QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS:

HOW TO CALCULATE “DISPERSION GAS”

Prepared by: Denny Firmansyah

What is Process Safety Engineer?
❶

“THAT WHY IDEAL PROCESS

SAFETY ENGINEER, HAVE
BACKGROUND CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING / PROCESS
ENGINEERING”
OUTLINE MATERIAL

Background: Why Chemical Engineer Must Know “Dispersion Gas”

Basic Theory: Factor Affecting in Dispersion Gas

Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step

Example Case: Step to Solving

Knowledge: Software for Help “Dispersion Gas” Study

Reference Book

Attachment
Background: Why Chemical Engineer Must Know “Dispersion Gas” Study

DO YOU KNOW?
In December 3rd 1984, There are worst
chemical industry incident.

Bhopal India teach us a lot of things.

The tragedy occurred at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India and killed
thousands of people. Initial cause of incident, some of water enter to MIC (Methyl
Isocyanate)* storage, and make vessel overpressure due to some un control reaction.
Pressure MIC vapor release to vent system scrubber. But at same time, scrubber not run,
and MIC vapor direct release to atmosphere, make disperse to air and flow to community
city area. India Government mention 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and 574,366
injured, and around 3,900 permanent injured. Bhopal tragedy become “The World’s Worst
Industrial Disaster” (Source: US CSB)

*) MIC was intermediate product from process manufacturing pesticide, this material very toxic and danger. The
threshold limit value set by the American Conference on Government Industrial Hygienists is 0.02 ppm. MIC is toxic
by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm. Exposure symptoms include coughing, chest
pain, dyspnea, asthma, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, as well as skin damage.
Background: Why Chemical Engineer Must Know “Dispersion Gas” Study

WHAT IS DISPERSION GAS MODELLING?

Model or method for calculation concentration component vapor/gas (green house
gas, toxic gas, flammable gas, etc) in air due to some release event (flue gas
in chimney, vessel rupture, pipe rupture, or other event).

⑥ Study review of gas ① Plant Lay Out & HAC

(Hazardous Area Classification) ② Escape evacuation and
alarm & detector system
Rescue Study

SOME APPLICATION ③ Study dispersion gas & design

⑤ Study for ERP (Emergency
DISPERSION GAS flare system or other vent system
Response Plan)
(scrubber, etc)

④ Study aspect impact to

environment from Industrial activity
Basic Theory: Factor Affecting in Dispersion Gas

1.Type of Release Event

❶ Type of release event

Commonly there are 2 model release event.
• Plume (Continuous release event. Example:
flue gas from chimney, etc.
• Puff (Instant, non-continuous release
event. Example: Pipe crack, etc).
Ground Condition (Building,
tree, etc)

Wind Speed

Height of Release PLUME

Atmosphere Stability

Momentum & Buoyancy

PUFF
Basic Theory: Factor Affecting in Dispersion Gas

2. Ground Condition
Ground conditions affect the mechanical
mixing at the surface and the wind profile
Type of release event with height. Trees and buildings increase
mixing, whereas lakes and open areas
decrease it.
Ground Condition
❷ (Building, tree, etc)

❸ Wind Speed

Height of Release

3. Wind Speed
Atmosphere Stability Wind speed is significant as any emitted
gas will be diluted initially by passing
volumes of air. As the wind speed is
increased, the material is carried
downwind faster, but the material is also
Momentum & Buoyancy diluted faster by a larger quantity of
air. Wind speed also effect from geound
condition (tree, high building, etc).
Basic Theory: Factor Affecting in Dispersion Gas

4. Height of Release

Type of release event

Ground Condition (Building,

tree, etc)

Wind Speed

5. Atmosphere Stability
• Weather conditions at the time of the
❹ Height of Release release have a major influence on the
extent of dispersion.
• Atmospheric stability is an estimate of
the turbulent mixing; stable atmospheric

