Water Pollution of Your Locality

WATER POLLUTION OF YOUR LOCALITY
BY – SHIOULY MUKHERJEE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – I express my deep sense of

gratitude to prof. AG mam of dept, minister of health
Kolkata, AJC Bose college library for providing
necessary guidance & suggestion for the field work.
I am thankful to my classmates of my team for friendly
assistance.
Date :- 12,march,2020
------------------------
Signature of the student.
Abstract :-
Introduction
Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired
by anthropogenic contaminants. Due to these contaminants it
either does not support a human use, such as drinking water,
or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its biotic
communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such
as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also
cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status
of water.
Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing
evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels
(international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has
been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide
cause of death and diseases. Water pollution accounted for the
deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015.
The organization Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES)
consider water pollution as one of the main environmental
problems that can present a danger for the existence of life on
earth in the next decades. One of the main concerns, is that
water pollution, heart phytoplankton who produce 70%
of oxygen and remove a large part of carbon dioxide on earth.
The organization proposes a number of measures for fixing the
situation, but they should be taken in the next 10 years for
being effective.
India and China are two countries with high levels of water
pollution. An estimated 580 people in India die of water
pollution related illness (including waterborne diseases) every
day.
Types
Surface water pollution
See also: Nutrient pollution
Mean atrophying emissions (water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein[16]
Food Types Atrophying Emissions (g PO43-eq per 100g protein)
Beef 365.3
Farmed Fish 235.1
Farmed Crustaceans 227.2
Cheese 98.4
Lamb and Mutton 97.1
Pork 76.4
Poultry 48.7
Eggs 21.8
Groundnuts 14.1
Peas 7.5
Tofu 6.2
Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of surface water
pollution is marine pollution.
Marine pollution
Main article: Marine pollution
A polluted river draining an abandoned copper mine
One common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are

rivers. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial
waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly
in developing nations. In fact, the 10 largest emitters of oceanic
plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least,
China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh largely through the
rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur,
Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all
the plastic that reaches the world's oceans.
Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris.
Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution,
potentially poisoning any creature that eats it. Many of these
long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and
animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways,
which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.
There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the
original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is silt-
bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of
sunlight through the water column,
hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
Groundwater pollution
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are

complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to
as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as
surface water pollution.[21] By its very nature,
groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from
sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies. The
distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant in
some situations.
Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus
on soil characteristics and site
geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the
contaminants. Causes of groundwater pollution include:
naturally-occurring (geogenic), on-site
sanitation systems, sewage, fertilizers and pesticide,
commercial and industrial leaks, hydraulic fracturing, landfill
leachate.
Categories of pollution sources

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and
managed as separate resources even though they are
interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes
groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface
water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally
grouped into two categories based on their origin
Non-point sources
Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that
does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of
pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example
is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized
agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet
flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as
examples of non-point source pollution.
Blue drain and yellow fish symbol used by the UK Environment

Agency to raise awareness of the ecological impacts of
contaminating surface drainage
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads
and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under
the category of non-point sources. This runoff becomes a point
source because it is typically channelled into storm drain
systems and discharged through pipes to local surface.
Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollution of water sources
A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow.

Faecal sludge collected from pit latrines is dumped into a river at the Korogocho slum in Nairobi, Kenya.
Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as pathogens.

Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or
animal hosts. Coliform bacteria, which are not an actual cause
of disease, are commonly used as a bacterial indicator of water
pollution. Other microorganisms sometimes found in
contaminated surface waters that have caused human health
problems include:
 Burkholderia pseudomallei
 Cryptosporidium parvum
 Giardia lamblia
 Salmonella
 Norovirus and other viruses
 Parasitic worms including the Schistosoma type [26][27]
High levels of pathogens may result from on-
site sanitation systems (septic tanks, pit latrines) or
inadequately treated sewage discharges.[28] Older cities with
ageing infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection
systems (pipes, pumps, valves), which can cause sanitary
sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined sewers,
which may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms.
[29]
Silt (sediment) from sewage discharges also pollutes water
bodies.
Muddy river polluted by sediment.

Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations.
Organic, inorganic and macroscopic contaminants

Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Many of the chemical substances
are toxic.
A garbage collection boom in an urban-area stream in Auckland, New Zealand.
Organic water pollutants include:
 Detergents
 Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected

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WATER POLLUTION OF YOUR LOCALITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – I express my deep sense of

Signature of the student.

Mean atrophying emissions (water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein[16]

Food Types Atrophying Emissions (g PO43-eq per 100g protein)

Farmed Fish 235.1

Farmed Crustaceans 227.2

Lamb and Mutton 97.1

A polluted river draining an abandoned copper mine

One common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are

Categories of pollution sources

Blue drain and yellow fish symbol used by the UK Environment

A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow.

Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as pathogens.

Muddy river polluted by sediment.

Organic, inorganic and macroscopic contaminants

A garbage collection boom in an urban-area stream in Auckland, New Zealand.

Organic water pollutants include:

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