable technologies on the shelf.
Research should also support adaptation of promising biotechnologies and guide
informed discussion on policy to enable the country to continue being competitive.

39
Private sector research will always focus on products of interest with much emphasis on
those products where it is possible to exclude those who are not willing to pay. In this
regard, seed, sugar, tobacco and cotton companies should be encouraged to conduct
research. However, coordination of research and sharing of the research results will be
very important and the public sector research institutions are better placed to take the
lead.

2.5.2 Extension Services

There is an increase in the number of farmers in need of extension services. The

sources of extension services are the Government, the private sector commodity
contractors and NGOs.

Public extension services are provided through AGRITEX (crops) and the Department of
Livestock and Veterinary Services. However, the Government extension system does
not have adequate resources to provide the required services. The extension worker to
farmer ratio decreased from 1/100 farmers in the 1980s to 1:600(some say 1:300-400)
farmers by 2008. The current staffing levels within extension stand at 5927and there is
needto build its capacity. Adoption of alternative extension approaches such as the lead
farmer, farmer field schools and innovation platforms will help increase out-reach of
extension services.

2.5.3 Agricultural Product and Input Markets

In liberalized agricultural markets, the price of inputs and outputs is determined by

supply and demand. Except for maize and wheat, the markets for most agricultural
products were liberalized a long time ago and the prices are determined by the supply
and demand.

Over the last few years, the government has liberalised the agricultural market for
maize and wheat. However GMB is still mandated with the role of maintaining and

40
managing of strategic grain reserves. In order to drive the supply chain, there is need
for adequate financial resources to the GMB for timely payments for farmers‟ produce.
In general, the private sector operates efficiently under predictable and consistent
policies and stable macroeconomic environment. While the macro-economic
environment has improved, the private sector is concerned about the following:
 Limited investment in farming, processing and agriculture credit.
 Subsidized and free agricultural inputs discourages investment in the rural
distribution networks, such as rural input stockists.
 Market systems for crops and livestock not fully developed.

 Adverse effects of frequent power cuts on irrigation, processing and trading.

 Competition from imports.

2.5.4 Agricultural Finance Services

Currently banks lend mostly on a short term basis (less than 180 days). These loans
are not suitable for agricultural products with long production periods. Moreover, there
is inadequate credit for investment in rehabilitation and development of productive
infrastructure, agriculturalmachinery and equipment.

Despite the low inflation rate (4.9% in 2011) and base rate lending rate, very high
interest rates (up to 50%) are charged (Table 12). The high interest rates are in part
attributed to risk premium associated with unfavourable policy interpretation and
implementation. At the same time, very low savings deposit interest is paid, thus
discouraging depositors (Table 12).

41
Table12: Interest Rates, 2011 (annual percentages)
Month Commercial Bank Commercial Bank Merchant Bank Merchant Bank Three- Savings
Average Base Weighted Average Average Base Weighted Month Deposit
Lending Rate Base Lending Rate Lending Rate Average Base Deposit Rate
Lending Rate Rate
Jan 1.26-28 9.5 11-34 29.5 9.3 1.0
Feb 1.26-28 14.0 15-34 27.1 9.3 1.0
Mar 1.26-28 9.5 16-32 19.9 8.3 1.0
Apr 1.26-28 9.5 16-32 18.3 8.6 3.2
May 8-30 12.8 15-32 18.1 8.6 2.7
Jun 8-30 11.2 16-32 17.3 8.6 2.6
Jul 8-30 11.0 16-32 18.2 11.3 2.7
Aug 8-30 12.1 16-32 18.9 11.9 2.7
Sep 8-30 12.6 16-32 19.6 8.3 1.0
Average 11.4 20.8 9.4 2.0
Source: USAID, 2012

In general, the constraints to smallholder farmer access to agricultural finance include:

- liquidity, key land tenure issues, short term nature of most available bank loans, the
demise of the micro – finance sector, and lack of trust in the business environment
(Irwin. B;, Haley. S.D et. al; 2012). In addition, the Banking Act requires collateral for
all commercial loans or the bank making an unsecured loan must set aside loan loss
reserves equal to 100% of the loan, hence making it difficult for banks to lend to
smallholders and other farmers, since they do not have qualifying collateral(USAID,
2012), with women and youths being the most affected.

2.6 Farmer Organization and representation

In Zimbabwe, farmer organizations consist of the Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU),

Commercial Farmers Union (CFU), the Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union (ZCFU),
and the Zimbabwe National Farmers Union (ZNFU). Under normal circumstances,
farmer and commodity associations play important roles in linking farmers and the
agricultural value chain actors, such as increasing farmer access to key services and
improving their negotiating power (Irwin. B;, Haley. S.D et. al; 2012). Farmer and
commodity associations in Zimbabwe do not have adequate capacity (coordination,
funding and institutional structure) to enable them to play a significant role in linking
farmers to markets, offering agronomic services, research and extension services to
members, enhancing product marketing by disseminating price related data to their
members, contract farming (consolidating production) and also strengthen the
bargaining capacity of farmers.

42
3. CHAPTER THREE: PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

3.1 Overview
The ZAIP derives its policy direction from the ZIMASSET and the CAPF and provides the
business model for players in the sector. In general, it articulates the priority
investment areas and provides clear outline of the business model as well as
implementation arrangements for achieving the objectives set in the ZIMASSET and the
CAPF. The business model is important because achievement of ZIMASSET and
agricultural sector objectives will involve many players including government
institutions, private sector players, farmers and their organizations as well as
development partners. The business model outlines a strategic business justification for
each stakeholder to contribute to the ZAIP.

Since 2009, Zimbabwe‟s economy has shown remarkable economic growth but there
still remain challenges to eradicate poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. The
agricultural sector growth has largely been driven by expansion of the planted area of
key agricultural commodities at a time when productivity has generally been declining.
Despite the emerging enabling environment, Zimbabwe has not been able to fully utilize
the agricultural sector production potential. This is mainly due to productive and
capacity challenges faced by farmers. The country has been struggling with how to
mobilize more catalytic public investment which makes it more attractive for private
investment around the prime movers such as research, infrastructure, and technology
development thus providing the critical link between public and private investment. As
a result, Zimbabwean farmers have not been able to optimize participation in domestic
and export value chains because of weak public and private support systems.

Zimbabwe has now relatively better prospects for improved performance of the
agriculture sector due to: the prevailing macroeconomic stability that has improved
producer incentives; the elimination of exchange rate controls and trade restrictions
have improved producer incentives and profitability; the expected increase in world
commodity prices shall increase exports and profits and make agriculture production
attractive; the opportunities that have arisen in the agro-fuels sector; and the much
larger number of farms of smaller size than in the past that today occupy the best

43
arable land of Zimbabwe (Moyo and Mikhezi [2012]. In addition, Zimbabwe has signed
many regional and bilateral agreements to expand trade in agricultural commodities,
leading to expansion of the target markets, especially in staple foods.

3.2 ZIMASSET Agricultural Sector Provisions

3.2.1 ZIMASSET‟s envisaged role of Agricultural Sector in the

Economy

The thrust of the ZIMASSET is to create a self- sufficient and food surplus economy and
see Zimbabwe re-emerge as the “Bread basket of Southern Africa”. The ZIMASSET
acknowledges that Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Zimbabwe‟s economy and has the
potential to significantly reduce poverty, enhance economic growth and entrench
economic stability. It is also acknowledged that strong performance in the sector
translates into overall improvement of the country‟s GDP. The sector is estimated to
contribute between 15 and 18 percent of GDP over the ZIMASSET period. In view of its
linkages with other sectors of the economy, the ZIMASSET envisages agriculture sector
to play a critical role for sustained high growth and poverty reduction.

3.2.2 ZIMASSET agricultural sector Objectives

The over-arching policy objectives for the agricultural sector during the ZIMASSET
period will be:

“…to ensure national food security as well as the sector to provide

throughput to the manufacturing sector…”

This will imply increased production in food crops, industrial, horticultural and livestock.

3.2.3 Strategies for Attaining ZIMASSET Agricultural Sector Objectives

ZIMASSET focuses on strengthening input and product markets and creating new
capacities for increasing yields, widening opportunities for new strategic choices that

44
lead to modernization and commercialization of agriculture across all sub sectors.
Priority areas for intervention in the ZIMASSET include wide ranging activities which can
be summarized as capacity development of various farmers groups to enable them to
produce commercially, policy and institutional reforms to create an enabling
environment for farmers and private sector actors, increased investment in key areas
such as infrastructure, research and technology development as well as attraction of
private sector players. Some of the specific areas of intervention include:
 Targeted interventions on specific products such as cereals, tobacco, cotton,
horticulture and livestock;
 Targeted interventions in irrigation, mechanisation, research, extension,
education and training, financing, inputs supply management, as well as
marketing and trade, and
 Implementation of National Programmes and Projects namely Completion and
Rationalisation of the Land Reform Programme, Irrigation Rehabilitation,
Expansion and Development Programme as well as Strengthening National
Agricultural Research, Extension and Training Systems.

3.3 Comprehensive Agricultural Policy Framework Provisions

3.3.1 Rationale for the agricultural sector policy

Since the year 2000, Zimbabwe‟s farming areas have undergone fundamental
transformation under the Agrarian Reform Programme. The resulting farm structure
now comprises the following categories of farmers; Communal Area, Old Resettlement,
A1, Small Scale Commercial, A2, and Large-scale Commercial farmers. The changed
farm structure presents a number of challenges and opportunities. There are new and
expanded demands for knowledge, given the large number of resettled farmers. The
challenges facing the agricultural sector can be grouped under four major categorizes –
those impacting agricultural productivity and production and competitiveness , the bio-
physical and labour environment, agricultural service provision and challenges affecting
the institutions servicing agriculture. There are also particular challenges of lack of
access to agricultural resources that women farmers face, due to the non -equitable

45
access to resources between men and women. The country has lost its productive and
competitive capacities and is constantly faced by food and nutrition insecurity
challenges.

3.3.2 Agricultural Sector Objectives

The CAPF vision is in line with the need to be competitive in domestic and regional
markets, reduce food and nutrition insecurity and a growing agriculture sector GDP as
enunciated in the ZIMASSET and CAADP. In line with this vision, the specific objectives
of the agricultural sector policy are to:
 Assure national and household food and nutrition security;
 Ensure that the existing agricultural resource base is maintained and improved;
 Generate income and employment to feasible optimum levels;
 Increase agriculture‟s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP);
 Contribute to sustainable industrial development through the provision of home-
grown agricultural raw materials; and
 Expand significantly the sector's contribution to the national balance of
payments.

3.3.3 Strategies and Priorities Investment Areas for Attainment of

Agricultural Sector Objectives

The CAPF intends to galvanize all stakeholders to participate in development of the

sector in an environment of improved macroeconomic stability and expanded regional
and bilateral trade opportunities. As a major strategy, the Government shall continue
to engage all stakeholders in policy review, interpretation and implementation.
Furthermore, public and private sector resources shall be mobilized to increase incomes
and accelerate agriculture sector growth and enhance contribution to reduction of
poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. The real challenge is in mobilizing all
stakeholders and building their capacity to consistently interpret and implement the
policies.

46
The strategic thrusts in the draft agricultural policy are inclined towards capacity
building, investments and policy reforms and alignment. In sync with the ZIMASSET,
the priority areas for intervention in the CAPF include wide ranging activities which can
be summarized as capacity development of various farmer groups to enable them to
produce commercially, policy and institutional reforms to create an enabling
environment for farmers and private sector actors, increased investment in key areas
such as infrastructure, research and technology development as well as attraction of
private sector players. Some of the specific areas of intervention include:
 Targeted interventions on specific products such as cereals, tobacco, cotton,
horticulture, livestock and agro forestry;
 Review of agricultural legislation and regulatory mechanisms;
 Interventions on agricultural institutions (institutional reforms) such as the
ministry, parastatals and farmer organisations, and
 Targeted interventions in irrigation, mechanisation, research, extension,
education and training, financing, inputs supply management, marketing and
trade, HIV and AIDS mainstreaming.

3.4 ZAIP Strategic Thrust

The Zimbabwean agricultural sector has undergone massive changes in the farm size
leading to increased number of farmers and relatively smaller sizes of farms; however
the sector is operating well below its production, productive and competitive potentials.
The sector however has potential to operate viably and profitably for the farmers and
the private sector. However, for this to happen, there is need for the farmers and
farming systems to be an integral and part of domestic and export value chains.
Further, productive and competitive capacities of farmers as well as capacities of public
institutions which support farmers need to be built across different commodities so that
farmers can participate competitively and supply both domestic and export markets.

More resources will need to be mobilised for more public investment to make it
attractive for private sector to invest in the agricultural sector. Policies and institutions
have to be responsive and supportive so that actors in the value chains operate in an

47
ambient environment which facilitates sustainable increase in production, productivity
and competitiveness and increase income generation in the agricultural sector. A
sustainable increase in productivity and production shall enable Zimbabwe to compete
in domestic, regional and international markets. Given this background the strategic
thrust areas for ZAIP are:
 Farmers and their farming systems and the various key players in the
sector: Targeting them and how to make them an integral part of domestic and
export value chains;
 Capacity Building: Building capacities for farmers, private sector and of public
institutions which support farmers so that farmers and agri-businesses can
participate profitably and competitively and supply both domestic and export
markets;
 Fostering Partnerships: To mobilize more public investment which makes it
attractive for private sector to invest viably and make profits in the agricultural
sector; and
 Policy alignment and institutional reforms: to create a profitable and viable
environment for business operations by farmers, private sector and development
partners.
 Gender mainstreaming: ensuring that power dynamics between men and
women in access, control and ownership to means of agricultural production are
balanced.
 Focus on agriculture that contributes to the eradication of malnutrition
and in turn result in a healthy Zimbabwe.

3.5 ZAIP Objective

The overall goal of ZAIP is:

“to facilitate sustainable increase in production, productivity and

competitiveness of Zimbabwean agriculture that focuses on client/consumer
needs through building capacity of farmers and institutions, improving the

48
quantity and quality of public, private and development partner investment
and policy alignment‟‟.

3.6 ZAIP Values

In order to support these strategies and attain agricultural sector objectives, state and
non-state actors are bound by common values to accelerate investment in sustainable
agriculture development. The key ZAIP values include:
 Farmer development and capacity building through maximum exploitation of
the comparative advantages of the different agro-ecological;
 Customer oriented farming systems to meet changing needs and desires of
domestic and international markets;
 Consistent public sector investment to ensure attractiveness of the
agricultural sector to the private sector;
 Consistent alignment, interpretation and implementation of the agricultural
policies, decisions and regulations to reduce the perceived uncertainty and
risks;
 Sustainable utilization of the natural resources and the environment;
 Continuous stakeholder consultations to ensure that major decisions are
acceptable.
 Efficient delivery of agricultural services leading to widespread adoption of
good agricultural practices.

3.7 Overview of ZAIP Business Model

The implementation of ZAIP will need financial and policy commitment from
government, private sector, farmers and development partners. Therefore the following
assumptions have to be made for the ZAIP business model to take root:
 That government will be able to avail the requisite public sector budgetary
financing that is required to trigger finances from others actors;

49
  That private sector, development partners and farmers are able to respond to
the catalytic finance;

 There is adequate commitment for policy alignment and support for institutional
reforms from stakeholders;

 There is cooperation, shared interest, and unity of purpose for achievement

among all key stakeholders namely government, private sector, farmers and
development partners; and

 That if farmers are capacitated, they will operate effectively, and compete
domestically, regionally and internationally.

Given these assumptions, the ZAIP business model can be outlined as follows:
Government, development partners and private sector investors will provide catalytic
financing as well as other forms of patient money such as social venture capital and
equity investments into specific strategic areas such as productive infrastructure,
capacity development viable small and medium sized agribusinesses and farmers
(syndicates, cooperatives and other groups) to trigger long term funding in investments
that increase production, productivity and nutritional diversity. Strong partnerships
between government, private sector and development partners will need to be formed
so that investment deals are appropriately structured‟‟

3.8 Investment Opportunities and Incentives in Zimbabwe

The Zimbabwe Investment Authority (ZIA) highlights that Zimbabwe as an agro-based
economy provides abundant opportunities for investment in value addition in the
agriculture sector Investments in the agricultural sector can take many forms such as
Public Private partnerships (PPPs), equity and non-equity partnerships, Build Own
Operate and Transfer(BOOT), Build Operate and Transfer (BOT), joint ventures (JVs),
contract farming and green field businesses depending on the investment area and type
of investor. The Zimbabwe Revenue Authority(ZIMRA) administers various tax
incentives aimed at promoting investment while the Ministry of Industry and
International Commerce, the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the ZIA are
the main administrators of non-tax incentives. Revenue incentives in Zimbabwe apply

50
equally to both domestic and foreign investors and the major goals of incentives in
place are:
 Income generation;
 Export promotion;
 Employment creation and skills transfer;
 Small business development;
 Industrial development; and,
 Revenue inflows.
Zimbabwe offers a number of tax and customs incentives in the form of tax holidays,
reduced tax rates, and accelerated depreciation. The incentives are given by sector,
type of activity, form of organization, and geographical location of investment. Some of
the tax incentives relevant to the agricultural sector include:
1. Income Tax
Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) and BOT Arrangements
Contractors may enter into contracts with the State or Statutory Corporation under
which one undertakes to construct infrastructure for the State or statutory corporation.
This will be in consideration for the right to operate or control for a specified period
after which the contractor will transfer ownership or control of the item to the state or
statutory corporation. The investor enjoys tax holiday for first 5 years and is taxed at
15% for the second five years

Manufacturing Companies
Taxable income from manufacturing or processing company which exports 50% or
more of its output taxed at a special rate of 20%.