❺ Atmosphere Stability conditions lead to the least amount of

mixing and unstable conditions to the
most.
• The atmospheric stability classified
according to six Pasquill stability
Momentum & Buoyancy classes (denoted by the letters A-F), A
represents the least stable conditions
while F represents the most stable.
Basic Theory: Factor Affecting in Dispersion Gas
6. Momentum & Buoyancy

Type of release event

Ground Condition (Building,

tree, etc)

Wind Speed

Height of Release Buoyancy depend on

Momentum depend on characteristics of
condition of source fluid gas vapor &
of release like momentum.Normally
there are 3 type of
Atmosphere Stability pressure vessel,
temperature gas, buoyancy:
size of hole, • Neutral buoyancy
diameter stack, • Positive buoyancy
(example: picture)
❻ Momentum & Buoyancy
wind speed, etc.
Momentum change the
effective height of
• Negative
(example-
buoyancy
dense
release. gas)
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step

There are a lot of model for calculation dispersion gas, but most common in
the world use gaussian model combination with pasquill-ghifford coefficient.
Basic of gaussian model equation based on coordinate geometry location.

PLUME

PUFF

Note:
C : Average concentration (gr/m3)
(x,y,z) : Coordinate location (m)
Qm : Release rate (gr/s)  For plume
Qm* : Total amount release (gr)  For puff
u : Wind speed (m/s)
σx,σy,σz : Coeff. coordinate pasquill-ghifford (m)*
LIMITATION OF GAUSSIAN MODEL: Hr : Effective height of release (m)
• Applies only to neutrally buoyant
dispersion of gas. (*)Value depend on atmospheric stability (Class A-
• Valid for range distance 0.1 (100 F), ground condition. Value get from graphic or
meter) until 10 km. equation  For detail check next slide
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step
Table 1. Criteria of Atmospheric Stability Class
A, extremely unstable
B, moderately unstable
C, slightly stable
D, neutrally stable
E, slightly stable
F, moderately stable
Note:
(1)Night refer to period 1 hr
before sunset & 1 hr after
dawn.
(2)The neutral category D should
be used, regardless of wind
speed, for overcast conditions
during day or night and for any
sky condition, respectively.

Picture for
description actual
condition
atmosphere
stability class
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step
Picture 1. Graphic for estimation value pasquill ghifford
coefficient

Plume model in rural release Plume model in urban release

Note:
Graphic method have high human error, due to
different reading value for each person, and
not easy to read logarithmic scale graphic.

Other method for define coefficient are by

equation, will be show in next slide.

Puff Model
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step
Table 2. Graphic for estimation value pasquill ghifford coefficient
Plume Equation Puff Equation

WORST CASE SCENARIO

If weather conditions are not known or are not specified, then certain assumptions can
be made to result in a worst-case result; that is, the highest concentration is
estimated.
The EPA(1) suggests that F stability can exist with wind speeds as low as 1.5 m/s . Some
risk analysts use a wind speed of 2 m/s. The assumptions used in the calculation must
be clearly stated.
(1)EPA, RMP Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance (1996)
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step
Effect of Momentum & Buoyancy to Actual Height Release

∆H(Additional
height)

Actual
height

Simple analogy like kettle during we

cook water in kitchen. Show us how
momentum & buoyancy give effect to the
calculation especially for actual
height of release

Note:
∆Hr : correction release height (m)
Us : gas exit vel. from hole (m/s)
d : diameter hole or stack (m)
U : wind speed (m/s)
P : atmospheric outside pressure
(mb)
For heavier-than-air vapors, if the material is released above Ts : outlet gas temperature (K)
ground level, then the material will initially fall toward the Ta : air ambient temperature (K)
ground until it disperses enough to reduce the cloud density. Total height : Height stack + ∆Hr
Gaussian Pasquill-Gifford Model Equation & Logarithmic Step
LOGARITHMIC STEP
START
What’s the meaning of isopleth??
DEFINITION OF SOURCE
Release rate or total mass
Actual release height In simple word, isopleth
Gas properties
Stack hole condition, etc are method for
interpretation
LOCAL INFORMATION
Wind speed
concentration gas with
Atmospheric stability class
Urban or rural ground.
radius area mapping 
With this method more
PUFF Plume or puff?
PLUME easy for analysis impact
dispersion gas
Specify Time
Specify coordinate (SEE attachment-1)
location (x,y,z)

