Name: Zulmida Class: Biology Education of ICP NIM: 1914441013

Name: Zulmida
Class: Biology Education of ICP

NIM: 1914441013
Question:
1. Source of amino acids in cells.

2. What is the difference between the oxidative process of transaminases and
deaminases?
3. Explain why ammonia must be converted to urea during metabolism protein and
where that process takes place?
4. Explain the stages of the urea cycle and the enzymes involved in this process.
5. Explain the difference between ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids together with
their respective examples.
Answer
1. The source of amino acids in cells is derived from protein because amino acids are
the smallest compounds making up protein. As for protein sourced from various
types of food that we usually eat every day.
Proteins are usually sourced from:
 Animal source:
 Chicken
 Beef, goat, buffalo and other processed meats such as meatballs, sausages,
and beef jerky.
 Egg
 Fish
 Shrimp, squid, clams, and various other seafood.
 Vegetable sources:
 Beans such as peanuts, soybeans, cashews, beans red beans, tolo beans, and
others.
 Know
 Tempe
 Oncom
2. The difference between the oxidative processes of transaminases and deaminases

is the transaminase process is the process of removing an amine group from the
group α to other groups which are the processes for the formation of this process
or transaminase reaction processes require aminotransferase and enzyme
compounds vitamin B6 coenzyme that uses α-ketoglutarate and produce
byproducts in the form of Glutamate.While the deaminase process is the process
of removing amines from an amino group chain which in carrying out this process
will Glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD+or NADP+ are needed which functions
as an oxidant, from this process the compound will be released ammonia (NH3+ ).
3. Ammonia must be converted to urea during protein metabolism because ammonia

produced from the deoxidative deaminase process cannot issued by the body this
because ammonia is toxic and insoluble in water so this compound must be
converted into form of compounds that can dissolve in water and the compound is
urea. This process occurs mostly in the liver and in a small capacity occurs in the
kidneys.
4. The stages of the urea cycle and the enzymes involved in this process are
 First stage:
NH 3 + HCO 3 + 2ATP Carbamoyl phosphate + 2ADP + Pi
At this stage ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate where to change the
process is catalyzed by the enzyme carbomyl phosphate synthetase 1, this process
occurs in the mitochondria.
 Second stage:
Carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine Citruline + Pi
At this stage carbomyl phosphate is converted to citruline with help of the
ornithine transcarbamylase enzyme that occurs in mitochondria.
 Third stage:
Citruline + aspartate + ATP Arginosuccinate + AMP + PPi
At this stage citruline is converted to assisted arginosuccinate by the enzyme
Argininosuccinate Synhthase. This process happened at cytoplasm.
 Fourth stage:
Argininosiccinate Arg + fumarate
At this stage argininosiccinate turns into arginine and is assisted by the enzyme
Argininosuccinate lyase. This process occurs in the cytoplasm.
 Fifth step:
Arg + H2O Ornithine + Urea
This stage is the last stage where the change process occurs from arginine to
urea which is assisted by the arginase enzyme. This process occur in the
cytoplasm.
5. The difference between ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids with examples
respectively are
 Ketogenic amino acids are metabolic amino acids from compounds compounds
such as pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, Acetyl-CoA and Oxalacetat.
Examples of each compound are:
 Pyruvate compounds, for example

o Alanine
o Glycin
o Cystoin
o Serin
o Threonine
o Tryptophan
 α-ketoglutarate compounds, for example:

o Glutamate
o Glutamine
o Histidine
o Proline
o Auginine
 Acetyl-CoA compounds, for example:
o Isoleucine
o Leucine
o Tryptophan
 Oxalaceta Compounds, for examples:

o Asparagine
o Aspartate
 While glucogenic amino acids are metabolic amino acids from compounds such
as pyruvate, fumarate, succinyl-coA which means a compound that can be in
the form of glucose.
Examples of each compound are:
 Pyruvate compounds, for example:
o Alanine
o Glycin
o Cystoin
o Serine
o Threonine
o Tryptophan
 Fumarate compounds, for example:
o Tyrosine
o Phenylalanine
o Aspartate
 Succinyl-CoA compounds, for example:
o Isoleucine
o Methionine
o Valine

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Name: Zulmida

Class: Biology Education of ICP

1. Source of amino acids in cells.

2. The difference between the oxidative processes of transaminases and deaminases

3. Ammonia must be converted to urea during protein metabolism because ammonia

 Pyruvate compounds, for example

 α-ketoglutarate compounds, for example:

 Oxalaceta Compounds, for examples:

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