Treatment of Gingival

Re cession
Moawia M. Kassab, DDS, MSa,*, Hala Badawi, DDSb,
Andrew R. Dentino, DDS, PhDa

KEYWORDS
 Gingival recession  Gingival grafting
 Connective tissue grafting  Guided tissue regeneration
 Coronally positioned flap

Gingival recession is an intriguing and complex phenomenon. Recession frequently

disturbs patients because of sensitivity and esthetics. Many surgical techniques
have been introduced to treat gingival recession, including those involving autogenous
tissue grafting, various flap designs, orthodontics, and guided tissue regeneration
(GTR). This article describes different clinical approaches to treat gingival recession
with emphasis on techniques that show promising results and root coverage.

ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE

Recession can be defined as the displacement of the gingival margin apically from the
cementoenamel junction (CEJ), or from the former location of the CEJ where restora-
tions have distorted the location or appearance of the CEJ. Gingival recession can be
localized or generalized, and be associated with one or more surfaces.1
Many people exhibit generalized gingival recession without any awareness of the
condition and without symptoms. However, patients are often anxious about gingival
recession for one or several reasons, including fear of tooth loss, dentinal hypersensi-
tivity, or poor esthetics. Because many possible contributing factors interact to
contribute to gingival recession, it is difficult to predict whether further changes in
gingival recession may occur at a given site.
Albandar and Kingman2 studied the prevalence of gingival recession among
subjects 30 to 90 years old. Using a sample of 9689 subjects, they projected that
23.8 million persons in the United States have one or more tooth surfaces with 3
mm or more gingival recession. Those investigators also found that the prevalence
of 1 mm or more recession in persons 30 years and older was 58%, and increased
with age. Males had significantly more gingival recession than females, and African

a
Department of Surgical Sciences, Marquette University, School of Dentistry, PO Box 1881, Mil-
waukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
b
Marquette University, School of Dentistry, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.M. Kassab).

Dent Clin N Am 54 (2010) 129–140

doi:10.1016/j.cden.2009.08.009 dental.theclinics.com
0011-8532/09/$ – see front matter Crown Copyright ª 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
130 Kassab et al

Americans had significantly more gingival recession than members of other racial/
ethnic groups. Recession also was more prevalent and severe at buccal than at inter-
proximal surfaces of teeth.2 Similarly, Gorman3 found that the frequency of gingival
recession increased with age, and was greater in males than females of the same
age. Malpositioned teeth and toothbrush trauma were found to be the most frequent
etiologic factors associated with gingival recession.3 Recession associated with labi-
ally positioned teeth occurred in 40% of patients 16 to 25 years old, and increased to
80% of patients in the 36- to 86-year-old group.3 Those findings were corroborated by
Gorman,4 who examined 4000 subjects and found that the incidence of gingival reces-
sion increased with age.
The indications for surgical treatment of gingival recession include reducing root
sensitivity, minimizing cervical root caries, increasing the zone of attached gingiva,
and improving esthetics.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE GRAFTING

One goal of soft tissue grafting is root coverage. To accomplish that goal, many tech-
niques and flap designs have been used, some of which do not require a donor site
(pedicle grafts), while others do (free autogenous grafts). The success rates of root
coverage procedures vary because coverage depends on several factors, including
location and classification of the gingival recession and the technique used. The
gingival dimension most commonly assessed is the height (distance between the
soft tissue margin and the mucogingival line measured in millimeters). An increase
in gingival height independent of the number of millimeters is considered a successful
outcome of gingival augmentation procedures.5

PEDICLE GRAFTS

Pedicle grafts differ from free autogenous soft tissue grafts in that the base of the
pedicle flap contains its own blood supply, which nourishes the graft and facilitates
the reestablishment of vascular union with the recipient site. Pedicle grafts may be
partial or full thickness.6,7 In a clinical human study, Wood and colleagues8 used
reentry procedures to compare crestal radicular bone responses to full- and partial-
thickness flaps. He concluded that regardless of the flap procedure, loss of crestal
bone depended on thickness, with the thinnest radicular bone associated with greater
postoperative bone loss. The mean bone loss for full- and partial-thickness flaps was
0.62 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively.
The term lateral sliding flap was first introduced by Grupe and Warren.9 Miller and
Allen10 have noted that that term now generally refers to the laterally positioned
pedicle graft (LPPG). An LPPG cannot be performed unless there is significant gingiva
lateral to the site of recession. A shallow vestibule also may jeopardize outcomes.
Although the use of the LPPG provides an ideal color match, it often is inadequate
for the treatment of multiple recessions.
Pedicle grafts using an edentulous area as a donor site also have been proposed to
correct gingival recession.11 The procedure is particularly useful in cases where the
attached gingiva on facial surfaces of two or three consecutive teeth is inadequate.
That technique involves the development of partial-thickness flaps around the
involved teeth, sliding the entire flap the width of half a tooth, and placing the inter-
dental papillary tissues over the buccal surfaces of the affected teeth.12
Cohen and Ross13 proposed a double-papilla repositioned flap to cover defects
where an insufficient amount of gingiva was present, or where there was an inade-
quate amount of gingiva in an adjacent area for a lateral sliding flap. The papillae
 Treatment of Gingival Recession 131

from each side of the tooth are reflected and rotated over the midfacial aspect of the
recipient tooth and sutured. The only advantage of this technique is the dual blood
supply and denudation only of interdental bone. The disadvantages may include pull-
ing of the sutures and tearing of the gingival papilla.13–15