Specify coordinate Calculate

Most common, effect of dispersion gas, depend
location (x,y,z) centreline
concentration
on character of fluid it self:
1. If toxic  Life worker, life of society
Calculate
centreline
community, etc  (SEE Attachment-2)
concentration 2. If flammable  Plant facility 
Determine isopleth Determine isopleth
Explosion, fire, etc  Worker injury, etc
area graph (A) area graph (A)  (SEE Attachment-3)

Review effect (B) to

human, environment,
or facility plant

FINISH & END

Example Case-1 (Plume Case)
Some day there are some trouble in Chloro Alkali Plant. It make some of
chlorine gas (Cl2) release to atmosphere from flare. Unfortunately , at the
same time flame tip stop & make gas chlorine release directly to atmosphere.
Estimation flow rate gas around 2 T/H. Temperature gas in stack around 80 deg
C and diameter stack around 12 inch. Height of flare around 40 m. Estimation
wind speed around 2 m/s.Location plant very far from city, but there are
small village near plant around 2 km. As process safety engineer, you must
analysis effect of this event to human.
Step-1 “Definition of source” Step-2 “Local Information Data”
Mass flow rate : 2 T/H (555.55 gram/s) Wind speed : 2 m/s
Temp gas : 80 degC Ground condition : Rural area  clue Far
Height release : 40 m from city
Diameter hole : 12 inch (0.3048 m) Atmosphere stability, due no information
MW chlorine : 70.9 gr/mol assumption use class F for worst case.
Density gas : 0.744kg/m3 (80C&1atm)

Step-3 “Specify Coordinate Location”

Location village only around 2 km from plant without any other
information. We also can’t prediction wind direction, but
remember high concentration dispersion gas conduct in center
downwind.
Assumption: Village location, x= 2 km; y=0; z=1.7 m (average
height Adult Indonesian people).
Note Important: For conservative prediction, target location
must set center line with wind direction (Look red point in
picture)
Example Case-1 (Plume Case)
Step-4 “Calculation Concentration at Coordinate Location”
Continue calculate concentration, with step:
• Calculate coefficient pasquill ghifford (σy,σz)/ sigma y & sigma z.
• Calculate correction release height
• Calculate concentration at specific coordinate location
Note:
Even for worst condition use atmospheric stability class F, in this calculation we will
calculate for all class (A-F) and in all ground condition (Rural & Urban) for comparation
each condition. The result below:

Input data Calculated Results

RURAL CONDITIONS
Release rate: 555.55 gr/s
Molecular weight: 70.9 Atmospheric stability A B C D E F
Temperature gas: 80 degC Dispersion coefficient
Temperature air 30 degC Sigma y 401.66 292.12 200.83 146.06 109.54 73.03
Sigma z 400.00 240.00 135.22 60.00 37.50 20.00
Pressure: 1 ATM
Downwind concentration:
Diameter: 0.3048 m g/m3 0.0005 0.00124 0.0031 0.00779 0.01111 0.005989
Density gas: 0.744 kg/m3 mg/m3 0.5474 1.24155 3.09556 7.79321 11.1133 5.989419
ppm 0.19 0.44 1.09 2.73 3.90 2.10
Height release location: 40 m
Wind speed 2 m/s URBAN CONDITIONS
Location
x: 2000 m Atmospheric stability A-B C D E-F
Dispersion coefficient
y: 0 m
Sigma y 477.03 327.96 238.51 163.98
z: 1.7 m Sigma z 277.13 400.00 105.83 80.00
Downwind concentration:
g/m3 0.0007 0.00067 0.00322 0.00583
Output Data mg/m3 0.6611 0.67044 3.2248 5.82987
Actual Effective Height of release ppm 0.23 0.24 1.13 2.04
Hole area 0.07 m2
Gas Exit velocity 10.23 m/s Why from calculation, class F not give
Actual height 43.14 m
highest concentration?
Example Case-1 (Plume Case)
Summary:
Even in distance 2 km,
class F not give high
concentration but from
long trend until
distance 10 km. Class
F give worst effect
because concentration
relative high even the
location very far from
source of release.