Special Initial allowance (SIA)

This is a capital allowance which ranks as a deduction and allowed on expenditure

incurred on construction of new industrial buildings, farm improvements, railway lines,
staff housing and tobacco barns. Also allowed on additions or alterations to existing
items as already mentioned

51
SIA is also allowed on articles, implements, machinery and utensils purchased for
purposes of trade. The allowance is optional and once claimed this replaces wear and
tear. It is allowed at the rate of 25% of cost from year one.

Farmers Special Deductions

Farmers are allowed special deductions over and above the normal deductions for
instance expenditure on fencing, clearing and stamping land, sinking boreholes, wells,
aerial and geophysical surveys.

Double Taxation Agreements

Zimbabwe has signed several Double Taxation Agreements (DTA) which are meant to
avoid or mitigate double taxation of the same income in the two countries to the
agreement, that is, where a business entity operates in the two territories. The
agreements restrict some withholding taxes to the amounts specified fees. As an
example, almost all the DTA‟s signed limit the rate of tax on Technical Fees to 10% or
less.

2. Value Added Tax

Farming inputs and equipment are subject to VAT at 0% [Section 10 a. r. w.

2nd schedule of the Regulations]
Most farm inputs such as animal feed, animal remedy, fertilizer, plants, seeds and
pesticides and equipment or machinery used for agricultural purposes are zero rated.
Deferment of collection of VAT on the importation of capital goods [Section
12A]
VAT can be deferred on some capital equipment for the exclusive use in mining,
manufacturing, agricultural and aviation industries whose investment generally relies on
imported capital. The whole amount becomes due within 90 days from the date of
deferment.

52
3.9 Target Beneficiaries and Geographical Coverage

In order to enhance production, competitiveness and commercialization of agriculture,

ZAIP shall focus on building the capacity of Zimbabwean farmers, service
institutions, and private sector to increase production of commodities that have the
biggest potential for growth and impact on the agriculture GDP. This will be achieved
through increased investment, institutional reforms and policy alignment.
These are mainly the products that significantly contribute to the agriculture GDP and
experienced huge decrease in productivity and production e.g., tobacco, maize, beef,
wheat and soya beans. Dairy, pig and poultry subsectors will also indirectly benefit in
that they depend on the by-products of industrial processing of some of these
commodities. Therefore, ZAIP shall target all categories of farmers involved in
production of these products. In addition, ZAIP shall also target the food and nutrition
insecure population.

In view of the fact that farmers are spread across the five agro-ecological regions in
Zimbabwe and the need to compete in domestic and regional markets, ZAIP shall
promote agricultural production based on the regional comparative advantage such as
livestock in Matabeleland, horticulture and timber in Manicaland ; especially those
products with significant downstream value-adding activities which if taken into account
would increase the commodity‟s contribution to agriculture GDP significantly.

4. CHAPTER FOUR: ZAIP PROGRAMME EXPECTED RESULTS AND

ILLUSTRATIVE ACTIVITIES

Programme Objective: As highlighted in the strategic framework for ZAIP presented

in the previous chapter, the overall objective of ZAIP is to facilitate sustainable increase
in production, productivity and competitiveness of Zimbabwean agriculture focused on
client/consumer needs through building capacity of farmers and institutions, improving
the quantity and quality of public, private and development partner investment and
policy alignment.

53
Intermediate Result Areas: There are four Intermediate Result Areas identified
individually and collectively contributing to the overall Programme Objective. Based on
the provisions from the ZIMASSET, CAPF and CAADP framework, the key issues from
the literature review and stakeholder consultations were clustered in the formulation of
four ZAIP intermediate result areas as follows:
a. Intermediate Result Area 1: Increasing production and productivity through
improved management and sustainable use of land, water, forestry and
wildlife resources;
b. Intermediate Result Area 2:Increased participation of farmers in domestic and
export markets through development of an efficient agricultural marketing
system and an enabling environment for competitive agricultural production,
investment (Domestic and FDI) and Trade;
c. Intermediate Result Area 3: Ensuring food and nutrition security by
facilitating a cohesive multi-sectoral agricultural response; and,
d. Intermediate Result Area 4: Improving genderresponsive agricultural
research, technology dissemination and adoption.

The specific sub result areas, illustrative activities and business models for each of
these intermediate result areas are presented in the proceeding section.

4.1 Investment plan: Intermediate result areas, sub result areas and
illustrative activities

4.1.1 ZAIP Intermediate result area 1: Increasing production and

productivity through improved management and sustainable use of
land, water, forestry and wildlife resources

A sustainable increase in production and productivity is hinged upon improved

management and sustainable use of the natural resources base. Currently, the
productive potential of the natural resource base can be enhanced by targeted
investment in irrigation, forestry, secure tenure and land rights and sustainable land
management practices.

54
 4.1.1.1 Sub result areas and illustrative activities for ZAIP intermediate
result 1

To increase production and productivity through improved management and sustainable

use of land, water, forestry and wildlife resources ZAIP shall focus on achieving the
following sub results:
a. Sub result area 1: Improving land rights security of users-Securing long term
investments on land requires secure and sustainable tenure encompassing the
full basket of rights10
Government is currently rand reviewing the land policy in order to enable establishment
of bankable tenure systems acceptable to agricultural finance institutions as collateral.
Furthermore, Government is aligning customary laws to the current constitutional
provisions so that women‟s land rights are not violated. This will encourage the
agricultural finance institutions to increase lending to the sector, a major constraint to
increased use of purchased inputs.

The illustrative activities for sub result area 1 include:

 Reviewing the land tenure laws;
 Conduct land-use surveys and set up decentralized land administration
structures, and
 Conduct consultations on compensation for inherited farm infrastructure and
improvements.

Key performance indicators:

 Complete land-use survey and update farm registers by end of 2016, and

10
Basket of rights include:
• Use rights: to grow crops, trees, make permanent improvement, harvest trees and fruits,
wildlife and so on;
• Transfer rights: are rights to transfer land or use rights, i.e., rights to sell, give, mortgage,
lease, rent or bequeath; rights to bequeath are most important in traditional systems
• Exclusion and inclusion rights: are rights by an individual, group or community to exclude
and/or include others from the rights discussed above; and
• Enforcement rights: refer to the legal, institutional and administrative provisions to
guarantee these rights.

55
  At least 50% of farmers have a sustainable land tenure which allows for
enforcement by 2018.

b. Sub result area 2: Increasing the area of land under sustainable land
management

In view of the need to contribute to reduction of environment degradation and to

increase productivity, ZAIP shall promote conservation farming among all farm
categories.

The illustrative activities for sub result area 2 include:

 Promoting up/out scaling of adoption of conservation farming.
 Identifying and adapting appropriate small-scale farmer labour saving
technologies for conservation farming.
 Linking farmers with commercial suppliers of gender appropriate machinery and
equipment for conservation farming.

Key performance indicators:

 At least 50% increase in the area under sustainable land management by 2018

c. Sub result area 3: Increasing the area under efficient and sustainable irrigation
technology.
Irrigation enables farmers to produce suitable high value crops (vegetables, fruits and
wheat) during the dry season. Zimbabwe currently has 150 000 hectares under
irrigation and is targeting to increase this to 220 000 hectares in the next five years,
however potential irrigable land is over 2 million hectares.

Smallholder irrigation is predominant in the relatively drier agro-ecological regions (III,

IV and V) as source of supplementary food production, especially vegetables. The
public schemes are managed through cooperatives, with farmers being responsible for
maintaining the scheme. In view of the underutilized irrigation facilities, ZAIP shall focus
on increasing access to water for appropriate irrigation in areas with existing

56
infrastructure. Therefore, ZAIP shall facilitate an audit to determine the current status
of the irrigation infrastructure in the country and to redesign and rehabilitate irrigation
infrastructure.
Stakeholder consultations identified the key constraints to irrigation development:
a) Inadequate knowledge and skills in irrigation management.
b) Lack of security of tenure of land discourages the use of other assets as
collateral.
c) Lack of medium to long term credit facilities for purchasing of machinery and
equipment and rehabilitation of infrastructure.
d) Communally owned irrigation facilities allocate very small areas for subsistence
needs.
e) Limited participation of donors in rehabilitation of the irrigation schemes

The illustrative activities include:

 Conducting a study to quantify the small- and large-scale irrigation
infrastructure to be rehabilitated,modernized and developed.
 Surveying and redesigning of water and electricity distribution system to serve
the new farm land ownership.
 Rehabilitation of existing priority sources of water (dams, rivers and boreholes)
for irrigation.
 Promoting the adoption of water harvesting/capturing/storage techniques;
 Mobilization of international concessional and private sector finance.
 Promote appropriate water efficient irrigation systems (drip irrigation and
inexpensive pumps).
 Strengthen irrigation management skills.

Key indicators of performance:

 At least 50% of prioritized irrigation systems are rehabilitated by 2018, and
 Area under irrigation increased from 150 000 hectares in 2013 to 220 000
hectares in 2018

d. Sub result area 4: Increasing the area under sustainable forestry and wildlife
management.

57
Forestry contributes (3%) to the GDP.The increasing numbers of farmers growing
tobacco and the area under tobacco has increased demand for wood, contributing to
deforestation that contributes to climate change. There is potential in increasing the
value of forest through use of alternative energy sources.

Stakeholder consultations identified the following constraints:

a) Weak law enforcement and penalties for offenders.
b) Weak extension services on sustainable natural resources utilization.
c) Unsustainable woodcutting for tobacco curing and timber.
d) High levels of unemployed former farm workers on redistributed farms.
e) No incentives for compliance.
f) Overstocking of livestock results in overgrazing.
g) Destruction of wildlife control fences

The illustrative activities are:

 Strengthen law enforcement for forestry, fisheries and wild life protection
 Strengthen information dissemination on sustainable land and forest use.
 Promote widespread adoption of conservation farming.
 Strengthen farmer capacity to enforce environmental laws/regulations.
 Promote tree farming
 Promote aquaculture farming
 Promote game ranching

Key performance indicators for Expected Result 4:

 By 2016, at least 50% increase in area under sustainable forestry and wildlife
utilization
 By 2016, at least 50% increase in aquaculture production
 By 2016, the loss of forestry and wildlife area will have decreased (50%) from
327000 hectares per annum in 2012 to less than 165000 hectares per annum in
2016

4.1.2 ZAIP intermediate result area 2; Increased participation of farmers

in domestic and export markets through development of an efficient

58
 agricultural marketing system and an enabling environment for
competitive agricultural production, investment (Domestic and FDI)
and Trade.

Efficient agricultural markets ensure that inputs and products are delivered to the right
markets at the right time at the least cost. For farmers in different farming systems to
be able to participate competitively in domestic and exports markets an efficient
marketing system has to be developed through investments in gender sensitive key
infrastructure, strengthening of key institutions and facilitating access to finance.

4.1.2.1 Sub result areas and illustrative activities for intermediate result
area 2

For increased participation of farmers in domestic and exports markets ZAIP shall target
the following sub results.

Sub Result Area 1: Improving key rural infrastructure (feeder roads, railway lines,
electricity supply, storage, and communication) in areas with significant marketable
surplus;
Zimbabwe has 88,100 km of roads of which 17,400 km are surfaced. The District
Development Fund is responsible for managing and maintaining a core network of
26,000 km of tertiary rural roads while the rural district authorities are responsible for
managing 35,300 km of tertiary feeder and access roads. This road network has
enabled Zimbabwe to attain high road density (0.23 km per square km), comparable to
that of the high income, non-OECD countries and lower middle-income countries.

However, the poor state of the road infrastructure in Zimbabwe is slowing down the
revival of the economy in general and the agriculture sector in particular. Approximately
24 percent of the road network is currently estimated to be in “good” condition, 36% is
in “fair” condition and 40% is in “poor” condition. Moreover, the state of the rural
roads tends to deteriorate significantly during the rain-season, thereby affecting
farmers‟ ability to access markets.

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The poor roads lead to relatively high transport cost (US10¢ per ton per km) compared
to the regional rates (US3¢ to US6¢). In some remote rural areas, the cost can be as
high as US20¢ per ton per km, thereby significantly increasing the cost of inputs and
outputs and reducing the competitiveness of agricultural products. The poor rural
roads also contribute to inadequate competition in the market as new firms are
discouraged from entering the market. In addition, poor roads contribute to increased
postharvest losses as farmers fail to transport products to markets in time, leading to
high postharvest storage losses (13.5%). Therefore, improving both the road and
storage infrastructure is important in reducing the storage losses.

The African Development Bank [2011] estimates indicate that $1.1 billion will be
required to rehabilitate the 12,800 km of roads in a “poor” state. The current
expenditure on road maintenance is only $30 million per year.

Stakeholder consultations prioritized the constraints:

a) Poor road and rail infrastructure leading to high cost of transport.
b) High incidences of farmers not paying the local authority bills leads to inadequate
resources to enable local authorities to develop and/or maintain infrastructure.
c) Underutilization of agro-processing capacity due to unreliable electricity and
inadequate financial services
d) Limited participation of the private sector in infrastructure development through
private public partnership arrangements.
e) Inadequate infrastructure for marketing of livestock including the management
of biosecurity.
f) Poor information management systems;
g) High post-harvest losses

The illustrative activities to achieve sub result 1 include:

a) Conduct baseline study to identify and prioritize the key market infrastructure to
areas with consistent and marketable surplus production (feeder roads, rail lines
and electricity);
b) Prepare a concept note on developing/improving the identified infrastructure to
assist in resource mobilization;

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 c) Rehabilitate the priority feeder roads, rail lines, and electricity supply lines to
areas with significant surplus production;
d) Establish and strengthen modern biosafety management infrastructure;
e) Strengthening capacity for implementation of standards for protection of plant
and animal health as well as quality issues and food safety issues in different and
integrated value chain;
f) Promote development of agricultural market centers in areas with significant
production to reduce transaction costs;
g) Promote Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in management and utilization of
public storage infrastructure e.g.GMB, and
h) Establishing and strengthening livestock information management systems.

Indicators of Performance of sub result 1:

 Priority infrastructure identified and the costs are estimated;
 Number of priority market infrastructure rehabilitated/developed;
 Increase in investment in value addition in rural areas;
 Increase in utilization of public storage infrastructure through PPP;
 Number of agricultural market centres developed, and
 By 2018, at least 50% of farmers will have access to good market infrastructure
in areas with surplus production.

Sub Result Area 2: Strengthening the capacity of key institutions in agricultural

marketing and development of facilitating legislation in the area of agricultural trade;

Zimbabwe has limited timely market information to enable liberalized agricultural

markets to function efficiently. In the absence of appropriate and timely market
information, farmers make wrong investment and marketing decisions.

Over the years, Zimbabwe has tried to develop the agro-dealers but the macroeconomic
instabilities led to undercapitalization and undermined their role as intermediaries
between the farmers and the markets. Most of the agro-dealers want to establish stable

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relationships with processors, financiers and NGOs to ensure access to reliable
agricultural markets, financial services, and other services.

The stakeholder consultations identified the key constraints:

a) Weak market intelligence systems have failed to collect and analyze market
data and information needed in decision-making;
b) Lack of consensus on the pricing for major staple foods and the role of
strategic reserves;
c) Weak commodity markets;
d) Contract farming does not cover all major commodities;
e) Inefficient livestock marketing system;
f) Underutilization of agro-processing capacity due to unreliable electricity and
inadequate access to credit, and
g) Weak farmer organizations and bargaining power of farmers in the market.

Illustrative activities for sub result 2 include:

 Strengthen capacity of farmer organizations to provide market information and
extension services;
 Strengthen market intelligence systems (data collection, analysis and
dissemination);
 Review maize market and price restrictions and the future role and
management of strategic reserves;
 Strengthen agricultural commodity exchange;
 Promote utilization of warehouse receipt system to serve as collateral for
farmers;
 Strengthen contract farming regulations and enforcement based on
experiences from tobacco and cotton models;
 Promote development of additional commodity and trade associations;
 Development/strengthening of rural livestock markets, and
 Promote PPP in production and processing to increase parastatal capacity
utilization.

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Key performance indicators for sub result 2:
 Timely market information available;
 Commodity exchange established;
 Warehouses receipt system operationilsed;
 Farmer organizations providingmarket information;
 Capacity of agro-dealers is strengthen;
 Livestock movement and marketing regulations revised, and
 Strengthened capacity of key institutions in agricultural marketing policy
formulation, implementation and dissemination of market information.

Sub Result Area 3: Increased access to agricultural finance services and value of
agriculture credit and facilitate both domestic and foreign investment in the agricultural
sector with emphasis on FDI in areas with huge capital outlays.

