Equivalent Static Load Method

Equivalent Static Load Method
Equivalent Static Force Method

 There are two commonly used methods for specifying seismic design
forces:
1. Equivalent Static Force Method
2. Dynamic Analysis
 In the equivalent static force method, the inertial forces are specified as
static forces using empirical formulas. The empirical formulas do not
explicitly account for the "dynamic characteristics" of the particular
structure being designed or analyzed.
 The formulas were, however, developed to adequately represent the

dynamic behavior of what are called "regular" structures, which have a
reasonably uniform distribution of mass and stiffness. For such
structures, the equivalent static force method is most often adequate.
The concept employed in equivalent static lateral method is to place static
loads on a structure with magnitudes and direction that closely
approximate the effects of dynamic loading caused by earthquakes.
Concentrated lateral forces due to dynamic loading tend to occur at floor

and ceiling/roof levels in buildings, where concentration of mass is the
highest.
Furthermore, concentrated lateral forces tend to be larger at higher

elevations in a structure.
Thus, the greatest lateral displacements and the largest lateral forces
often occur at the top level of a structure (particularly for tall buildings).
These effects are modeled in equivalent static lateral force procedures of
the IBC and UBC by placing a force at each story level in a structure
In general, the distribution of lateral story forces is associated with the first
(fundamental) mode of vibration of a cantilevered structure. (In this case, a
typical structure is idealized as a vertical cantilever rigidly attached to the
ground.)
The effects of higher modes of vibration are approximated in the UBC by

considering an additional lateral force, Ft, applied to the top level of a
structure.
The summation of the lateral story forces (plus the additional lateral force at
the top, Ft, in the UBC) must be equivalent to the base shear (V) force
applied to the structure due to seismic ground motion.
where
V = base shear force associated with ground motion at the base of the structure
Fx = lateral story force applied at each story level of the structure
Ft = additional lateral force applied at the top level of the structure (per the UBC)
Base Shear
Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur
due to seismic ground motion at the base of a structure. Calculations of base shear
(V) depend on:
 soil conditions at the site
 proximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults)
 probability of significant seismic ground motion
 the level of ductility and overstrength associated with various structural

configurations and the total weight of the structure
 the fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected

to dynamic loading
Equivalent Static Force Method: Seismic Zones
The UBC addresses the probability of significant seismic activity in various locations by
categorizing geographic regions of the into Seismic Zones 1 through 4. Seismic Zone 1
indicates a geographic location where least seismic activity is expected to occur. Seismic
Zone 4 indicates a geographic location with a high probability of significant seismic activity.
Equivalent Static Force Method: Design Base Shear UBC-97
• Seismic Dead Load (W)

The seismic dead load (W) consists of the following:
– Dead load of the structure.
– 25 percent of the floor live load for storage and warehouses.
– A minimum allowance of 50 kg/m2 for movable partitions.
– The total weight of permanent equipment and fittings.
Ductility
• Ductility of an element shows its capacity to deform in the inelastic range without collapse.
Response Modification Factor (R)

• The value of the response modification factor (R) is determined from consideration of a
structure’s over-strength capacity beyond the point at which the elastic response of the
structure is exceeded.
• This reduced force level is made possible by the energy absorption and dissipation capacity
of the structure at displacements in excess of initial yield.
R= Response modification
factor, numerical coefficient
representative of the inherent
over strength and global
ductility capacity of lateral-
force- resisting systems,
Table 16-N.
Ca=acceleration seismic coefficient, Table 16-Q.
Cv= velocity seismic coefficient, Table 16-R.
Nv= near source factor, Table 16-T.

Equivalent Static Force Method: Fundamental Time Period
of a Structure
• The time period of a structure may exactly be calculated by
performing free vibration analysis of the structure, which involves
lengthy calculations
• Following empirical methods are also available to reasonably guess
the fundamental time period of a structure:
• Approximate method
• Fundamental time period,
of a Structure
• Method A of UBC
• where
• hn = height of the roof above the base in meters, not including the
height of parapets.
• Ct = 0.085 for steel moment resisting frames
= 0.073 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and
eccentric braced steel frames
= 0.050 for all other buildings
of a Structure
• Method B of UBC
• where
i = static elastic deflection at level “i” due to the forces applied at all levels,
increasing in a linear way with height. The value of deflection must be with
respect to the base in mm.
=
ki = shear stiffness of columns under floor “i”

fi = lateral force at level “i”, N
wi= dead load located at level “i”, N
g = acceleration due to gravity
= 9810 mm/sec
Example
• Calculate the empirical time period for the steel moment resisting frame,
shown in Fig. , located on a site in zone-3
Example
Example
Example
Vertical Distribution of Forces
Vertical Distribution of Forces
Horizontal Distribution of Forces
Example : Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames Lateral Force
Resisting System
Resisting System
 Number of stories = five
 Story height= 3.5m
 Concrete cylinder compressive strength at 28 days, f’c= 28MPa
 Steel yield strength, fy= 420MPa
 All columns are square with side length equals to 500mm
 All beams are 300mm section width and 600mm total thickness
 The slab is one way solid slab of 200mm thickness .

Resisting System
 The live load is 3kN/m2
 The superimposed dead load is 4kN/m2
 The perimeter wall weight is 3kN/m
 Importance factor =1
 Soil: soft rock, Sc type in accordance with UBC 97 provisions.
 Zone 2B , Zone Factor factor: Z=0.2 (Table 16-I)
 Ca= 0.24 (Table 16-Q)
 Cv= 0.32 (Table 16-R)

Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System
Resisting System

Equivalent Static Load Method

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What are the two commonly used methods for specifying seismic design forces?

What are the two commonly used methods for specifying seismic design forces?

What is the concept employed in equivalent static lateral method?

What is the concept employed in equivalent static lateral method?

Equivalent Static Load Method

Equivalent Static Force Method

 The formulas were, however, developed to adequately represent the

Concentrated lateral forces due to dynamic loading tend to occur at floor

Furthermore, concentrated lateral forces tend to be larger at higher

The effects of higher modes of vibration are approximated in the UBC by

 soil conditions at the site

 proximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults)

 probability of significant seismic ground motion

 the level of ductility and overstrength associated with various structural

 the fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected

• Seismic Dead Load (W)

Response Modification Factor (R)

Nv= near source factor, Table 16-T.

ki = shear stiffness of columns under floor “i”

 Number of stories = five

 Story height= 3.5m

 Concrete cylinder compressive strength at 28 days, f’c= 28MPa

 Steel yield strength, fy= 420MPa

 All columns are square with side length equals to 500mm

 The slab is one way solid slab of 200mm thickness .

 The superimposed dead load is 4kN/m2

 The perimeter wall weight is 3kN/m

 Soil: soft rock, Sc type in accordance with UBC 97 provisions.

 Zone 2B , Zone Factor factor: Z=0.2 (Table 16-I)

 Ca= 0.24 (Table 16-Q)

 Cv= 0.32 (Table 16-R)

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