Step-5
Make conclusion effect
to human health.
Data ERPG for gas
chlorine
ERPG-1 : 1 PPM
ERPG-2 : 3 PPM
ERPG-3 : 20 PPM

Result
Rural Condition
A: Safe; B: Safe; C:
ERPG-1, D: ERPG-1; D:
ERPG-2; F:ERPG-1
Example Case-1 (Plume Case)
Step-5
Make Isopleth graphic dispersion gas.

In this step, use atmospheric stability class C & ground condition rural

By know dispersion &

Output Graphic Isopleth Dispersion Gas
Atmospheric stability class C
Ground condition
concentration gas  we
Rural Condition
200 2500

can use isopleth graphic

2000
150

1500

mapping for some

100
1000
Distance Crosswind (M)

application.
50
500
Release
00 Release
0
00 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-500

All calculation, use

-50

-1000

Microsoft excel include 1

-100
-1500
-150

-200
-2000

-2500
file with this material.
Distance Downwind (M) *) All scale in meter unit

Note: Level-1 / ERPG-1 1.0 ppm Summary:Max radius concentration level-1 2100.0 m
Level-2 / ERPG-2 3.0 ppm Max radius concentration level-2 1080.0 m
Level-3 / ERPG-3 6.0 ppm Max radius concentration level-2 660.0 m

Dispersion Downwind centerline

Level-1 Level-2 Level-3
Distance coefficient class concentration
Downwind C
(m) Isopleth Isopleth Isopleth
sigma z sigma y Area Area Area
(gr/m3) (mg/m3) (ppm) Location Negative Location Negative Location Negative
(m) (m) (m2) (m2) (m2)
(m) (m) (m)
0.0
20.0 1.60 2.20 0.000 0.000 0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
40.0 3.19 4.39 0.000 0.000 0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
60.0 4.77 6.58 0.000 0.000 0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
80.0 6.35 8.77 0.000 0.000 0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
100.0 7.92 10.95 0.000 0.000 0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
120.0 9.49 13.12 0.000 0.025 0.009 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
140.0 11.05 15.29 0.000 0.270 0.095 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
160.0 12.60 17.46 0.001 1.182 0.415 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
180.0 14.15 19.62 0.003 3.110 1.091 8.2 -8.2 163.7 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
200.0 15.69 21.78 0.006 5.979 2.098 26.5 -26.5 530.3 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
220.0 17.23 23.94 0.009 9.397 3.297 37.0 -37.0 739.5 10.4 -10.4 208.0 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
240.0 18.76 26.09 0.013 12.903 4.527 45.3 -45.3 906.8 23.7 -23.7 473.3 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
260.0 20.28 28.24 0.016 16.139 5.662 52.6 -52.6 1051.6 31.8 -31.8 636.5 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
280.0 21.80 30.38 0.019 18.898 6.630 59.1 -59.1 1181.7 38.3 -38.3 765.1 13.6 -13.6 271.5
300.0 23.31 32.52 0.021 21.096 7.401 65.1 -65.1 1301.2 43.7 -43.7 874.0 21.1 -21.1 421.3
320.0 24.82 34.65 0.023 22.738 7.977 70.6 -70.6 1412.3 48.5 -48.5 969.2 26.2 -26.2 523.0
Knowledge: Software for Help “Dispersion Gas” Study

There are some software for simulation dispersion gas

PHAST from DNV GL FLACS from GEXCON

(Commercial Software) (Commercial Software)

ALOHA from CAMEO SCREEN VIEW from Lakes

(Open Source Free Software) (Open Source Free Software)
Reference Book & Journal or other