Agriculture needs appropriate financial services for short, medium and long term
requirements. Over 85% of the deposits in the banking sector consist of short-term
deposits, not suitable for medium and long lending. The liquidity constraints have led
to interest rates in excess of 25% per annum at a time when the inflation rate is
generally below 5% per annum.

The agriculture sector utilizes approximately 18% of the total credit portfolio ($2.6
billion) in Zimbabwe. However, most of the credit (80%) to the agriculture sector is
allocated to the agro-processors with only (20%) going directly to farmers. In addition,
only $294 million out of the $1.14 billion raised from external lines of credit has been
channeled to the agriculture sector. The agricultural financial institutions blame the
lack of acceptable collateral as the cause of this bias. However, there are ongoing
stakeholder consultations on how to make farmland become acceptable as collateral.

Alternative sources of finance, e.g., micro-finance, charge high interest rates ranging
from 5% to 100% per month (180% to 314% per annum). In most cases the providers
of micro-credit offer salary based loans, i.e., borrowers have to be in formal
employment, which precludes farmers and traders. In addition, the high interest rate is
unsuitable for financing agriculture, especially medium to long term funding.

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Stakeholder consultations identified the following constraints:
a) Lack of acceptable collateral for agricultural finance;
b) Inadequate liquidity in the financial sector leads to shortages of loan funds,
and
c) High cost of currently available funds.

The illustrative activities to achieving sub result 3 are:

 Facilitate development and access to appropriate Credit Mobilizing Resource
Based value System and documentation (CMRBS);
 Provide tax incentives for lending to the agricultural sector;
 Promote rural savings as a way of mobilizing additional funding for agricultural
loans;
 Promote domestic lending to agriculture through targeted incentives, e.g. lower
tax on profit from agricultural loans, RBZ capital requirement exemptions on
agricultural loan portfolio;
 Mobilization of international credit and donor support at concessional interest
rates to increase the pool of loan funds in financial institutions;
 Promoting contract farming through tax exemptions and strengthening the
legal framework on contract farming;
 Improve extension services to farmers to enable them increase productivity as
a way of reducing default risks;
 Providing tax exemptions for agricultural insurance to reduce insurance
premium;
 Consult financial services sector during development of financial instruments to
mobilize capital (bonds, treasury bills) to mobilize funds from the local market;
 Issue paper with prescribed asset status to mobilize funds for the sector and
enforce compliance with prescribed asset status requirements for pension and
provident funds, and
 Enforce commercial bank compliance with RBZ minimum lending requirements
to the sector.

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Performance Indicators for sub result 3:
 At least 50% of farmers with acceptable (CMRBS)access appropriate
agricultural finance;
 Timely availability of adequate short term, medium term and long term
agricultural credit;
 Cost of agricultural credit reduced by at least 50%;
 Consistent interpretation of legislation and regulations;
 Conflicting legislation and regulations revised, and
 By 2018, at least 50% of farmers have access to adequate and timely finance
for crop and livestock production

4.1.3 ZAIP Intermediate result area 3: Ensuring food and nutrition

security for all people at all times particularly among most
vulnerable groups by facilitating a cohesive multi-sectoral
agricultural response

Economic growth can have a positive effect on food and nutrition security and can
contribute towards the eradication of malnutrition. Equally, by addressing the issue of
food and nutrition not only is the welfare of citizens improved, but economic growth is
also enhanced. Rates of chronic malnutrition have risen by 52 per centsince 1994;
present trends will see these reach critical levels within the nextdecade. Evidence shows
that stunting (chronic malnutrition) is consistentlyhighest in the poorest socioeconomic
groups and that the prevalence of stuntinghas increased among all socioeconomic
groups during the period 1994–2009.While economic growth is an essential pre-
prerequisite for addressing poverty and associated food and nutrition insecurity, it is not
sufficient on its own to ensure food and nutrition security for all. Furthermore, food and
nutrition security is not an end but a means to economic and social development. A set
of policies and strategies must be in place to harness the benefits of economic growth
towards achieving food and nutrition security, particularly if the most vulnerable are to
be prioritized.

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 4.1.3.1 Sub result areas and illustrative activities for intermediate result
area 3

Sub Result Area 1: Policy instruments which protect and enhance food and nutrition
security particularly amongst the most vulnerable are formulated and inform
government and non-government decision making

Socioeconomic and macro food security policy instruments are necessary to accelerate
food security while protecting food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable. These
policy instruments must promote a dominant and viable private sector role (for
example, in relation to the redistribution of surplus food to areas of need) and
strengthen social protection systems and equitable access to sustained high quality
basic social services. A response to persistent national food and nutrition insecurity also
needs to reflect an analysis of the opportunities and barriers within the broader global
and regional food security environment. In food crises, effective regional integration
increases the potential for local sourcing of food to respond to the needs of
communities. It also potentially protects countries against supply shocks and price
volatility. An improvement in regional trade, including trade liberalization, and enhanced
market opportunities remain important response options for absorbing negative shocks
that originate in the wider global and regional food system. Policies need to be flexible
and adjusted to evolving conditions globally, in the region and within Zimbabwe. These
policies must be developed and monitored in close collaboration with the sectors of
agriculture, health and social protection and their respective ministries.

Key illustrative activities under this result area include:

1. Ensure that policies encourage local, national and regional markets to be fully
functional and accessible to all food producers, food traders, food industry and
the consumers. These policies must promote, at the minimum, a strong and
clearly defined private sector role to facilitate free food movement within the
country, allow prices to respond to market-demand forces and avoid the storage
of large-scale food stocks in the medium to longer term;

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 2. Advocate and promote the implementation and scaling up of all food and
nutrition interventions which have proven effectiveness;
3. Promote and ensure that nutrition security is integrated and owned by multiple
sectors as reflected in their policies and strategies;
4. Promote the role of the private sector role to meet minimum needs for food
imports without negatively impacting on medium- to longer-term capacities and
incentives for local food production, the local food industry and local food-
processing, and
5. Develop policies that stimulate private sector investment in agriculture, trade and
food-processing industries to ensure that agriculture not only serves as a
sustainable and equitable source of growth but is also a driver of development
and growth.

Illustrative indicators include:

 Evidence based policy briefs which inform policy produced;
 Supportive and informed policies in place, and
 Policy review reports.

Sub result area 2: ensuring that where socialprotection (including social assistance
programmes) is implemented, it mustcontribute and enhance nutrition and food
security of the most vulnerable in the short and medium term.

Social protection encompasses a wide range of public actions that transfer goods and
services (which could include food, cash, or health and education services) to protect
people from both chronic and transitory poverty and hunger. Social protection primarily
has three components: social assistance (safety nets when scaled up in emergencies),
social insurance and standards that protect citizens. A social protection framework
facilitates a greater level of predictability, provides scope for impacting on chronic
hunger and vulnerability and increases ownership by government and accountability to
its citizens. Social assistance can be scaled up in the context of a transient shock and
can also provide an opportunity or entry point to not only protecting the most
vulnerable but also supporting them in becoming more productive and therefore more
resilient to future shocks.

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Illustrative activities under this result area include:
1. Ensure that all social assistance programmes are aligned with the relevant social
protection policy frameworks and have an integral component that enhances
food and nutrition security;
2. Ensure that all social assistance (including safety net mechanisms implemented
in emergencies and crises situations) is timely and meets universally accepted
standards and, where relevant, meets national food and nutrition standards:
a. Food assistance – This should be applied with caution so as not to undermine
local capacity for production;
b. Agricultural inputs (crops and livestock) – The provision of agricultural input
packages (tools and implements, quality seeds, planting material and/or
animals, fertilizers, improved practices for cultivation, livestock rearing) must
be designed to have an immediate impact on production;
c. Food/Cash for Assets –Public works programmes must contribute to
improved food security for vulnerable families who have productive labour
capacity and to improved food security for the community in the longer term;
d. Cash Transfers – These are generally the preferred option as a safety-net
mechanism in conditions where food and market system is available;
e. Chronically ill, including those on HIV and AIDS and TB treatment – Adequate
nutritional care and support is essential for those receiving treatment for
chronic diseases such as HIV and AIDS and TB;
f. Supplementary feeding programmes for vulnerable groups – These groups
include the children under the age of five old, pregnant women and the
elderly;
g. School feeding – In general, school feeding programmes are not considered
the most preferred option for directly enhancing nutritional outcomes
therefore issues of sustainability must be seriously considered if they are
implemented, and
h. Vegetable gardens – Household or community gardens can contribute to a
household food and nutritional needs in the short to medium term. For these
programmes to be effective, their design must be based on a strong analysis
of barriers and opportunities for market access.

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 3. As a means to enhancing food and nutrition security, ensure that nutrition
education, behavior change and communication is an integral part of a
complementary strategy within all social assistance programmes;
4. Establish a national (small-scale) decentralized food reserve system that allows
communities to effectively and timeously access food during periods of acute
food shortage;
5. Recognize individual and community-level coping strategies as capacities and
means to cope with food and nutrition insecurity that can either reduce or
exacerbate vulnerability. Where these coping strategies exist, these should be
identified, and positive ones (for example, the consumption of wild foods, kinship
support practices) should be supported and reinforced. Negative ones such as
commercial sex work and family separation should be reversed and mitigated;
6. Ensure that the design of social assistance programmes recognize the central
role that women and girls play in caring for the vulnerable and include strategies
to empower women to be supported;
7. Ensure that where social assistance programmes include food assistance or food
inputs, the procurement of locally produced food products is prioritized;
8. Ensure that social assistance programmesenforce community ownership and that
social assistance strategies aim atstrengthening existing social support structures
therebyreinforcing community capacity to reverse food and nutrition insecurity,
and
9. Recognize HIV and AIDS as a significant potentialdriver of vulnerability and
ensure that appropriate food and nutrition securitystrategies include, as a
minimum integrated package, appropriate advice onand promotion of exclusive
breastfeeding for HIV-positive mothers; methodsof strengthening systems of
referral between HIV testing/treatment andmanagement of acute malnutrition;
community based nutritional care that isbased on use of locally available foods;
and a strategy for ensuring longer-term household food security.

Illustrative indicators include:

 Adequate grain reserve
 Reduced post harvest losses to <5%
 Increased market linkages

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  Capacity strengthening of farmers in climate smart agriculture.
 Poverty reduction
 Diverse livelihoods adopted
 Good social safety nets

Sub result area 3:Ensuring the provision of safe and wholesome food to
all.Consequently, all food whether imported or locally produced, shall meet bothnational
public health legislation and international standards for quality safety.

Ensuring food safety and adherence is a multi-sectoral responsibility. The commitments

outlined in Zimbabwe‟s Food and Nutrition Security Policy inform and reinforce multi-
sectoral accountabilities in a food safety and standards sector- specific policy. Food
safety and standards are recognized as a critical component of food and nutrition
security, especially with respect to enhancing the utilization of food. It is critical that the
capacity for adherence to food safety and standards is extended to apply to all private
sector-led food industries and food-related businesses. Imports and exports, tourism
and catering (formal and informal) will also all be critical entry-points for ensuring
adherence to food safety and standards. Illustrative activities under this sub result area
include:

1. Ensure the adoption of the „farm-to-fork approach‟ to promoting food safety and
quality at each level of the food supply chain is based on national and
international standards;
2. Strengthen the enforcement and capacity of national food safety legislation at
national, provincial, district and sub-district level;
3. Strengthen the enforcement and capacity of national food safety legislation at
national, provincial, district and sub-district level;
4. Ensure that all food imports comply with relevant national food safety
regulations, including food for relief and in-kind donations and those used in
social assistance mechanisms, agriculture, food security and nutrition
programmes;
5. Ensure that safe (non-contaminated) water is usedin agricultural production, for
human consumption and all in food premises;

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 6. Ensure that household hygiene, safe sanitation andwaste management are
priority components in addressing food and nutritionsecurity;
7. Ensure that food safety and standards are an integral component of existing
multi-sectoral structures and/or that multi- sectoral structures are put in place
for the co-ordination of food safety and food standards, with clearly defined roles
and responsibilities for the different sectors and authorities in order to ensure
consistence and harmony;
8. Establish structures for public awareness and consumer education on food safety
measures, including training at community levels, with a focus on the importance
of food safety for the chronically ill (those suffering from HIV and AIDS and TB)
and recognizing women and the elderly as being the primary care-providers, and
9. Ensure that all foods targeted at infants and young children (whether imported
or manufactured in-country, including infant formula, complementary foods and
therapeutic milks used for treating acute malnutrition) are in full compliance with
regulations on infant nutrition and breast milk substitutes (for example, Statutory
Instrument 46 of 1998) or any such other national regulations catering to the
requirements of the international code for marketing breast milk substitutes.

Illustrative indicators include:

 Food safety standards Bill and Act
 Compliance to Good Agricultural Practices(GAP), ISO,HACPP, Good Hygiene
Practices
 Good laboratory Reports
 Export and import laws enforced

Sub result area 4: Ensuring a national integrated food and nutrition security
informationsystem that not only provides timely and reliable information on food
andnutrition security situation and effectiveness of programmes but also
informsdecision-making.

A national integrated food and nutrition security information system is essential for
understanding the breadth and scope of food and nutrition insecurity, assisting in
prioritizing and planning food and nutrition interventions, providing evidence for timely

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emergency responses, understanding the effectiveness of a multi-sectoral approach;
and tracking progress and impact. A national food and nutrition security information
system is informed by a conceptual framework and made up of a number of defined
assessments and monitoring instruments that together provide a comprehensive
understanding of the food and nutrition security situation. Some of the illustrative
activities under this sub result area are as follows:

1. Ensure that all assessments and surveillance contribute to an integrated national

food and nutrition security information system;
2. Ensure that individual technical sectors are accountable for producing high-
quality information and ensure that a food and nutrition security information
system is in place for the organization, harmonization, integration and synthesis
of information from the relevant technical sectors;
3. With the support of ZIMVAC acting as a technical advisory committee on
assessments, ensure that all components of the food and nutrition security
information system reflect best practice methodologies; integrate nutrition and
food security information appropriately; are robust and transparent; and have
buy-in from multiple government ministries as well as partner organizations. The
system should be based on a standardized, agreed and comparable set of
indicators;
4. Ensure that decentralized ownership of information systems is promoted and the
relevance and meaning of information is enhanced at decentralized levels
through timely feedback and disaggregation by district, gender, socioeconomic
group and agro-ecological zone, where possible;
5. Ensure that the information system includes the analysis of routine programme
monitoring data designed to track the effectiveness of food and nutrition security
interventions;
6. Ensure that that relevant food and nutrition information leads to decision-making
and national action;
7. Ensure that a central repository for the storage, retrieval, maintenance and
update of information is established;

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 8. Ensure that the food and nutrition security Information system encompasses
tools that are both quantitative and qualitative, with emphasis on participatory
approaches;
9. Ensure that, where possible, the food and nutrition security information system
will be informed by, and will inform, regional (for example, through SADC VAC)
and global food and nutrition information systems, and
10. Ensure that the food and nutrition security information system distinguishes
between chronic and transitional acute food and nutrition insecurity and risk.

Illustrative indicators include:

 Timely produced reports
 Monitored food and nutrition security situation
 Good risk management

Sub Result Area 5: Enhancing and strengthening national capacity in food and
nutrition security,primarily through supporting and reinforcing local community capacity
andresponsibility for food and nutrition security, applied context-specific researchand
learning and multi-sectoral professional training in food and nutritionsecurity.

The community‟s capacity to address problems of food and nutrition insecurity at the
local level is significant and will be recognized, enhanced and promoted. The national
capacity to identify and define appropriate solutions through operational research is
critical towards ensuring food and nutrition security in the longer term. Accordingly,
context-specific food and nutrition security interventions are required and should be
scaled up according to demonstrated evidence of their effectiveness in Zimbabwe.
Strengthened professional capacity in food and nutrition, supported through both
academic and in-service training, will enhance and reinforce multi-sectoral approaches
with the aim of further strengthening professional service delivery and community
support. Some of the illustrative activities under this sub objective are as follows:
1. Ensure that the significant potential and capacity of communities in ensuring
food and nutrition security is recognized and that communities themselves are
encouraged and promoted to play a critical role in identifying and responding to
food and nutrition security;

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 2. Ensure that the social and cultural factors affecting food and nutrition security
are systematically recognized and reflected in food and nutrition security
strategies, including distinguishing the different roles and responsibilities that
men, women, siblings and the elderly have in food and nutrition security;
3. Ensure that the capacity development and strengthening of national structures,
co-ordination mechanisms and national staff capacity is an explicit component of
all food and nutrition security interventions at sub-district, district and provincial
level;
4. Ensure that national civil society actors, including the private sector, food
traders, food industry, farmers‟ associations, consumer advocacy groups,
religious organizations, the food industry, millers and traditional leaders, are
included in capacity development initiatives and are themselves contributing to
capacity development in food and nutrition security;
5. Ensure that the food and nutrition security knowledge, skills and capacity of all
relevant sector professionals in nutrition, health, agriculture, social protection,
local government and education is strengthened through both pre-service (for
example, university and college curricula) and in-service training using nationally
standardized training material;
6. Ensure that the capacity of multi-sectoral food and nutrition co-ordination
structures is enhanced by strengthening competencies and skills such as
leadership, management, planning, facilitation, analysis and prioritization;
7. Ensure that academic and operational research is conducted in collaboration with
national research bodies to inform and provide policy guidance on emerging food
and nutrition issues as well as develop and promote context-specific, evidence-
based, best practice programmes in food and nutrition security‟ and
8. Ensure that the national capacity for food safety and adherence to food
standards is strengthened, including human resources, skills development, up-to-
date knowledge and practices and equipment for food laboratories.