Coronally Positioned Grafts

Bernimoulin and colleagues16 first described the coronally positioned graft subse-
quent to grafting with a free graft (ie, a two-stage procedure).
First, a free autogenous soft tissue graft is placed apical to an area of denuded root.
After healing, the flap is coronally repositioned. The requirements for the success of
coronally positioned grafts include (1) the presence of shallow crevicular depths on
proximal surfaces, (2) approximately normal interproximal bone heights, (3) tissue
height within 1 mm of the CEJ on adjacent teeth, (4) adequate healing of the free graft
before coronal positioning, (5) reduction of any root prominence within the plane of the
adjacent alveolar bone, and (6) adequate release of the flap to prevent retraction
during healing. The second-stage procedure uses a split-thickness dissection with
mesial and distal vertical releasing incisions until adequate flap mobility is obtained.
The flap is sutured 0.5 to 1 mm coronal to the CEJ and covered with a periodontal
dressing.17
Coronally positioned flaps were compared with lateral sliding flaps in the treatment
of localized gingival recessions.18,19 In a 6-month report, both techniques rendered
satisfactory results, and no differences in tissue coverage, sulcus depth, or gain of
attached gingiva were reported. An average of 2.7 mm of soft tissue coverage was ob-
tained, with average recession coverage of 67%. The only difference between the two
techniques was an increase in root exposure of approximately 1 mm at the lateral
sliding flap donor site, while no additional recession was observed with the coronally
positioned flap. Results were stable for 3 years.
Allen and Miller20 used single-stage coronally positioned flaps in the treatment of
shallow marginal recession. The Miller class I defects had a minimum keratinized
tissue width of 3 mm, with recession between 2.5 to 4 mm. The technique consisted
of citric acid root treatment, a split-thickness flap extending into the vestibule, and
surface gingivoplasty of the papillae to produce a bleeding bed. Flaps were sutured
into position and dressed. Complete root coverage was attained in 84% of the sites,
with a mean root coverage gain of 3.2 mm. Similarly, Harris21 reported a 98% success
rate of root coverage in class I defects by using the coronally positioned graft
technique.
Tarnow22 described the semilunar coronally positioned flap technique. An incision is
made that follows the curvature of the free marginal gingiva and extends into the
papillae, staying at least 2 mm from the papilla tip on either side. The incision is
made far enough apically to ensure that the apical portion of the flap rests on bone
after repositioning. A split-thickness dissection of the flap is made and the flap is re-
positioned and held in place with light pressure and a periodontal dressing. The
advantages of that technique include no tension on the flap after repositioning, no
shortening of the vestibule, no reflection of the papillae (thereby avoiding esthetic
compromise), and no suturing.

FREE AUTOGENOUS SOFT TISSUE GRAFTS

Both the epithelialized palatal graft and the subepithelial connective tissue graft offer
a more versatile solution for root coverage than does the laterally positioned or coro-
nally positioned pedicle flaps. There is adequate donor tissue, a shallow vestibule
132 Kassab et al

does not compromise the procedure, and multiple recessions can be treated. Two
kinds of autogenous grafts can be used for root coverage. One consists of an epithe-
lialized layer, while the other does not (or contains a small epithelialized collar).