▪ Chemical Process safety: Fundamentals with Application 3rd

Edition. Daniel A. Crowl, Joseph F. Louvar: Prentice Hall, 2011.
▪ Process Safety Calculations. Renato Benintedi: IChemE, Elsevier,
2018.
▪ Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis 2nd
Edition. CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety) AIChE (The
American Institute of Chemical Engineers): AIChE New York, 2000.
▪ Guidelines for Consequence Analysis of Chemical Releases. CCPS
(Center for Chemical Process Safety) AIChE (The American
Institute of Chemical Engineers): AIChE New York, 1999.
▪ AIHA, Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace
Environmental Exposure Levels. (Fairf ax, VA:American Industrial
Hygiene Association, 1996).
▪ Website US CSB (United States Chemical Safety Board). www.csb.gov
Thank you
“Make preventive incident become our goal & soul ”

E-mail: [email protected]
Attachment-1 (How to make Isopleth Mapping Area Plume Release).

For example:
In below, show graphic mapping isopleth with limit concentration 10 ppm with
level height 0 m (ground level):
• Value C”(x,y,z,t) use 10 ppm ; and downwind centreline concentration
calculated in ground level (z=0)  C(x,0,0,t)
Dispersion Downwind centerline
Distance coefficient concentration Isopleth
Area
Downwind Location Negative
sigma z sigma y (m2)
(m) (gr/m3) (mg/m3) (ppm) (m)
(m) (m)

0.0
10.0 0.16 0.40 124.725 124725.0 101656.2 1.7 -1.7 17.2
20.0 0.32 0.80 31.290 31290.1 25502.8 3.2 -3.2 31.7
30.0 0.48 1.20 13.955 13955.2 11374.0 4.5 -4.5 44.9
40.0 0.63 1.60 7.877 7877.0 6420.1 5.7 -5.7 57.4
50.0 0.79 2.00 5.059 5058.8 4123.1 6.9 -6.9 69.2
60.0 0.94 2.39 3.525 3525.2 2873.2 8.1 -8.1 80.5
70.0 1.10 2.79 2.599 2598.8 2118.2 9.1 -9.1 91.3
80.0 1.25 3.19 1.997 1996.6 1627.3 10.2 -10.2 101.7
90.0 1.40 3.58 1.583 1582.9 1290.2 11.2 -11.2 111.7
100.0 1.55 3.98 1.287 1286.6 1048.6 12.1 -12.1 121.4
Attachment-1 (How to make Isopleth Mapping Area Plume Release).

Equation for Change Unit from mg/m3 to ppm

Attachment-2 (Introduction Toxic Effect to Human, based on ERPG
Standard)
Table-1. Emergency Response Planning
Guidelines (ERPG)
All value are in ppm unless otherwise noted

What’s is ERPG?
ERPG are one of common standard value for air
concentration guidelines for single exposures to
agents and are intended for use as tools to assess
the adequacy of accident prevention, and emergency
response plans. ERPG generate by organization AIHA
(American Industrial Hygiene Association). Other
standard:
• AEGL (Acute Exposure Guideline Levels) from US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• TEEL (Temporary Emergency Exposure Limit) develop from
US Department of Energy Subcommittee on Consequence
Assessment and Protective Actions (SCAPA)
Attachment-2 (Introduction Toxic Effect to Human, based on ERPG
Standard)
“THE MEANING OF LEVEL ERPG”
ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which

More
ERPG-3 it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed
for up to 1 hr without experiencing or developing life-
threatening health effects

Danger
ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is

ERPG-2
believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hr
without experiencing or developing irreversible or other
serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their
abilities to take protective action.

ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is

ERPG-1 believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hr

without experiencing effects other than mild transient adverse
health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable
odor.

For find more database ERPG other chemical, we can download application
“CAMEO Chemical”, available in google play store, open website, etc.
Attachment-2 (Introduction Toxic Effect to Human, based on ERPG
Standard)
Attachment-3 (Concept Effect for Flammable Gas)

How fire can TRI-ANGLE OF FIRE

happen?
Relation???