Illustrative indicators include

 Functional Food and Nutrition Security Committees
 Demand driven operation research

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 4.1.4 ZAIP intermediate result area 4: Improving access to appropriate
agricultural technologies to increase productivity

To raise agriculture productivity there has to be strong research–extension-farmer links

to enhance access to appropriate technologies. Graduates from agriculture colleges and
universities should have adequate practical skills to assist farmers. Investments in
better public sector conditions of service should encourage experienced people from
joining/staying in the civil service.

4.1.4.1 Sub result areas and illustrative activities for intermediate result
area 4

Sub Result Area 1: Strengthening practical skills of all research and extension officers

Research and extension services are supposed to provide farmers with the necessary
knowledge and practical skills to increase productivity and participate in liberalized
commodity markets. Many stakeholders indicated that some research and extension
workers have weak practical skills training in sustainable crop and livestock production
based on the comparative advantage of each natural region. In addition, public sector
conditions of service are not attractive to attract/retain experienced extension workers.

Over the years, progressive farmers in a given area, serving as lead farmers of
commodity interest groups, are used to increase the reach and add practical value to
extension services. The lead farmers assist in transferring practical skills based on the
principles of the study circle approach. Study circles are cost-effective, have potential
to reach large numbers of farmers, and enable relatively less educated farmers to
obtain skills based on structured discussion and information sharing between fellow-
farmers. Combined with e-extension and demonstrations/study visits, study circle is an
important tool for achieving the objectives of ZAIP. The farmer interest groups are also
of interest to the private sector as an entry point for dissemination of extension
messages, contract farming, provision of credit, and generating marketable surplus.

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The key issues include:
a) Weak practical skills among research and extension workers;
b) Limited capacity of trainers at research and training institutes; inadequate
modernresearch equipment and training materials at training institutes;
c) Weak research-extension-farmer linkages;
d) Weak coordination and quality control of the various delivery channels (public,
private and NGOs) for extension services, and
e) Inadequate capacity of farmers to take over running of some community
services, e.g., livestock dipping services.

The key illustrative activities are:

 Strengthen the capacity of agricultural training institutes to provide appropriate
training;
 Providing appropriate training materials, communication equipment, transport
and tools to research and extension officers;
 Strengthen farmer-extension-research linkage to improve access to appropriate
agricultural technologies to increase productivity, and
 Strengthen coordination and quality control of research and extension services.

Key indicators of performance:

 Trainers at training institutes and research officers at research institutes
capacitated;
 Training materials updated;
 Modern research and extension equipment and tools provided;
 Strengthened farmer-extension-research linkages;
 Strengthened coordination and quality control for research and extension
services (public, private and NGO);
 Strengthened capacity of farmer organizations to enable them provide technical
and brokerage services, and
By 2018, practical skills of all extension officers will have been strengthened.
 Up/out scaling lead farmer extension services;
4.2 Investment Focus Areas by Agro-ecological Region

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4.2.1 High Rainfall Regions
The high rainfall regions include parts of Mashonaland East, Mashonaland Central,
Mashonaland West and Manicaland. High rainfall areas attain relatively higher yields
than other regions and attract a number of out-grower schemes. In view of the
relatively high potential of these regions, strengthening practical skills of farmers will
lead to higher yields which will attract the attention of lenders and the traders;

Even though these regions can produce a wide range of commodities, the objective is
to focus on increasing productivity of commodities with significant contribution to the
agriculture GDP, i.e., tobacco (26%), maize (14%) and horticulture (7%). In addition,
ZAIP shall also build capacity for reviving production of irrigated wheat and soya beans,
as rotational crops, to provide the raw materials for processing and the by-products for
blending of livestock feeds.

The regional meeting prioritized the following constraints:

a) Limited knowledge, experience and skills gap of both the farmers and the
extension workers
b) Low level of private sector and NGOs participation in extension work
c) Limited farmer to farmer knowledge transfer
d) Limited practical training of farmers in appropriate farming practices, such as
conservation farming, post-harvest management skills and knowledge.

Key illustrative activities in High Rainfall Areas are:

 Capacitateextension workers (public, private and NGOs) in practical skills for
sustainable production of selected crops.
 Produce and distribute appropriate crop extension messages in local languages
to improve crop and livestock husbandry and post-harvest storage practices.
 Up/out scale lead-farmer field schools (farmer to farmer extension) to increase
reach.
 Dissemination of extension messages through Information and Communication
Technology (ICT).
 Promote increased and sustainable use of fertilizers and improved seeds.

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  Promote contract farming in crop and livestock production to enhance access to
inputs and extension services.

Key indicators of Performance in High Rainfall Areas:

 By 2018, all extension workers (government, private, and NGO) will have been
capacitated;
 By 2018, at least 50% of farmers will have been trained through Lead Farmer
Field Schools, and
 By 2018, at least 50% of trained farmers will have adopted sustainable
production practices.

4.2.2 Medium Crop Potential Regions

These include parts of Midlands, Manicaland and the northern parts of
Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland West. Most of the cotton is produced in
the semi-arid regions under contract farming. The contractors provide some
inputs and extension services. Many farmers still experience low yields of cotton
due to low application of inputs and inadequate extension services. In addition,
farmers in semi-arid regions also keep cattle and small livestock.

Stakeholderconsultations in semi-arid regions identified the following constraints:

a) Weak extension services in livestock husbandry;

b) Limited farmer to farmer knowledge and skills transfer;
c) Limited provision of extension services by the public sector, input suppliers,
processors and NGOs, and
d) Inadequate farmer capacity in farming as a business.

Key activities in Medium Potential Regions include:

 Capacitateextension workers (public, private and NGO) in practical skills for
sustainable production of commodities with regional comparative advantage
(cotton, small grains, small livestock and cattle);

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  Up/out scaling lead farmer extension services to increase reach and practical
skills;
 Produce and distribute appropriate extension messages in local languages to
improve cropand livestock husbandry practices;
 Dissemination of extension messages through ICT;
 Promote increased and sustainable use of fertilizer and improved seeds, and
 Promote contract farming.

Key indicators of Performance in Medium Potential Regions are:

 All extension workers (government, private, and NGOs) are capacitated;
 At least 70% of farmers are trained, and
 At least 70% of trained farmers adopt sustainable production practices.

4.2.3 Semi-Arid Regions

These regions largely include agro-ecological regions IV and v and home to most
of the livestock population including cattle and ostrich processing facilities in the
country. ZAIP shall facilitate capacity building in sustainable livestock
production. In addition, sugar cane is also produced under irrigation in the
south-east lowveld through estate and contract farming. In view of the huge
sugar cane processing plants located in the area including ethanol, ZAIP shall
encourage the private sector to promote contract farming of sugar cane.
Provincialconsultations in Semi-Arid Regions identified the following constraints:
a) Both extension workers and farmers have limited capacity in sustainable
livestock production;
b) Unsustainable production practices are employed in fragile soils and low
rainfall regions;
c) Some extension workers do not speak the local language, leading to
communication breakdown, especially in areas with high livestock population
(Matabeleland South and North);
d) Low extension worker to farmer ratio coupled with limited farmer to farmer
knowledge transfer, and
e) Inadequate practical farming skills in livestock production as a business.

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Key illustrative Activities in Semi-Arid Regions IV and V:
 Capacitate extension workers (public, private and NGOs) in practical skills for
sustainable production of cattle and small livestock;
 Produce and distribute appropriate extension messages in local languages to
improve livestock husbandry and sugar cane production;
 Train farmers in sustainable livestock production;
 Dissemination of extension messages through ICT;
 Promote efficient and sustainable breeding systems to improve livestock;
 Promote fencing, dipping and vaccinations to combat diseases;
 Expand contract farming in sugar cane and livestock production; and
 Train stakeholders in sustainable utilization of forest resources.

Performance Indicators in Semi-Arid Regions IV and V:

 All extension workers (government, private, and NGOs) are capacitated;
 At least 50% of farmers are trained in sustainable animal husbandry;
 At least 50% of trained farmers adopt sustainable livestock production, and
 At least 50% of farmers increase off-take to at least 15%, reduce mortality to
3% and increase the calving rate to at least 60% of the level on commercial
farms.

4.2 Business model for the investment plan

Table 13: ZAIP Business Model

Intermediate result area Business model

(CAADP Pillars)
Intermediate Result Area 1:  A combination of public investment and
Increasing production and private investment;
productivity through improved  The government has to invest in policy
management and sustainable use alignment and institutional reforms to ensure
of land, water, forestry and that there is effective monitoring and
wildlife resources enforcement of natural resource conservation
regulations, and that land management
policies make it possible for the private sector
to invest;
 Investment in policy alignment and
institutional reforms;
 Development partner assistance not only in

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 development finance but technical
backstopping;

Intermediate Result Area 2:  Public investment in infrastructure;

Increased participation of  Private public partnerships and FDI in
farmers in domestic and export projects with significant capital outlays;
markets through development of  Direct private sector finance to farmers
an efficient agricultural marketing  Farmer payments to specific services to be
system and an enabling channeled towards development.
environment for competitive  Investment in policy alignment and policy
agricultural production reforms
 Development partner assistance not only in
development finance but technical
backstopping;
Intermediate Result Area 3:  Public investments in policy analysis and
Ensuring food and nutrition advice;
security by facilitating a cohesive  Public and development partner financing of
multi-sectoral agricultural institutions strengthening for enhancement of
response national capacity for food and nutrition
security;
 Public financing and development partner
assistance in strengthening and enhancing
food safety and standards, assessment and
early warning systems;
 Public financing and Development
partner(donors and NGOs) assistance of
public assistance programmes for vulnerable
groups

Intermediate Result Area 4:  Public finance for farming technology

Improving access to appropriate development (research), extension services,
agricultural technologies to and strengthening agriculture education
increase productivity for systems.
improving food and nutrition  Investment in policy alignment to stimulate
security and incentivize both public and private
sector involvement
 Farmer funding(payment for) of research and
extension services

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 5. CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION AND COORDINATION
OF ZAIP

5.1 Strategic issues on implementation and coordination of ZAIP

For successful implementation of ZAIP, there is need for clarity on roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders during the investment period. The major
functions of an implementation and coordination mechanism are:
 Implementation: Plan, facilitate and coordinate the day-to-day
management of the programme and the reporting mechanisms. This will
also include the tasks of developing specific programmes and projects
which will be part of the ZAIP, regional and continental implementation
support activities of CAADP;
 Mobilize Investment Finance: Facilitate and promote the necessary
intermediation, partnerships, due diligence processes, deal making and
structuring as well as national budget engagement processes as needed
to mobilize resources for prepared investment opportunities;
 Capacity Development: Establish priorities for institutional capacity
development for key players involved in implementing ZAIP and
supporting capacity development efforts;
 Policy engagement: Provide space and support to various stakeholders
in the processes of policy engagement with government and promoting
efforts to align policy and regulatory reforms with ZAIP investment plans;
and,
 Performance management and impact enhancement: which
includes monitoring and evaluation, capacity development, networking, as
well as developmentof knowledgeplatforms, communication and social
marketing strategies.

5.2 Institutions Involved in ZAIP Implementation

The implementation of ZAIP shall be through representatives from the Core

Government Ministries, Private Sector, Farmer Unions, Bankers Association and National

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Federation of NGOs. The key stakeholders shall be encouraged to second staff to the
ZAIP Project Management and Coordination Unit.

5.3 Coordination of ZAIP implementation

The development of ZAIP has been premised on a participatory and inclusive

engagement of all the relevant actors in the agricultural sector, hence ensuring a
shared ownership of the process and outcomes.

Effective participation of all key stakeholders during the implementation of the plan
(2013 – 2018) is crucial, providing a platform for effective policy dialogue, review and
shared responsibility, stronger and broadened partnerships, and strategic alliances with
regional integration initiatives ( COMESA and SADC).

ZAIP recognizes that the knowledge, skills, and capacities of the various agricultural
stakeholders are required in the implementation of the activities. The ZAIP
implementation framework shall facilitate the active participation of political leadership,
senior government officers, the private sector, development partners, the civil society
and local communities with regular feedback between implementing agencies as a way
of promoting learning and knowledge sharing (Figure 14). In this regard, the
coordination framework shall consist of the Agriculture Sector Inter-Ministerial
Committee (ASIMC), Agricultural Sector Steering Committee (ASSC), Thematic Working
Groups (TWG), Provincial Agriculture Sector Coordination Committee (PASCC), and
District Agriculture Sector Implementation Committee (DASIC).

5.3.1 Agriculture Sector Inter-Ministerial Committee (ASIMC)

The agricultural sector has responsibilities spread across various ministries. In the case
of Zimbabwe the key ministries involved in agriculture are the Ministry of Agricultural
Mechanization and Irrigation Development, Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement,
and the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. For the purposes of addressing
policy and providing the strategic direction for implementing ZAIP, it is proposed that
these core ministries establish the Agriculture Sector Inter-Ministerial Committee
(ASIMC). It is also proposed that the Ministries of Finance, Economic Planning and

83
Investment Promotion and the Ministry of Industry and Commerce be incorporated in
the subcommittee given their potential to influence the success of the program
implementation. In view of the fact that the Ministry of Agricultural, Mechanization and
Irrigation Development has a relatively larger stake in ZAIP implementation, it is
recommended that MAMID chairs ASIMC.

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Figure 7: Proposed ZAIP Implementation structure

Agriculture Sector

Inter-Ministerial Committee
(ASIMC)

ZAIP Project Agricultural Sector Thematic

management and Steering Committee Working Groups (TWGs)
coordination (ASSC)  ZAIP Pillar I
 ZAIP Pillar II
unit/Secretariat
 ZAIP Pillar III
 ZAIP Pillar IV

Provincial Agriculture Sector

Coordination Committee
(PASCC)

District Agriculture Sector

Implementation Committee
(DASIC)
Representatives of:
 Private Sector (Banks, Traders, Processors)
 Core Agriculture Sector Ministries
 Farmer Organizations
 Consultants, NGOs,
 Development Partners

The ASIMC shall be a forum for:

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  Reviewing progress in the implementation of ZAIP.
 Sector policy deliberations and direction, coordinating ZAIP, and harmonizing
programme implementation to ensure alignment to national policies and
strategic grogrammes, such as the ZIMASSET.
 Ensure that ZAIP investment programmes are in line with sector policies.
 Map out solutions to structural, institutional and other constraints that require
redress to minimise derailment of ZAIP implementation;
 Review mechanisms that foster enhanced stakeholder participation in the
implementation process.
 Provide a forum for the sector –wide approach to planning and budgeting for
the agriculture sector.
 Mobilisation of funds and other resources for delivery of ZAIP programmes.

5.3.2 Agricultural Sector Steering Committee (ASSC)

At a technical level there will be need to set up an Agricultural Sector Steering

Committee (ASSC) comprising Permanent Secretaries from the key ministries identified
above and senior representatives from selected organizations, including Chairs of all
TWGs, CZI, farmer organisations, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs),
development partners, Bankers Association of Zimbabwe (BAZ), Zimbabwe Council for
Higher Education (ZIMCHE) and the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC).
It is recommended that the MAMID Permanent Secretary chairs ASSC.

ASSC will report to the ASMIC and shall be responsible for interpreting Government
policy, present ZAIP implementation progress reports and providing input to guide the
inter-ministerial committee. In addition, ASSC will also facilitate prioritisation and fast-
tracking of the implementation of high-impact intervention areas, work with thematic
working groups to spearhead policy reforms and provide linkages and collaboration
among sector stakeholders as necessary. It will create an enabling forum for sector-
wide consultation from grassroots to the national level, and promote increased
participation of the private sector. The ASSC shall also be responsible for organizing
quarterly meetings of ASIMC to review ZAIP progress reports and recommendations to
enhance decision-making and implementation.

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The ASSC shall focus on:-
 Interpreting the policy formulated by Cabinet and ASIMC;
 Providing professional advice to ASIMC;
 Coordinating ZAIP implementation;
 Coordinating the Monitoring and Evaluation function;
 Formulating draft policies for consideration by ASIMC after receiving input from
TWG and Provincial Agricultural Sector Coordination Committee (PASCCs).
 Providing guidance to the PASCCs.

In order to ensure follow up on the above and sector representation, it is recommended

that ASSC shall establish a Secretariat in MAMID, consisting of staff seconded from the
core agriculture sector ministries and selected stakeholders.

5.3.3 Thematic Working Groups (TWGs)

The Thematic Working Groups (TWGs), arranged along the CAADP pillars, shall provide
demand-driven technical support and professional advice to the ASSC and assist in
strengthening advocacy for adoption of recommended policies. Each TWG shall include
relevant Directors from the core ministries and senior level representatives from the
private sector, farmer organisations, non-state actors and the academia. Members of
the TWG shall elect their chairperson from either the public or private sector.
Additional experts shall be invited to contribute as and when the need arises.

The TWGs are expected to analyze the following:

 TWG1: Sustainable Land and Water Management issues, including outstanding
land tenure concerns and increasing adoption of conservation agriculture,
increasing the irrigated area, and reduction of deforestation.
 TWG2: Improve Market Access, including enhanced market intelligence,
infrastructure development, and strengthening agricultural finance services and
processing.

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  TWG3: Ensuring Food and Nutrition security, including improved access to
inputs, crop husbandry practices and marketing of staple foods and
strengthening nutrition information.
 TWG4: Increasing Demand-driven Research and Extension with emphasis on
improving the linkages between beneficiaries, researchers and extension officers,
leading to better utilization of available resources.

The TORs of each TWG are:

 Further analysis of constraints and proposed activities for successful program
implementation.
 Provision of professional advice to ASSC.
 Enhance advocacy for policies for successful implementation of ZAIP.
 Strengthening private sector and other non-state actor support of ZAIP.
 Aid in monitoring and review of performance of ZAIP implementation.

5.3.4 Provincial Agriculture Sector Coordination Committee (PASCC)

Even though the implementation of ZAIP shall largely focus at district level, there are
practical limitations in directly coordinating so many districts (63). In the interim,
Provincial Agricultural Sector Coordination Units shall be established to coordinate
implementation of ZAAIP through the districts. The PASCCs shall be involved in:-
 Information dissemination to the districts;
 Collating data from the districts for submission to ASSC and TWG;
 Monitoring program implementation and performance.

The PASCC will be made up of senior provincial representatives of the core agriculture
sector ministries, private sector, farmer organizations, NGOs, and District Chair Persons.
Members of PASCCs will elect the Chairperson, from the private sector, or NGO or
government to preside over quarterly meetings.

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5.3.5 District Agriculture Sector Implementation Committee (DASIC)

Provincial consultations revealed a desire for decentralization in the implementation of

ZAIP. In this regard, the DASIC shall be responsible for coordinating ZAIP
implementation at the district level.
 Work with key stakeholders in developing the joint ZAIP work plans;
 Coordinating ZAAIP implementation at district level;
 Contribute to the monitoring and evaluation of ZAIP implementation;
 Identify constraints and strengths of ZAIP implementation and make
recommendations to improve implementation;
 Submit periodic ZAIP implementation progress reports to the PASCCs;
 Promote effective two-way communication channels between the key
stakeholders;

5.3.6 ZAIP ProjectManagementand Coordination Unit/Secretariat

ZAIP as a programme needs a secretariat responsiblefor planning, programming,
budgeting and for day-to-day implementation of activities. The secretariat will be an
independent standalone unit servicing the other units. Three individuals will staff it: a)
the ZAIP Programme Manager who is also a performance management specialist; b)
ProgrammeOfficer (Proposal development and implementation) c) Programme Officer
(M&E Specialist); and d) the Budget and Finance Officer. TORs and other roles and
responsibilities for these positions will be developed by the Project Manager and
approved by the steering committee.

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CHAPTER SIX: ASSUMPTIONS, EXTERNAL FACTORS AND RISKS

6.1 Assumptions/External Factors Continue from here on Friday

(20 June 2014)
ZAIP will operate in an environment where some conditions are beyond the control of
the programme management. In order to attain the expected results, ZAIP will be
implemented under some key assumptions, including:
 Key macroeconomic indicators (exchange rate, interest rate, inflation) will continue
to be stable to encourage investment and provision of essential services. For
example, farm profitability could be undermined by an appreciation of the real
exchange rate leading to reduction in investment.
 Favourable international commodity prices to promote investment in important
commodities, such as, cotton and tobacco.
 Favourable political environment for increased investment.
 Adoption of favourable land tenure that is transferable and acceptable as collateral
for loans.
 Significant injection of fiscal resources and foreign aid for the revitalization of public
infrastructure and agricultural research and extension services
 The weather conditions shall be on average suitable for implementation of the
planned activities and attainment of the expected results.
 There will be good infrastructure for implementation of activities and provision of
needed services.

If these conditions are not prevailing, they will delay or prevent full attainment of the
results and objectives of ZAIP.

6.2 Risks to ZAIP

ZAIP will be implemented under a number of risks that would affect the attainment of
outputs and objectives. ZAIP conducted preliminary risk analysis of the various
components and developed the preliminary Risk Management Matrix (RMM). Table 13
identifies key potential risks that may affect the programme and the operations, and
outlines preliminary strategies for risk management and mitigation. The key
stakeholders and the secretariat shall refine the risks during the launch phase of ZAIP.

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Table 13: Preliminary Risk Management Matrix
Risk Event Risk Consequence Risk Mitigation Responsibility
Strategy
Component 1: Increasing the Area under Sustainable Land and Forestry Management and
Irrigation:
Transferable farmland  Farmers have no  Strengthen advocacy for  All agriculture
title deeds are rejected acceptable review of farmland laws stakeholders
collateral to access and regulations
credit
 Low investment in
farming
Small increase in the  Increase in soil  Strengthen practical  Providers of
area under erosion and skills in conservation extension services
conservation agriculture degradation farming
 Reduction in
productivity
Inadequate funds to  Limited access to  Strengthen advocacy  Agriculture sector
develop appropriate water for irrigation for increased budget ministries
irrigation water  Low production of allocation to irrigation  ASSC
distribution network irrigated crops development  Development
 Lobby for increased partners
donor support  Private sector
Inappropriate and  Low adoption of  Strengthen advocacy  Agriculture sector
expensive irrigation irrigation for appropriate credit ministries
technologies technologies for irrigation  ASSC
 Low production of development  Development
irrigated crops  Strengthen training in partners
production under  Private sector
irrigation
Limited resources and  Environmental  Strengthen advocacy  Agriculture sector
commitment of to degradation for enforcement and ministries
enforce forestry & wild continues sanctions against  ASSC
life laws and regulations  Reduction in violators  Development
productivity and  Strengthen role of partners
incomes traditional leaders in  Private sector
resource management
Farmers not adopting  Environmental  Provide incentives for  Agriculture sector
sustainable natural degradation adoption of sustainable ministries
resource management continues land management  ASSC
practices  Reduction in  Development
productivity and partners
incomes  Private sector
Climate hazards  Reduced  Strengthen climate  Agriculture sector
constrain increase in productivity and smart agriculture to ministries
productivity production enhance adaptation  ASSC
and mitigation.  Development
partners
 Private sector

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 Risk Event Risk Consequence Risk Mitigation Responsibility
Strategy
Component 2: Increasing access to improved agricultural market and trade related
infrastructure
Inadequate funds to  Limited competition  Strengthen advocacy for  Agriculture sector
improve rural roads and among service increased budget ministries
market infrastructure to providers allocation to rural  ASSC
major production areas  High cost of infrastructure  Development
services development partners
 Strengthen advocacy  Private sector
for increased donor
support
Private sector is  Reduced farmer  Strengthen market  Agriculture sector
unresponsive services information ministries
 Limited input supply  Provide tax incentives  ASSC
and market  Improve rural roads and  Development
 Reduced outputs market infrastructure to partners
and incomes reduce costs  Private sector
Policy & regulatory  Increased  Strengthen advocacy  Agriculture sector
environment hampers competitiveness key for improved ministries
competitiveness for development agricultural  ASSC
 Reduced outputs development  Development
and outcomes environment partners
 Strengthen advocacy  Private sector
for reduction of market
distortions (subsidies,
food aid and price
fixing)
Farmer interest groups  Reduced outputs  Strengthen capacity-  ASSC
unable to provide and outcomes building for farmer  Private sector
tangible services  Weak interest groups  Farmer groups
representation in  Agriculture sector
decision-making on ministries
key issues  Development
partners
E-information systems  Limited sources of  Experience sharing with  ASSC
not sustainable timely information countries that have  Private sector
 Reduction in successful E-  Farmer groups
efficiency of information systems  Agriculture sector
agricultural markets  Promote private sector ministries
based E-information  Development
systems partners
Farmers not committed  Low pay back of  Focus on farmers with  Agriculture sector
to agriculture credit agricultural credits land security ministries
responsibilities  Inadequate credit  Strengthen training to  ASSC
allocated to instill credit discipline  Development
agriculture sector partners
 Private sector
Limited interest by  Inadequate  Provide incentives to  Agriculture sector
financial institutions to agricultural finance reduce credit risks ministries
provide adequate services available  Strengthen training for  ASSC
agricultural finance staff in financial  Development
services institutions partners
 Private sector
High costs of credit  Reduced uptake of  Strengthen mobilization  Agriculture sector
reduces viability credit by farmers of rural savings ministries
 High default rate  Strengthen mobilization  ASSC
of international  Development

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 concessional partners
development finance  Private sector
 Strengthen tax and RBZ  RBZ
incentives on
agriculture loans

Risk Event Risk Consequence Risk Mitigation Strategy Responsibility

Component 3: Increasing Food Supply and Reducing Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
a) Poor targeting  Inputs and services  Up/out scale GoZ, non state actors
of subsidized inputs not reaching target distribution of input & Donors
and Services beneficiaries vouchers to buy from
 Low productivity local agents
among the target  Promote adoption
beneficiaries of improved food storage
 High levels of food to reduce losses
insecurity and  Increase nutrition
malnutrition information
b) Inadequate  High food insecurity  Up/out scale GoZ, non state actors
access to food for and malnutrition distribution of food & Donors
vulnerable people among vulnerable vouchers to buy form
people local shops
c) Input and output  Late delivery of  Strengthen GMB GoZ, non state actors
market challenges inputs Management of Strategic & Donors
 High postharvest Food Reserves
losses  Facilitate market to
 Late payment for determine commodity
commodities prices

Component 4: Improving Agricultural Research, Technology Dissemination and Adoption

a) Limited  Weak capacity to  Strengthen GoZ, non state actors
technical services generate agricultural training,, & Donors
(Research and technologies. Research, Extension
 Weak capacity to institutions
Extension) provision
disseminate  Incentives to retain
to the sector. technologies. experienced staff.
 Enhance
mentoring.
b) Inadequate  Inappropriate  Strengthen GoZ, non state actors
demand-driven technologies research-extension- & Donors
research disseminated farmer linkage
c) Inadequate practical  Low farmer uptake Retrain extension GoZ, non state actors
skills of extension of technologies workers & Donors
workers
d) Inadequate  Inadequate practical Up/out scale Lead GoZ, non state actors
Lead Farmer Field skills Farmer Field Schools & Donors
Schools  Low productivity

Programme management/implementation and other risks

ASSC not functioning  ZAIP not well  Competitive Agriculture sector
effectively coordinated and recruitment/attachment ministries
managed and remuneration of ASSC
staff Development partners
 Output based contracts Private sector
and monitoring of staff
Service providers not  Key aspects of ZAIP  Transparent/competitive Agriculture sector
able to deliver outputs components not procurement of services ministries

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achieving results  Output based contracts ASSC
and monitoring Development partners
Private sector

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 CHAPTER SEVEN: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring and evaluation of the performance of the sector‟s programmes and

institutions helps to increase their effectiveness and provides increased accountability
and transparency during programme implementation. Over the years, there has been
lack of consensus or shared understanding on the functions, objectives, purposes, roles,
responsibilities and structures for monitoring and evaluation. This often leads to
duplication of efforts not only amongst Government monitoring and evaluation systems
but also between government and non-government systems. In addition, public sector
monitoring and evaluation system is constrained by limited human, physical and
financial resources.

7.1 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

To harmonise efforts, there is need to adopt the participatory monitoring and evaluation
(PME). The PME enables representatives of key stakeholders to participate in
measuring, collecting data, processing and communicating to the ASSC the progress
being made in achieving the objectives and outputs, and also indicate whether the
operations, performance and impact are on schedule. In order to enhance objectivity,
the ASSC, in consultation with TWGs, shall develop the terms of reference for the
baseline and the PME, coordinate the identification of competitively identified
professional institution(s) to conduct the PME, and facilitate the review of the report.
There is also need to conduct gender auditing as a means to monitor gender budgeting
processes.

7.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements

The following monitoring and evaluation arrangements shall be put in place to assess
the progress at output and outcome levels:
 Baseline survey shall be conducted at the commencement of the ZAIP. The baseline
survey should be contracted out to institutions with adequate skills and experience.

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 Output and outcome indicators will be finalised in a stakeholder workshop shortly
after launching the ZAIP.
 Development of ZAIP PME, consisting of evidence–based monitoring and evaluation
system to track inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes of ZAIP.
 The key monitoring and evaluation reports shall include the following:
 Monthly progress reports to be presented in monthly meetings
 Quarterly progress reports to be presented in quarterly meetings
 Annual progress reports to be presented in annual meetings
 Midterm progress report to be presented in the third year
 End of program evaluation to establish the impact of ZAIP

The ZAIP Secretariat will develop a common reporting framework in consultation with
Thematic Working Groups and the relevant stakeholders. Monthly reports shall be
consolidated into quarterly reports for dissemination to all key stakeholders

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 6. CHAPTER EIGHT: ZAIP INDICATIVE BUDGET 2013-
2017

The development of ZAIP was guided by priority intermediate result areas and
illustrative activities identified in the provincial consultations and literature review
(Chapter 4). The ZAIP budget is based on the prevailing market prices of inputs and
services needed to implement the key activities under each expected result. ZAIP
budgeting process shall take into consideration issues of gender budgeting. In some
cases, a block amount is allocated to address the estimated funding gap. In order to
reflect the regional priorities, the costs of inputs for each activity are captured by the
natural regions (High Rainfall, Medium Potential and Semi-Arid) where they are likely to
make maximum impact. Furthermore, the components of ZAIP budget are aligned to
the four CAADP Pillars, so as to objectively guide the mapping of specific items/activities
to be funded, as well as the dominant actors under each Pillar to maximise returns from
targeted funding.

ZAIP assumes that the expenditures will grow progressively over the plan horizon with
a phase - in framework that initially allows for growth to come from realignment of the
existing resources to implement the quick wins and then accelerate the increase in the
budget up to the peak in 2015. Thereafter, the ZAIP budget shall increase at a
decreasing rate. This expenditure phase – in profile is premised on the assumption that
during the early phases of the implementation of the plan, most of the costs will be
associated with addressing policy distortions, logistical issues and capacity-building for
practical skills. The major activities, especially infrastructure rehabilitation, shall be
implemented between the second and fourth years of ZAIP implementation.

It is also important to note that the estimated ZAIP Budget is a conservative figure
given that the investments required to support agricultural input and product market
infrastructure, such as rural roads, rail lines, communication, and development of the
irrigation potential, such as costs associated with water distribution system (dams,
water ways) and electricity supply, have not yet been fully estimated. These activities
are capital intensive, requiring a thorough technical review and civil works assessment

97
before commencement of the various activities, and therefore, a tentative block
allocation is included, pending commissioning of civil engineering survey to guide
proper costing of the requisite investment.

6.1 Estimated Budget

The Minister of Finance noted that the agricultural sector requires more than US$2
billion per annum to take full advantage of its potential and that this can only be
achieved through joint efforts between the Government, the private sector and the
external partners (Budget Speech to Parliament).11 In view of the budgetary
constraints, the 2012 National Budget (US$4 billion) allocated only US$317.2 million or
8% of total public expenditure ) to the agriculture sector,12 i.e., the budget allocation to
the sector is still below the CAADP threshold of at least 10%. Moreover, most of the
2012 agriculture sector budget (US$317.2 million) consists of recurrent expenditure
(emoluments) and input and maize marketing subsidies, leaving little or no room for
realignment of the budget to address the priority areas of ZAIP. In addition,
development partners are expected to provide approximately US$184 million through
non state actors. This implies that in 2012 approximately US$501.2 million was
allocated for agriculture sector development.

6.2 Budget Scenarios

Recognizing Zimbabwe‟s limitations in mobilizing the required resources, the ZAIP

budget focused on specific investment interventions to support the sector‟s growth in
the short and medium term. Table 17 presents three budget scenarios: (1) increase
sector budget to 10% of the national budget and increase development partner support
(green, blue and red line items), (2) maintain the current national budget allocations
and development partner support to the agriculture sector (green line items), and (3)
increase national budget allocation to 10% and maintain current development partner
support (green and blue line items).

11
Ministry of Finance, Hon T. Biti, 2012 National Budget Statement, page 26.
12
Based CAADP definition, this includes MAMID, Lands and Rural Development, Waters Resources and
Development, Environment and Natural Resources Management.