DISPERSION GAS STUDY

Focus to know concentration gas
in atmosphere during release
event.

Why???

Headline “Concentration Gas or Fuel in Air”

Non Fire (too rich) Atmosphere”
UFL (Upper Flammable Limit) How we can
Vapor-air mixtures will ignite and burn only calculate UFL &
over a well specified range of compositions. FFL of mixture
LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) components??
Non Fire (too lean)
Attachment-3 (Concept Effect for Flammable Gas)
Note:
LFLi (*) :Lower flammable limit value
UFLi (*) :Upper flammable limit value
yi :Mole fraction component i
n :Number of combustible
species.
EXAMPLE CASE

Because the
mixture contains
3.3% total
combustibles, it
is flammable

Value LFLi & UFLi take from

table in attachment-4
Attachment-4 (Database Component Chemical)
CALCULATION SHEET FOR LFL & UFL MIX OF COMPONENTS
OUTPUT DATA
INPUT DATA

Mole LFL UFL

LFL mix 4.24 % Vol 42363 ppm
Name of Component yi/LFL yi/UFL

Parafine Hydrocarbon
Fraction (% Vol) (% Vol)
UFL mix 17.99 % Vol 179910 ppm
C1-Methane 0.60 5.3 15.0 0.113 0.040
C2-Ethane 0.10 3.0 12.5 0.033 0.008
C3-Propane 0.00 2.2 9.5 0.000 0.000
80% LFL UFL Mix
C4-Butane 0.00 1.9 8.5 0.000 0.000 3.39 % 17.99 %
1.8 8.4
iC4-Iso Butane
C5-Pentane
0.00
0.00 1.5 7.8
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
33890 ppm 179910 ppm
iC5-Iso Pentane 0.00 1.4 7.6 0.000 0.000
C6-Hexane 0.00 1.2 7.5 0.000 0.000
C7-Heptane 0.00 1.2 6.7 0.000 0.000
C8-Octane 0.00 1.0 6.7 0.000 0.000
C9-Nonane 0.00 0.8 0.000
C10-Decane 0.00 0.8 5.4 0.000 0.000
Olefins
Ethylene 0.20 3.1 32 0.065 0.006
60% LFL LFL Mix
Propylene 0.00 2.4 10.3 0.000 0.000
1-Butene 0.00 1.6 9.3 0.000 0.000 2.54 % 4.24 %
2-Butene 0.00 1.8 9.7 0.000 0.000 25418 ppm 42363 ppm
1-Pentene 0.00 1.5 8.7 0.000 0.000
Aromatics
Benzene 0.00 1.4 7.1 0.000 0.000
Toluene
o-xylene
0.00
0.00
1.4
1
6.7
6
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 All calculation, use Microsoft excel include 1
file with this material.
Inorganic Compunds
Hydrogen 0.10 4 75 0.025 0.001
Ammonia 0.00 15 28 0.000 0.000
Oxides
Carbon monoxide 0.00 12.5 74 0.000 0.000
Ethylene oxide 0.00 3 80 0.000 0.000
Propylene oxide 0.00 2 22 0.000 0.000
Sulfuring-containing
compounds
Carbon disulfide 0.00 1.2 44 0.000 0.000
Hydrogen sulfide 0.00 4.3 45 0.000 0.000
Chlorine containing
compounds
Methyl-chloride 0.00 10.7 17.4 0.000 0.000
Ethyl-chloride 0.00 3.8 14.8 0.000 0.000
Propyl-chloride 0.00 2.6 11.1 0.000 0.000
Butyl-chloride 0.00 1.8 10.1 0.000 0.000
Isobutyl-chloride 0.00 2 8.8 0.000 0.000
Vinyl chloride 0.00 4 22 0.000 0.000
Ethylene dichloride 0.00 6.2 16 0.000 0.000
Propylene dichloride 0.00 3.4 14.5 0.000 0.000
TOTAL FRACTION 1.00 TOTAL 0.236 0.056
Attachment-4 (Database Component Chemical)