98
 Table 17: ZAIP Budget Summary
INVESTMENT PROGRAMME 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total %
1.0 Increasing production and productivity through improved management and sustainable use of land, water, forestry and 157,041,00 259,735,00
362,429,000 163,041,000 114,694,000 1,056,940,000 22.53
wildlife resources 0 0

1.1 Enhance land tenure security through modifications to the 99 years leases 450,000 750,000 1,050,000 450,000 300,000 3,000,000
1.2 Surveying and demarcation of farms 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 35,000,000
1.3 Rehabiliation of existing priority sources of water (dams, rivers, boreholes), for irrigation 15,000,000 25,000,000 35,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000
1.4 Rehabilitation of irrigation 135,001,500 225,002,500 315,003,500 135,001,500 90,001,000 900,010,000
1.5 Surveying and designing water and electricity distribution system to serve new land ownership 300,000 500,000 700,000 300,000 200,000 2,000,000
1.6 Conduct a study to quantify Small and Large scale irrigation infrastructure 289,500 482,500 675,500 289,500 193,000 1,930,000
1.7 Strengthen law enforcement for forestry, fisheries and wild life management 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000

2.0 Increased participation of farmers in domestic and export markets through development of an efficient agricultural
408,970,99 681,618,32
marketing system and an enabling environment for competitive agricultural production, investment (Domestic and FDI) and 2 0
954,265,648 408,970,992 272,647,328 2,726,473,280 58.13
Trade
2.1 Promote rural savings, domestic lending and international credit 52,500,000 87,500,000 122,500,000 52,500,000 35,000,000 350,000,000
2.2 Contract farming-credit schemes (tobacco, sugar, soya and cotton) 134,335,295 223,892,158 313,449,021 134,335,295 89,556,863 895,568,630
2.3 Crop and livestock insurance schemes 481,500 802,500 1,123,500 481,500 321,000 3,210,000

2.4 Operationalising the Warehouse System and ZIMACE 750,000 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 5,000,000

2.5 Commodity association competitiveness development 8,055,000 13,425,000 18,795,000 8,055,000 5,370,000 53,700,000
2.6 Concessionary Development Finance through PPPs 60,000,000 100,000,000 140,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 400,000,000
2.7 Strengthen market information 672,000 1,120,000 1,568,000 672,000 448,000 4,480,000
2.8 Internet/ Mobile based crop and livestock prices dissemination 36,000 60,000 84,000 36,000 24,000 240,000
2.9 Rehabilitation of Government livestock facilities 420,000 700,000 980,000 420,000 280,000 2,800,000
2.10 Baseline survey to prioritise the key market infrastructure (feeder roads, rail lines, electricity) 7,500 12,500 17,500 7,500 5,000 50,000
2.11 Improving transport, market and storage infrastructure 1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
2.12 Rehabilitation of 18000km or rural roads 148,653,698 247,756,163 346,858,628 148,653,698 99,102,465 991,024,650
2.13 More communal farmers adopt contract farming 1,560,000 2,600,000 3,640,000 1,560,000 1,040,000 10,400,000

3.0 Increasing food supply, reduce food insecurity and malnutrition among vulnerable people, and strengthen responses to
52,715,000 87,525,000 122,335,000 52,715,000 35,310,000 350,600,000 7.47
food crisis
3.1 Policy instruments which protect and enhance food and nutrition security particularly amongst the most 3.2 vulnerable are formulated and
1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
inform government and non government decision making
3.2 Ensuring that where social protection (including social assistance programmes) is implemented, it must contribute and enhance nutrition
47,790,000 79,650,000 111,510,000 47,790,000 31,860,000 318,600,000
and food security of the most vulnerable in the short and medium term.
3.3 Ensuring the provision of safe and wholesome food to all. Consequently, all food whether imported or locally produced, shall meet both
1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
national public health legislation and international standards for quality safety.
3.4 Ensuring a national integrated food and nutrition security information system that not only provides timely and reliable information on
750,000 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 5,000,000
food and nutrition security situation and effectiveness of programmes but also informs decision-making.
3.5 Enhancing and strengthening national capacity in food and nutrition security, primarily through supporting and reinforcing local
community capacity and responsibility for food and nutrition security, applied context-specific research and learning and multi-sectoral 675,000 1,125,000 1,575,000 675,000 450,000 4,500,000
professional training in food and nutrition security.
3.6 Policy instruments which protect and enhance food and nutrition security particularly amongst the most vulnerable are formulated and
500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 2,500,000
inform government and non government decision making
102,316,77
4.0 Improving Agricultural Research, Technology Dissemination and Adoption 70,177,075
9
143,243,490 61,390,067 40,926,712 418,054,122 8.91

4.1 Retrain extension workers and farmers (private, public & NGO) 15,405,960 25,676,600 35,947,240 15,405,960 10,270,640 102,706,400
4.2 Disseminate extension messages (print, TV, radio, e-extension) 16,426,600 644,400 902,160 386,640 257,760 18,617,560

1
4.3. Strengthen farmer - extension linkages 10,326,525 17,210,875 24,095,225 10,326,525 6,884,350 68,843,500
4.4 Capacity building for farmers using lead farmers 4,284,467 7,140,779 9,997,090 4,284,467 2,856,312 28,563,115
4.5 Refurbish existing and develop additional appropriate research infrastructure and systems 25 000 000 18 000 000 11 500 000 7 800 000 6 500 000 6 300 000
4.6. Enhance Research & extension interface 956,475 1,594,125 2,231,775 956,475 637,650 6,376,500
4.7 Livestock development (Breeding Stock) 10,771,105 25,025,000 35,035,000 15,015,000 10,010,000 95,856,105
4.8 Design manuals for best practices in crop, livestock production 4,284,467 5,000,000 7,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 20,000,000
4.9 Review of tuition materials for extension staff 956,475 25,000 35,000 15,000 10,000 100,000
4.10 In-service training for public extension staff 3,000,000 6,250,000 8,750,000 3,750,000 2,500,000 25,000,000
4.11 Re-equip training institutes 15,000 12,500,000 17,500,000 7,500,000 5,000,000 50,000,000
4.12 Strengthen farmer associations 3,750,000 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 5,000,000

5.0 Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation 20,740,889 34,568,148 48,395,407 20,740,889 13,827,259 138,272,590 2.95

5.1 Coordination and implementation 12,444,533 20,740,889 29,037,244 12,444,533 8,296,355 82,963,554
5.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 8,296,355 13,827,259 19,358,163 8,296,355 5,530,904 55,309,036
709,644,95 1,165,763,2
Grand total 1,630,668,545 706,857,948 477,405,299 4,690,339,992 100
5 46
Key:
Budget Scenario II: Blue line items to be funded if national budget allocation increases to at least 10%
Budget Scenario III: Green line items based on the current national budget allocation and Development Partner support
Budget Scenario I: Red line items to be funded if development partner support increases

2
 6.2.1 Increased Budget Allocation and Development Partner
Support to the Agriculture Sector

Between 2013 and 2018, the estimated total ZAIP budget is US$4.69 billion (Table
17). Stakeholders identified the development of an efficient agricultural marketing
system as a major priority to strengthening the efficiency and recovery of the
agricultural sector in Zimbabwe. In order to address this constraint, ZAIP has
allocated the largest proportion of the budget (58.13%). The private sector is
expected to provide approximately US$896 million of agricultural credit through
contract farming of tobacco, sugar, soya beans and cotton production. In view of
the improving economic environment and incentives, the beneficiaries are also
expected to contribute approximately US$ 205 million, i.e., at least 10% per year.
Even then, there will still be inadequate agricultural credit in the financial system,
especially for those operating outside the contract farming and for medium and
long-term capital. Therefore, the government shall mobilize concessionary finance
(approximately US$400 million)13 through public private partnership (PPP).

ZAIP has also allocated approximately 21.1% (US$991 million) towards rehabilitation
of rural roads and market infrastructure.14This allocation is designed to create the
enabling environment for the private sector to take the lead role in agriculture
development, especially through reduction of the wear and tear and encouraging
competition among transporters.

The second largest proportion of the ZAIP budget 22.5% (US$1 billion) has been
assigned towards increasing the area under sustainable land management and
irrigation. The major proportion (U$900 million) of this budget has been devoted
towards the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure to irrigate at least 70,000
hectares of the land that was previously under wheat and horticulture production

13The Government shall work with the private sector to mobilize low interest funds to be channelled
through the public and private sector financial institutions.
14The budget for rural roads is channelled outside the agriculture sector ministries. This implies that the

ZAIP agriculture sector budget is approximately US$3.7 billion.

3
and also expand contract production of sugar cane for ethanol production. In view of
the importance of building consensus, the ZAIP budget has allocated approximately
US$3 million and US$35 million for convening consultations to review the current
land tenure laws and to conduct farm land survey to formalize the ownership of
land, respectively.

In order to enhance food security and emergency preparedness, ZAIP has

committed U$350.6 million (7.47%) of the budget towards this responsibility. ZAIP
shall encourage the Government and Development Partners to invest in programmes
that target the needy and vulnerable segments of society, so as to minimise the
exposure to food insecurity. However, ZAIP shall focus on adoption of non–market
distorting interventions. In the case of small scale farmers with no capacity to buy
inputs, beneficiaries shall work for input vouchers on public works programmes to
enable them buy inputs from local agents. ZAIP shall also assist vulnerable people
to obtain food vouchers to buy food from local shops and farmers. In the drought
prone agro-ecological zones, ZAIP shall promote community-based multiplication and
distribution of drought resistant seed. In addition, ZAIP shall strengthen the early
warning systems to improve information generation, dissemination, planning, and
decision-making to mitigate the adverse effects of drought and climatic change.

ZAIP has also allocated 8.91% (US$418 million) of the budget towards improving
dissemination and adoption of new agricultural technologies. In view of the public
sector budgetary and human resource limitations, ZAIP shall focus on demand-
driven adaptive research and strengthening transfer of practical skills to farmers to
improve crop and livestock productivity. In order to realign the skills of extension
workers to the ever changing circumstances of the agricultural sector, particularly
post land reform, ZAIP has allocated 24.5% (US$102.7 million) of the budget line to
retraining extension workers and farmers.

In order to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, ZAIP shall support multiple delivery
channels (public, NGO and the private sector) to strengthen research and increase
the reach and the value of extension services. In this regard, the reach of extension

4
services and practical skills shall be enhanced through Lead Farmer Field Schools.
This will enable farmers to quickly increase production of economic volumes and
compete in domestic and regional markets.

In order to emphasize the importance of strengthening demand-driven research and

extension services, ZAIP has provided for increased resource allocation. The 2012
Budget allocated US$16.6 million for research, dissemination and extension services,
whilst the ZAIP has provided for US$68.84 million to this key-productivity enhancing
activity, implying that ZAIP has higher resource leverage potential to deliver a
meaningful impact towards raising yield levels, and hence agriculture output in the
short to medium term.

All key stakeholders (public sector, private sector, Development Partners, and Non
State Actors) shall be involved in the implementation of ZAIP. In order to maximise
synergies and minimize duplication, ZAIP budget has allocated US$138 million (3%)
to strengthen coordination of implementation and tracking of the implementation of
the planned activities and the emerging impacts.

6.2.2 Current National Budget Allocation and Development

Partner Support to the Agriculture Sector

This scenario is based on the assumption that no additional funds will be available
for ZAIP implementation and that the available funds (US$500 million per year) shall
be realigned to focus on key priority areas. Furthermore, the Government shall
create the enabling environment to encourage the private sector increase
investment in the sector. Under these circumstances, the ZAIP budget shall mainly
focus on green line items in Table 17.

The ZAIP budget shall mainly consist of activities to reduce food security and
malnutrition, increase capacity utilization of research and extension services with a
view to strengthening access to appropriate technologies and practical skills,

5
strengthening motoring and evaluation, and implement selected activities in ZAIP
components II and I.

The total budget shall be reduced to approximately US$1.642 billion. While this
budget will utilize the quick wins to contribute to initial increase in productivity and
sector growth, it will not lay the foundation for increased irrigation and development
of rural infrastructure, the basis of further growth and competitiveness of the sector.

6.2.3 Increase National Budget Allocation and Maintain

Development Partner Support to the Agriculture Sector

Zimbabwe has endorsed CAAP and is committed to allocation of at least 10% of the
national budget to agriculture development to attain at least 6% sector growth per
annum. In the 2012, 10% allocation of the budget would have resulted in
approximately US$400 million being available for agriculture development, thereby
increasing the sector national budget by US$82.8 million over 2012 allocation. These
addition funds are for up/out scaling the activities in Scenario I and implementation
of additional activities (blue line items in Table 17), including facilitating preliminary
work on rural road and irrigation infrastructure. This will lead to significant impact
on the ZAIP short to medium programme outcomes.

6.3 Impact of the ZAIP Budget on the Agriculture Sector

The objective of ZIMASSET is to strengthen viability of the agricultural sector and

restore Zimbabwe as the bread basket of the region. In line with the ZIMASSET, the
overall objective of ZAIP is sustainable increase in crop and livestock productivity
based on the regional comparative advantage. ZAIP has targeted key investments
across the four CAADP Pillars to anchor sustainable recovery of the agriculture
sector: development of an efficient agricultural marketing system to facilitate
movement of inputs and produce; increasing the area under sustainable

6
management and irrigation; increasing food supply and access to food to reduce
food insecurity and malnutrition; and strengthening extension services to farmers.

These initiatives will be premised on the continuous investment towards increasing

crop and livestock productivity based on the comparative advantage of each region
(High Rainfall, Semi Arid and Arid Regions). In order to ensure increased reach and
sustainability of access to practical skills, selected extension staff (public, NGO and
private sector) shall be trained as trainers (1,000/natural region) of Lead Farmers of
farmer interest groups. Each trainer shall be expected to work with 20 Lead Farmers
from 20 interest groups, consisting of approximately 400 farmers, i.e., 3000
retrained extension workers shall cover approximately 1,200,000 farmers. 15 This will
enable farmers to take advantage of the opportunities created by increased access
to agricultural credit and improved rural roads and market information to increase
productivity and production by at least 50%, enabling farmers to be attractive to the
private sector, especially those that provide credit facilities, out-grower scheme
services, and marketing services.

The agricultural sector contribution to the GDP grew by 14.9% in 2009, 33.9% in
2010 and approximately 19.3% in 2011.16 Despite this impressive performance, the
Government of Zimbabwe is concerned that the country is not self sufficient in maize
production (1.8 million tons in 2011), the major staple food. In line with the
ZIMASSET projection, the agricultural sector shall grow rapidly in the first 2 years
largely due to quick gains from increased practical skills of farmers and access to
agricultural loans to buy key inputs. Thereafter, increased production shall largely
come from increased access to agricultural markets, irrigation development and
sustainable natural resources management. Table 18 indicates crop production
targets that are expected to contribute to the growth of the agricultural sector within
the next 5 years.

15The 2011/2012 MAMID Smallholder Farmer Agriculture Inputs, Extension and Market Support
Programme (August 2011), estimates that there are 1,534,396 small holder farmers consisting of:
1,403,651 – Communal (b) 107,625 – Old Resettlement, (c) 23,120-Small scale commercial.
16Agriculture Monitoring and Evaluation Sub Committee, November 2011, page 1,

7
Table 18: ZAIP Production Targets
Crop 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Maize 1850 1900 1950 2067 2191
Sugarcane 500 600 600 636 674
Tobacco 200 220 240 254 269
Cotton 330 347 363 385 408
Soya beans 120 140 160 175 186
Wheat 100 150 200 260 276
Horticulture 60 65 75 82 87
Beef 102 105 107 110 117
Overall growth 8.8 7 5.9 6 6
(%)
ZIMASSET(2013-2018) projected targets have been updated with previously attained
highest production levels

Assuming that the land under maize (2,096,035 ha in 2011) will remain constant
during the implementation of ZAIP, the ZIMASSET advocates for a general 50%
increase in average productivity, leading to production of 2.2 million metric tonnes in
2015.

While it is accepted that many small scale farmers will continue to be engaged in
subsistence production of maize, ZAIP shall focus on farmers and areas with
potential to generate significant marketable surplus for domestic and regional
markets, i.e., increase productivity to at least 3 tons17 per hectare in areas with
comparative advantage, such as Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland West,
leading to production of approximately 1.8 million tons of maize per annum from the
current area. If the other provinces maintain the current levels of subsistence
production, they will continue to produce approximately 700,000 tons of maize per
annum. This will enable the country to produce 2.5 million tons per annum,
surpassing the highest production level (2 million tons) that had been previously
attained. It is also possible to increase production of the other products based on
the comparative advantage of each region.

17Based on targets set in regional consultations

8
Given these positive developments and the complementary nature of investments in
the sector, the need for the adoption of most of the cost effective investment
choices cannot be over emphasized, for the attainment of a broad based and shared
growth path, and one that enhances poverty reduction. There is therefore need to
increase, and maintain investment outlays in the sector, to sustain the gains, as well
as their meaningful impact across the broad possibilities of back ward and forward
linkages with the rest of the economy.

There is no doubt, that maintaining a “business as usual” scenario in investment,

implying that the sector remains content with the current average yields of 0.7
tonnes/ha will continuously stretch production to marginal land to attain the target
production levels, leading to undesirable consequences on the land and the
environment. ZAIP assumes that the targeted farmers under the programme will
embrace farming as a business, and hence devote more time towards fulfilling the
requirements of a competitive farming enterprise responsibility, to meaningfully
contribute to overall agricultural GDP growth, and eventual economic well being of
the nation. This will enhance the country‟s prospects to attain the Millennium
Development Goal (MDG1) targets to reduce poverty and food insecurity by half by
2015. According to the Zimbabwe MDG Status Report, the country has made
significant progress, though the chances of meeting the target will be affected by
18
the lack of progress experienced prior to 2009.

In 2011, the GMB bought approximately 215,936 tons of maize at US$285/ton. The
total value of purchased maize was US$61,541,827. Assuming farmers in areas with
comparative advantage increase yield to 3 tons/hectare and the GMB adopts the
import parity price (US$170/tone), and therefore at least US$27 million could have
been saved and reallocated to productivity enhancing activities. At import parity
price, the processors will buy domestic maize as opposed to importing and therefore
the GMB role may be confined to that of maintaining the strategic reserves.

18
Zimbabwe CAADP Stock Taking Update: 2009 – 2011, page 22 (re – worded).

9
6.4 Impact of Donor funding on ZAIP Programme

The capacity of ZAIP to deliver on its targets will also depend on the availability of
counterpart funding from the private sector19 and Development Partners to support
complimentary investments to boost agricultural production and productivity as well
as enhance growth. Early private sector response to the emerging opportunities and
Development Partner funding shall enable the country to bring forward attainment of
some of the targets of ZAIP.

Over the years, Development Partners have been active in Zimbabwe‟s agriculture
sector, providing humanitarian assistance (social safety nets), through food relief
schemes, as well as support to market infrastructure, conservation farming, and
increasing crop and livestock productivity.20 The Ministry of Finance estimates that
between 2009 and 2011, Development Partners provided approximately US$552
million for agriculture sector development, i.e., an average of US$184 million per
annum. However, there is need for a review of the current levels of support the
development partners are rendering to the sector targets and the nature of their
current commitments thereby draw a guided framework for their contribution to
ZAIP programmes. This will assist in coordination and harmonization of their
activities with ZAIP so as to minimise duplication and deploy the resources towards
areas that are complementary to the investment plan.

6.5 Private Sector Contribution

The funding for the plan shall come from the Government, private sector, and
Development partners. The entry point for the private sector shall be through public
private partnerships (PPPs), especially in those areas where value addition, as well
19
The Technical Team did not obtain the actual private sector investment. However, the Government is expected to
increasingly take the role of the facilitator by providing an appropriate business -operating environment that allows
the private sector to prosper.
20
Development Partners and NGOs have to date been funding some aspects of agriculture that support higher
productivity and markets, as well as providing social safety nets to vulnerable segments of the society. The Technical
Team was not able to obtain information on the actual programme areas currently funded by Development
Partners in the agriculture sector and therefore, it will be important to undertake an objective assessment of the
programmes the donors are currently funding so as to identify those areas that add value, whilst minimizing
duplication of investments for maximum impact.

10
as direct equity interests in the agro – processing, agro – inputs, marketing etc. The
private sector shall provide approximately US$895.6 million to finance the key
activities of the plan and thereby contribute to reduction of the liquidity problems
affecting farmers.

7. CHAPTER NINE: NEXT STEPS

The following immediate steps are planned for the ZAIP start up period:
 Establishment of the ZAIP implementation structures particularly the
Management Coordination Unit and secretariat to spearhead development of
implementation plans with clear timelines and service the different
management committees;
 Further awareness-raising and sensitization of stakeholders about linkages
with CAADP processes, the ZIMASSET and ZAIP, clarifying the respective roles
and responsibilities;
 Capacity building in ZAIP planning and implementation;
 Harmonization and alignment of existing programmes and projects with the
ZAIP objectives, targets, and activities.
 Development of Performance management and impact enhancement system
which includes a monitoring and evaluation mechanism, capacity
development, networking, as well as development of communication and
social marketing strategies.

11
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Development as the Driver to Modernise Agriculture.
43) MAMID, (2009): Proceedings of the National Agricultural Stakeholders Conference. Harare, Zimbabwe.
44) Marongwe, N. (2006): Re- distributive Land Reform and Poverty Reduction in Zimbabwe. Working Paper for Research on
Livelihoods after Land Reform.
45) Matondi, P, B and Dekker, M: (2011); Land Rights and Tenure Security in Zimbabwe‟s Fast Track Land Reform Programme:
A synthesis report for LandAc. WS.320005.1.3.
46) Monitoring and Evaluation Sub Committee, (2011); State of Preparedness for the 2011/12 Season.
47) Moyo. S, and H. P Binswanger – Mukizhe: (2012); Recovery and Growth of Zimbabwe Agriculture. Draft
48) Mutonhodzo – Davies, C, (2010): The Political Economy of Cereal Seed Systems in Zimbabwe: Rebuilding the Seed System
in a Post Crisis Economy; Future Agricultures, Working Paper.
49) Pazvakavambwa (2009): Achieving Household and National Food Security in Zimbabwe.
50) Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) (2010); Zimbabwe Agricultural Sector Assessment Study; Zimbabwe Multi Donor Trust
Fund (ZMDTF).
51) PASS (2002): Poverty Assessment Study Surveys done by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare of the GoZ

14
52) Rukuni M., Nyoni J., Sithole, E., Matondi P. B., and Mutema M. (2009): Policy Options for Optimisation of the Use of Land for
Agricultural Productivity and Production in Zimbabwe. Agrarian Sector Technical Review Group (ASTRG), World Bank.
53) Scoones, et. al 2011 (check reference)
54) Ward Anseeuw, Tinashe Kapuya and Davies Saruchera (2011): Zimbabwe‟s Agricultural Reconstruction: Present State, On-
going Projects and Prospects for Reinvestment
55) Sukume C. and Guveya E., (2009): Improving Input and Output Markets for Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe. Study
Commissioned by the World Bank, Harare Office.
56) Tacoli C. (2004); Rural – Urban Linkages and Pro – poor Agricultural Growth: An Overview. Prepared for OECD DAC
POVNET. Agriculture and Pro – Poor Growth Task Force.
57) Tekere M., Hurungo J., and Rusare M. (2001): WTO Agreement on Agriculture: The Implementation Experience for
Zimbabwe. Study prepared for FAO.
58) UNDP (2010), Human Development Report Zimbabwe.
59) UNDP (2008), Human Development Report
60) UNDP (2008), Comprehensive Economic Recovery for Zimbabwe: A discussion Document. UNDP Country Office, Zimbabwe.
61) USAID, Zimbabwe (2010): HIV/AIDS Health Profile.
62) USAID, Zimbabwe (2012): Zimbabwe Agricultural and Rural Livelihood Financial Market Assessment, Volume I & II.
63) USAID, Zimbabwe (2010): Restoring Economic Agricultural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe (REALIZ): Baseline Survey Report.
64) Vudzijena V., (2009): Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Baseline Information Study. Prepared for the WB, Harare, Zimbabwe.
65) WHO [2008] check reference
66) WB Indicators for Zimbabwe, 2010
67) WB (2011): Practitioners Toolkit for Agriculture Public Expenditure Analysis. Report No. 60015 – GLB.
68) Weterings J., (2009); Speech presented at the MAMID Agricultural Stakeholders Workshop. Harare, Zimbabwe.
69) Wiebe K. D., Schimmelpfening D. E., and Soule M. J. (1998): Agricultural Policy, Investment and Productivity in Sub –
Saharan Africa: A comparison of commercial and smallholder sectors in Zimbabwe and South Africa. FAO, Economic and
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70) Zasa (2010): Zimbabwe Agricultural Assessment Study. Final Report, PWC.
71) Zimbabwe MDG Mid Term Progress Report [2007]

15
72) Zimbabwe Vulnerable Assessment Committee (ZimVac)(2011): Rural Livelihoods Assessment Report
73) Zikhali P. (2008): Fast Track Land Reform and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe. Discussion Paper Series: EfD DP 08 –
30.
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75) www.nationmaster.com/country/zi-zimbabwe/agr-agriculture
76) www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/y4632E/y4632E/y4632E0y.htm
77) www.tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/employment-in-agriculture-percent-of-total-employment-wb-data.html
78) www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp
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83) www.mepid.gov.zw/index/php

16
ANNEX 2: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX
Objectives Measurable indicators Means of Important
verification Assumptions
GOAL:

A prosperous, diverse and competitive agriculture sector, ensuring Agriculture growth rate. National economic growth Agriculture growth will impact
food and nutrition security and significantly contributing to statistics. food and nutritional security.
national development.
PURPOSE:

i. Assure national and household food security; Reduction in food insecurity. FEWS Net statistics Agriculture growth will impact
ii. Ensure that the existing agricultural resource base is maintained and food and nutritional security.
improved upon; Increase in land utilisation Conduct a study
iii. Generate income and employment to maximum feasible levels;
No adverse weather
iv. Increase agriculture sector contribution to the Gross Domestic Increase in agriculture income and employment conditions
Product (GDP); National Income statistics
v. Contribute to sustainable industrial development through the Agriculture contribution to GDP Other factors remain constant
provision of home-grown agricultural raw materials; and National Economic Statistics
vi. Expand significantly the sector's contribution to the national balance Agriculture contribution to GDP Other factors remain constant
of payments. National Economic Statistics
Other factors remain constant
Agriculture contribution to GDP National Economic Statistics

OUTPUTS:

1. Increased number of farms with appropriate title deeds. By 2016, at least 50% of the farmers will have Conduct a survey of farms All outstanding issues
obtained transferable 99-year lease farm land title with 99-year leases in 2016. surrounding the leases are
deeds. resolved by 2016.

Land audit to establish

2. Increased area under conservation agriculture and increased area By 2016, at least 50% of planted land shall be under Annual surveys of land irrigation requirements is
under irrigation. sustainable land management. under conservation carried out by 2016.
Area under irrigation increased from 102,000 agriculture and land under
hectares in 2012 to 175,000 hectares in 2016. irrigation.

By 2016, the loss of forestry and wildlife area will

have decreased (50%) from 327,000 hectares per
annum in 2012 to less than 165,000 hectares per Enforcement agents are
annum in 2016. capacitated to enforce
Conduct a survey of forestry regulations.
losses from 2014.
3. Increased area under sustainable forestry and wildlife management. By 2016, at least 50% of farmers will have access to Adequate funds allocated
good market infrastructure in areas with surplus from Government and Non

17
 production. Statistics from the Ministry State Actors.
of Transport.

4. Improved rural infrastructure in areas with surplus production. By 2016, agriculture associations/private sector able Conduct a survey in 2015.
to provide timely market information. Continued improvement in
the macro-economic
Establishment of operating commodity exchange Updates from farmer conditions.
organisations. Restrictions on selling of
selected commodities
removed.
5. Capacity of key marketing institutions strengthened. MAMID
By 2016, at least 50% of farmers have access to Improvement in liquidity
appropriate, adequate and timely finance for crop conditions.
and livestock production.
6. Commodity exchange established.
RBZ
Small scale farmers with no capacity to buy inputs
access inputs through the voucher system. Resources are availed by the
Government and Non State
Vulnerable people have access to food from the local Actors
7. Access to agricultural finance services improved. rural market through the voucher system.

By 2016, practical skills of all extension officers will Conduct an annual survey
have been strengthened. from 2013.

All extension workers (government, private, and

8. Increased food supply and reduced food insecurity and malnutrition NGO) are retrained Resources are availed by the
among vulnerable people. Government and Non State
At least 70% of farmers are trained Actors

At least 70% of trained farmers adopt sustainable Resources are availed by the
production practices Government and Non State
Conduct an annual survey Actors
from 2013 Resources are availed by the
Government and Non State
9. Access to appropriate agricultural technologies improved. Actors
Conduct an annual survey
10. Improved targeting of subsidized inputs and services. from 2013

11. Improved agricultural research and technology dissemination and Conduct an annual survey
adoption. from 2013
12. Improved practical skills in crop production. Conduct an annual survey
13. Improved practical skills in livestock production. from 2013

ACTIVITIES:

18
1. Land Title See Budget Resources are availed by the
1.1 Amend the land tenure laws to provide for transferable 99-year lease. Government, Non State
1.2 Conduct land surveys and set up decentralised land administration Actors and the private sector
structures.
1.3 Conduct consultations on compensation for inherited farm
infrastructure and improvements.
1.4 Compensate former land owners based on the recommendations from
the consultations.

2. Sustainable Land Use and Increased Irrigation

2.1 Promoting up/out scaling of adoption of conservation farming.
2.2 Identifying and adapting appropriate small-scale farmer labour saving
technologies for conservation farming.
2.3 Conducting a study to quantify the small and large scale irrigation
infrastructure to be rehabilitated, modernised and developed.
2.4 Surveying and redesigning of water and electricity distribution system
to serve the new farm land ownership.
2.5 Rehabilitation of existing priority sources of water for irrigation.

2.6 Mobilization of international concessional and private sector finance

under PPP.

2.7 Promote appropriate water efficient irrigation systems

2.8 Strengthen irrigation management skills.

3. Sustainable Forestry and Wildlife Management.

3.1 Strengthen law enforcement for forestry, fisheries and wild life
protection.
3.2 Strengthen information dissemination on sustainable land and forest
use.
3.3 Promote widespread adoption of conservation farming.
3.4 Strengthen farmer capacity to enforce environmental
laws/regulations.
3.5 Promote tree farming

4. Rural Infrastructure
4.1 Conduct baseline study to identify and prioritize the key market
infrastructure to areas with consistent and marketable surplus
production.
4.2 Prepare a concept note on developing/improving the identified

19
 infrastructure to assist in resource mobilization.
4.3 Rehabilitate the priority feeder roads, rail lines, and electricity supply
lines to areas with significant surplus production.

5. Markets
5.1 Promote development of agricultural market centres in areas with
significant production to reduce transaction costs.
5.2 Promote PPP in utilization of GMB infrastructure to store crops and
minimize post-harvest losses.
5.3 Strengthen capacity of farmer organizations to distribute market
information and provide extension services.
5.4 Strengthen market intelligence systems.
5.5 Establish agricultural commodity exchange.
5.6 Promote warehouse receipt system to serve as collateral for farmers.
5.7 Strengthen contract farming regulations and enforcement based on
experiences from tobacco and cotton models.
5.8 Promote development of additional commodity and trade associations.
5.9 Development/strengthening of rural livestock markets.
5.10 Capacity of agro dealers is strengthen.
5.11 Livestock movement and marketing regulations revised

6. Agriculture Finance
a. Facilitate access to appropriate farm land title deeds ?.
b. Provide tax incentives for lending to the agricultural sector.
c. Promote rural savings as a way of mobilizing additional funding for
agricultural loans.
d. Promote domestic lending to agriculture through targeted incentives.
e. Mobilization of international credit and donor support at concessional
interest rates.
f. Promoting contract farming through tax exemptions and
strengthening legislation against side marketing.
g. Strengthening sanctions against credit defaulters.
h. Consult financial services sector during development of financial
instruments to mobilize capital.
i. Issue paper with prescribed asset status to mobilize funds for the
sector and enforce compliance with prescribed asset status
requirements for pension and provident funds
j. Enforce commercial bank compliance with RBZ minimum lending
requirements to the sector.

vii. Improving Food Security

a. Improve extension services to farmers to enable them increase
productivity as a way of reducing default risks.
b. Strengthen sustainable crop husbandry practices to increase yield
and minimize impact of drought
c. Provide agricultural input vouchers for small scale farmers with no

20
 purchasing power to buy inputs from local input agents.
d. Distribute input voucher as pay for work on priority public works to
buy inputs from local retail shops as a way of discouraging free
handouts.
e. Strengthen/develop the input dealership system through increased
use of the input vouchers system to improve timely delivery of inputs
f. Up/out-scaling conservation agriculture.
g. Promote drought resistant seed multiplication farmer field school
groups.
h. Promote improved grain storage technologies to reduce postharvest
losses. Promote school feeding
i. Provide food vouchers for vulnerable people (breast feeding mothers,
old people, child headed households, school children, and people
with HIV/AIDS) to enable them to buy food from the rural shops and
markets
j. Strengthen early warning system
k. Develop an efficient drought risk management programme
l. Improve GMB management of the strategic reserves

viii. Extension Services and Agriculture Technologies Adoption

a. Strengthen the capacity of agricultural training institutes to provide
appropriate training.
b. Strengthen capacity of agricultural research systems to provide
appropriate technologies for the agricultural sector
c. Providing appropriate training materials, communication equipment,
transport and tools to extension officers.
d. Strengthen farmer-extension-research linkage to improve access to
appropriate agricultural technologies to increase productivity.
e. Strengthen coordination and quality control for extension services
and research.
f. Retrain extension workers in practical skills for sustainable production
of selected crops.
g. Produce and distribute appropriate crop extension messages in local
languages to improve crop husbandry and post-harvest storage
practices.
h. Up/out scale lead-farmer field schools (farmer to farmer extension)
to increase reach.
i. Dissemination of extension messages through internet and mobile
phones.
j. Promote increased use of fertilizer and improved seeds.
k. Promote contract farming in crop and livestock production to increase
the provision of inputs and extension services.
l. Train farmers in sustainable livestock production through lead
farmers.
m. Dissemination of extension messages through internet and mobile
phones.

21
n. Promote widespread use of artificial insemination and embryo
transfer to improve livestock.
o. Promote fencing, dipping and vaccinations to combat diseases.
p. Expand contract farming in sugar cane and livestock production.
q. Train stakeholders in sustainable utilization of forest resources.

22
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET
INVESTMENT AREA 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Pillar 1: Increase land area under sustainable land management and
157,041,000 259,735,000 362,429,000 163,041,000 114,694,000 1,056,940,000
irrigation
Conduct a study to quantify Small and Large scale irrigation infrastructure 15,000 25,000 35,000 15,000 10,000 100,000
Surveying and designing water and electricity distribution system to serve new land
150,000 250,000 350,000 150,000 100,000 1,000,000
ownership
Rehabilitation of existing priority sources of water (dams, rivers, boreholes), for
15,000,000 25,000,000 35,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000
irrigation
Rehabilitation of 110,000ha of irrigation land(40000ha for sugar) 135,001,500 225,002,500 315,003,500 135,001,500 90,001,000 900,010,000
Roll out awareness campaign on sustainable land management (study circles of 10 X
274,500 457,500 640,500 274,500 183,000 1,830,000
20 X 100 ext workers per region)
Mapping of vulnerable lands 150,000 250,000 350,000 150,000 100,000 1,000,000

Enhance land tenure security through modifications to the 99 years leases 450,000 750,000 1,050,000 450,000 300,000 3,000,000

surveying and demarcation of farms 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 35,000,000

strengthen law enforcement to strengthen fisheries and wild life management 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000

Pillar 2: Development of an efficient agricultural marketing system 408,970,992 681,618,320 954,265,648 408,970,992 272,647,328 2,726,473,280
Promote rural savings 52,500,000 87,500,000 122,500,000 52,500,000 35,000,000 350,000,000

Awareness Programme to promote Contract Farming 250,000 350,000 150,000 100,000 850,000

Intensify out - grower and contract farming schemes for tobacco 162,161,505 227,026,107 97,296,903 64,864,602 551,349,116

Intensify out - grower and contract farming schemes for Cotton 55,034,364 77,048,109 33,020,618 22,013,746 187,116,837

Intensify out - grower and contract farming schemes for Soya Beans 2,246,463 3,145,048 1,347,878 898,585 7,637,974

Intensify out - grower and contract farming schemes for Sugar 4,187,326 5,862,256 2,512,396 1,674,930 14,236,908

Expand contract farming in livestock production 5,416,471 7,583,059 3,249,883 2,166,588 18,416,001

Mobilise crop and livestock insurance resources for farmers 802,500 1,123,500 481,500 321,000 2,728,500

Development of Appropriate funding for Livestock Development 1,125,000 1,575,000 675,000 450,000 3,825,000
Operationalising the Warehouse Receipt Act (WRA) and Zimbabwe Agricultural
1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 4,250,000
Commodity Exchange (ZIMACE)
Commission a study to review legislation for contract farming to curb side marketing 12,500 17,500 7,500 5,000 42,500

23
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET
INVESTMENT AREA 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Promote PPP in utilisation of GMB infrastructure to store crops and minimize post
8,737,500 12,232,500 5,242,500 3,495,000 29,707,500
harvest losses at cost recovery prices

Baseline to prioritise the key market infrastructure (feeder roads, rail lines, and
7,500 12,500 17,500 7,500 5,000 50,000
electricity)

Rehabilitation of 28315km rural roads 247,756,163 346,858,628 148,653,698 99,102,465 842,370,953

Strengthen dissemination of market information through print media, TV and radio 120,000 168,000 72,000 48,000 408,000

Strengthen the capacity of Farmer Organisations country wide (FO) 250,000 350,000 150,000 100,000 850,000

Investment in Infrastructure to Reduce Post Harvest Losses 500,000 700,000 300,000 200,000 1,700,000

Strengthen capacity of farmer organisations to distribute market information 50,000 70,000 30,000 20,000 170,000

Agricultural marketing Information systems 1,000,000 1,400,000 600,000 400,000 3,400,000

3.3 Commodities exchanges established 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 4,250,000

3.4 Internet/ mobile based crop and livestock prices disseminations 60,000 84,000 36,000 24,000 204,000

3.5 More communal farmers adopt contract farming schemes (5200 extension
2,600,000 3,640,000 1,560,000 1,040,000 8,840,000
workers*200 farmers*2 meetings per year)
3.6 Rehabilitation of Government livestock facilities (abattoirs and cattle handling
700,000 980,000 420,000 280,000 2,380,000
facilities)
Roll out conservation farming initiatives country - wide to enhance productivity and
950,000 1,330,000 570,000 380,000 3,230,000
reduce risk for small holder farmers
2.8 Concessionary Development Finance through PPPs 100,000,000 140,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 340,000,000

2.9 Improving transport, market and storage infrastructure 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 8,500,000

2.13 Rehabilitation of 18000km or rural roads 247,756,163 346,858,628 148,653,698 99,102,465 842,370,953

Commodity association competitiveness development (200 000 farmers/100 per

10,000,000 14,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 34,000,000
ass=2000 groups@$2000.00/group/year)

Commodity association competitiveness development (50 000 farmers/100 per Ass =

3,125,000 4,375,000 1,875,000 1,250,000 10,625,000
500 groups@$5000.00/group/year)
Conduct Baseline study to identify and prioritise the key market infrastructure (feeder
7,500 12,500 17,500 7,500 5,000 50,000
roads, rail lines, and electricity)

24
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET
INVESTMENT AREA 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Pillar 3: Increasing food security and emergency preparedness 52,715,000 87,525,000 122,335,000 52,715,000 35,310,000 350,600,000
Supply of inputs to guarantee 2.1 million MT of maize annually 47,790,000 79,650,000 111,510,000 47,790,000 31,860,000 318,600,000

Adequate supply of small grains inputs in drought prone areas 1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

Promote production of small livestock 750,000 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 5,000,000
Strengthen early warning systems - meteorology 675,000 1,125,000 1,575,000 675,000 450,000 4,500,000
Design and implementation of a drought mitigation system 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 2,500,000
Promote conservation agriculture 1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

Strengthen farmer market linkages -

Pillar 4: Improving agricultural research, dissemination and adoption 62,499,197 104,165,328 145,831,459 62,499,197 41,666,131 416,661,311
Enhancing extension capacity for enhanced crop productivity - - - - - -

Retrain Extension workers (public, private and NGO) in practical skills 15,405,960 25,676,600 35,947,240 15,405,960 10,270,640 102,706,400
Produce and distribute appropriate crop extension messages to improve crop
60,000 100,000 140,000 60,000 40,000 400,000
husbandry and post harvest storage
Train A1 and A2 farmers in sustainable crop production through Study Circles (farmer
6,750,000 11,250,000 15,750,000 6,750,000 4,500,000 45,000,000
to farmer extension)
Dissemination of extension messages through internet and mobile phones 1,650 2,750 3,850 1,650 1,100 11,000
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually
179,213 298,688 418,163 179,213 119,475 1,194,750
(MAIZE)
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually
577,500 962,500 1,347,500 577,500 385,000 3,850,000
(Tobacco)
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually
592,500 987,500 1,382,500 592,500 395,000 3,950,000
(Cotton)
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually
551,475 919,125 1,286,775 551,475 367,650 3,676,500
(Wheat)
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually (Soya) 742,500 1,237,500 1,732,500 742,500 495,000 4,950,000
Facilitate hosting of Demonstration field days/ workshops per Region annually
487,500 812,500 1,137,500 487,500 325,000 3,250,000
(Sugar)
Facilitate hosting of 4 livestock fares per Region annually 80,937 134,895 188,853 80,937 53,958 539,580

Integrating Wildlife, Aquaculture and Livestock 540,886 901,476 1,262,067 540,886 360,591 3,605,905

25
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET
INVESTMENT AREA 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Strengthen farmer - extension linkages 10,326,525 17,210,875 24,095,225 10,326,525 6,884,350 68,843,500
Produce and distribute appropriate extension messages in local languages to improve
252,990 421,650 590,310 252,990 168,660 1,686,600
cotton and livestock husbandry
Enhance Mobility of Extension Workers in the three regions of the country (refer to
5,628,525 9,380,875 13,133,225 5,628,525 3,752,350 37,523,500
sheet 3)
Review Curricula for agricultural institutions aligned to the needs of enterprise
7,500 12,500 17,500 7,500 5,000 50,000
farming (consultants fees)
Contract private sector practitioners to fill the skills gap in extension services (240
720,000 1,200,000 1,680,000 720,000 480,000 4,800,000
extension workers)
Use of mass comm systems, and e - media for extension delivery (radio, information
72,000 120,000 168,000 72,000 48,000 480,000
vans, posters and cell phones etc).
Research and Extension Interface to improve technology absorption 956,475 1,594,125 2,231,775 956,475 637,650 6,376,500
Produce and distribute appropriate extension messages in local languages to improve
1,686,600 2,811,000 3,935,400 1,686,600 1,124,400 11,244,000
livestock husbandry and sugar cane production
Deploy 250 Extension workers per Region to provide training to farmers (250X10X20) 1,012,500 1,687,500 2,362,500 1,012,500 675,000 6,750,000

Contract private sector extension workers 1,892,250 3,153,750 4,415,250 1,892,250 1,261,500 12,615,000
Promote widespread use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer to improve
330,750 551,250 771,750 330,750 220,500 2,205,000
livestock
Train stakeholders in the utilisation of forest resources 97,500 162,500 227,500 97,500 65,000 650,000
Indigenous Breeds Conservation, Breeding, Health and Production in Communal and
150,000 250,000 350,000 150,000 100,000 1,000,000
Small Scale Cattle Farming Areas
Strengthen farmer - extension linkages 202,500 337,500 472,500 202,500 135,000 1,350,000
Training trainers of Study Circles (Target 250 Extension Workers for 4 day Training
93,540 155,900 218,260 93,540 62,360 623,600
twice annually )
Promote widespread adoption of conservation farming through radio, TV, internet and
30,000 50,000 70,000 30,000 20,000 200,000
mobile phones
Deploy 1000 Extension workers per Region to provide training to farmers on SLM
3,911,141 6,518,568 9,125,995 3,911,141 2,607,427 26,074,271
(1000X10X20)
Develop Extension messages on SLM in the Regions 30,000 50,000 70,000 30,000 20,000 200,000

Climate Smart Technologies 478,500 797,500 1,116,500 478,500 319,000 3,190,000

Train chiefs on sustainable SLM in the Regions 11,430 19,050 26,670 11,430 7,620 76,200
Capacity building for of Extension staff and farmers on agro -forestry techniques,
480,000 800,000 1,120,000 480,000 320,000 3,200,000
interventions and technologies
livestock development (breeding stock) 10,771,105 25,025,000 35,035,000 15,015,000 10,010,000 95,856,105

26
ANNEX 3: DETAILED ZAIP BUDGET
INVESTMENT AREA 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

4.6 Design manuals for best practices in crop, livestock production 3,000,000 5,000,000 7,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 20,000,000

4.7 Review of tuition materials for extension staff 15,000 25,000 35,000 15,000 10,000 100,000

4.8 In-service training for public extension staff 3,750,000 6,250,000 8,750,000 3,750,000 2,500,000 25,000,000

4.9 Re-equip training institutes 7,500,000 12,500,000 17,500,000 7,500,000 5,000,000 50,000,000

4.10 Strengthen farmer associations 750,000 1,250,000 1,750,000 750,000 500,000 5,000,000

Development of Agricultural E-information services 25,000 35,000 15,000 10,000 85,000

5.0 Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation 27,654,518 27,654,518 27,654,518 27,654,518 27,654,518 138,272,590
Coordination and implementation 12,444,533 20,740,889 29,037,244 12,444,533 8,296,355 82,963,554
Monitoring and Evaluation 8,296,355 13,827,259 19,358,163 8,296,355 5,530,904 55,309,036
-

27
ANNEX 4: LIST OF PEOPLE/INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED
DEPARTMENT NAME DESIGNITION
Ministry of Agriculture N Masoka Permanent Secretary
Economics and Markets W Makotose Deputy Director
Economics and Markets A Nyamukapa Chief Economist
Economics and Markets R Manongwa Economist
ARC Dr Mharapara Agriculturalist
ARC D Dube Agriculturalist
ARC C Mapika Projects Administrator
Agritex M Mumera Director
Mr Shereni Acting Director
Veterinary Technical Services Dr Nyika
Mr Chinyowa
Veterinary Field Services Dr Kunyagu
Department of Irrigation C Zawe
World Bank Omar Lyasse Senior Agricultural
Economist
World Bank Iain Shukar Program Coordinator,
AFTER
Commercial Farmers Union H Olivier Chief Executive Officer
Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union P Gambira Acting CEO/Chief
Economist
Zimbabwe Farmers‟ Union C Kuipa Chief Economist
Zimbabwe National Farmers Union E Dune Chief Executive Officer
FAO B Mathemera Policy Coordinator
USAID T Dooley-Jones
USAID S Chikanza
GIZ B Schoop
DFID P Spink
Jika Kawakita
Netherlands Embassy J Ndoro
SDC M Ngwenya
Action Aid J Musarurwa Food Coordinator
Ruzivo Trust S Chikulo Program Coordinator
SNV A Jaure Advisor
ZFC J Nyagweta Agriculturalist

REGIONAL WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Mashonaland Central:
Bindura University of Science Education Gutura J Director of Marketing
(B.U.S.E)
Agro-dealers Association Karembera L Provincial Coordinator
Ministry of Lands Chirapa G Provincial Chief
Environmental Management Agency Rwafa R Provincial Manager
SeedCoMashonaland Central Pasipanodya T Sales Agronomist
Forestry Commission Tafirei A Extension Manager
ZCFU Daniso K District Secretary
ZNFU Shonhiwa M Member
Cold Storage Commission Mwarozwa M Regional Administrator
Agritex Mamvura M CAES
MoMID Kabudura C A/Director
ZFU Mutovi C Provincial C/man
Catholic Relief Services Masema M Project Advisor
Livestock Production Department Rusirevi J CPLS
Agritex Chotokomere DAEO
B.U.S.E Chivuramahwe Dean
ZFC Mapara J Sales Rep
Caritas Zimbabwe Zvizvai J Program Manager
National Foods Ltd Nheta C Managing Director
Practical Action Mawaridze K Program Team Leader
Ministry of Local Government Jaji J Provincial Administrator
World Vision Chinera E Program Manager
ZNFU Kabadze K Member
Manicaland Province:
Agritex Mamhere G Provincial Officer
Agritex Mukajani J T PAES
Veterinary Field Services Muusha (Dr) PVO
Livestock Production & Development Zvoutete J APCLS
Coffee Research Institute Mahoya C
ZFU Mutasa T Provincial Manager
MoMID Magama N Provincial Engineer
ZCFU Madzara C Provincial C/man
ZNFU Dune E Executive Director
ZNFU Mutasa D President
ZNFU Tondera T Member
Action Contr la Fain Dube T Program Manager
Min. Transport and Infrastructure Museka L Chief Economist
Develop
Min. Industry and Commerce Mabambe P Chief Economist
SeedCo Memhero B Sales Agronomist
Forestry Commission Tom P Provincial Manager
ZFU Gonomundiro Provincial C/man
ZFU Moyo A Provincial C/man
EMA Chitotombe K Prov. Environ. Officer
MoMID Manyara D Agriculture Economist
MoMID Nyamwena K Agriculture Economist
Agro-dealers Association Bvurere L Independent
Agribank Sinyamanwe Loans Officer
Agribank Mazomber T Loans Officer
Min. of Lands and Rural Resettlement Kusteranga N Chief Lands Officer
IRC Dzitiro Agribusiness Officer
SNV Matukiti Eco. Develop. Advisor
Caritas Zimbabwe Mufunda W Program Coordinator
World Vision Mutuvira S Field Officer
Caritas Zimbabwe Mashapa C Project Officer
CFU Chimutondo T Prov. Finance Officer
Department of Irrigation Chinyowa F Engineer

Matebeleland Province:
Agritex Nyoni D Provincial Head
Agritex Ndlovu A Agric. Extension Officer
Vet. Field Services Moyo P PVO
Livestock Production and Development Dube A Chief Livestock Officer
DR & SS Plant Quarantine Station Choga M Plant Health Inspector
Irrigation Department Mukhula C Provincial Head
ZFU Mupinga A District Head
ZFU Mhlolo F Provincial Manager
ZFU Moyo T District Coordinator
ZCFU Maphenduka I District C/man
MoMID Musamadya G Principal Economist
CSC Muronzi L Audit Manager
Agritex Mumera M CAES
MoMID Makotose W Chief Agric. Economist
Agribank Nhamo K Loans Officer
National University of Science & Tech. Prof. L Ndlovu Vice Chancellor
CSC Chinogaramomb CEO
e
Agro-dealer Dube A Proprietor
Bulawayo Polytechnic College Ngwenya G Lecturer
Ministry of Industry and Commerce Chingonzoh M Regional Officer
Zimbabwe Investment Authority Namburo Z Operations Officer
Lupane State University Nyathi M Director
SNV Sibanda R Snr Livestock & Markets
ZNFU Gumbani M Vice C/man
Forestry Commission Mashingaidze C District Forestry Coord.
EMA Mpofu C Prov. Environ. Manager
SeedCo Shava S Sales Agronomist
Bulawayo Agriculture Society Chinamo O
City of Bulawayo Parks Dept. Dube S Parks Officer
Shangani Farmers‟ Cooperative Co. Sibanda M Manager
ZFU Lutz W Advisor
Local Government Mahaso Acting PA
World Vision Bhuza J Agriculture Officer
MLSRUD Dlamini
Orap Ndlovu A Project Officer
CRS Nkomo B M&E Coordinator