Free Epithelialized Autogenous Gingival Grafts

Sullivan and Atkins23 were the first to explore the feasibility and healing of the free
gingival graft. This procedure involves the preparation of a recipient site, which is
accomplished by supraperiosteal dissection to remove epithelium and connective
tissue to the periosteum.
Some of the common areas for donor material include edentulous ridges, attached
gingiva, and palatal gingiva. Because of shrinkage during healing, donor tissue should
be approximately 33% larger than the anticipated healed graft.24 The grafts used
should be approximately 0.8 to 1.3 mm in thickness to assure that there is an adequate
connective tissue component.25
In a 2-year study comparing graft versus no graft, plaque control was more impor-
tant than the width of the attached gingiva in determining eventual breakdown and
recession.26 Investigators also found that the use of the free gingival graft was
a predictable means of increasing the width of the attached gingiva. In a follow-up
study 2 years later, the same investigators reported similar results except that 10%
of the nongrafted cases showed additional soft tissue recession compared with
grafted sites with equivalent plaque scores.27
Free gingival grafting has been used as a single procedure to cover denuded root
surfaces.28 The recipient bed is extended one tooth-width lateral to the denuded
roots, and 5 mm apical to the gingival margin of the denuded root. The investigators
suggested that donor tissue cover the gingival bed and extend at least 3 mm apical to
the margin of the denuded root, using a graft of approximately 1.5 mm uniform thick-
ness. In 50 randomly selected cases, recessions less than 3 mm had 95.5% root
coverage, recessions 3 to 5 mm had 80.6% coverage, and recessions more than 5
mm had 76.6% coverage.
Miller29 described a technique for root coverage using a free soft tissue autograft
with citric acid treatment. Predictable root coverage depended upon the severity
and classification of gingival recession. After root planing, citric acid application
was performed, followed by horizontal incisions at the level of the CEJ to preserve
the interdental papillae. Vertical incisions at proximal line angles of adjacent teeth
facilitate completion of bed preparation. A thick palatal graft with a thin layer of
submucosa was placed on a moderately bleeding bed and stabilized with sutures at
the papillary and apical ends of the graft extending into periosteum. Results of 100
consecutively placed grafts showed 100% root coverage in class I defects and
88% coverage in class II. The average root coverage for all sites was 3.8 mm with
a mean clinical attachment gain of 4.5 mm.
Although Miller reported a combined 90% success rate in achieving 100% root
coverage, his 100 cases included 94 in the mandible and only 6 in the maxilla.

Connective Tissue Autogenous Grafts

The use of connective tissue grafts for root coverage was first reported by Langer and
Langer.30 A partial-thickness flap with two vertical incisions was elevated on the recip-
ient site, followed by placement of the graft (which is collected from the palate by
a double parallel incision technique). The flap is coronally positioned to attempt to
cover the graft and benefit from a double blood supply. They reported an increase
of 2 to 6 mm of root coverage in 56 cases over 4 years.
 Treatment of Gingival Recession 133

Raetzke31 described an envelope technique for obtaining root coverage using

connective tissue grafts. In that technique, the collar of marginal tissue around a local-
ized area of recession is excised, the root is debrided and planed, and a split-thick-
ness envelope created around the denuded root surface. The graft was collected
from the palate by means of the double parallel incision technique. The connective
tissue graft is placed in the previously created envelope covering the exposed root
surface. Overall, 80% of the exposed root surfaces were covered. Similarly, Allen32 re-
ported an 84% success rate for root coverage using that same technique.
Jahnke and colleagues33 compared the results of free gingival and connective
tissue grafts for root coverage in nine patients. Paired defects were selected and as-
sessed preoperatively, as well as 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Root coverage
averaged for 43% for the free gingival graft group, and 80% for the connective tissue
graft group. Borghetti and Louise,34 in their split-mouth controlled clinical study, re-
ported a 70% success rate of root coverage 1 year postoperatively.
Most of the studies that used the connective tissue grafts for root coverage did not
attempt to remove the epithelial collar from the graft, but when Bouchard and
colleagues35 did so, no additional statistically significant benefits were observed
(65% with collar, 70% without).
When the connective tissue graft was compared with the free gingival graft for root
coverage, Paolantonio and colleagues36 found in a 5-year postoperative study that the
connective tissue graft provided a predictable percentage of root coverage (85%),
while the free gingival graft presented only a 53% success rate. They concluded
that connective tissue grafting is a long-term predictable procedure for root coverage.
A variety of techniques have been used to collect the connective tissue graft,
including parallel incisions and free gingival knife methods with no significant differ-
ence in the percentage of root coverage.37

COMBINATION OF ONE OR MORE TECHNIQUES

To increase the success rate of root coverage, many clinicians have attempted to
combine different procedures (Figs. 1–5). Nelson38 used connective tissue grafting
with a double pedicle graft. A free connective tissue graft first was placed over the

Fig. 1. Preoperative gingival recession on tooth #6.

134 Kassab et al

Fig. 2. Connective tissue graft sutured in place around tooth #6.

denuded root surface, followed by a double pedicle graft to partially cover the connec-
tive tissue graft. Twenty-nine defects were treated with that technique and monitored
for 4 years. The mean root coverage was 88% (7–10 mm of recession), 92% (4–6 mm
of recession), and 100% (%3 mm of recession). Harris14 modified Nelson’s technique
with a split-thickness pedicle graft to cover the connective tissue graft. Thirty Miller
class I and II defects were selected and the mean root coverage was 97%.
Wennström and Zucchelli5 compared a coronally positioned flap to a combination of
a coronally positioned and connective tissue graft procedure. The treatment of 103
(Miller class I and II) defects was performed. The success rate for the combination
group was 98.9%, while 97% was accomplished for the control group after a 2-year
postoperative evaluation. The investigators concluded that the previous combination
of coronally positioned flap and connective tissue graft was the treatment of choice to
achieve root coverage.
Recent studies report that the addition of platelet-rich plasma to the combination of
connective tissue grafting and coronally positioned grafts revealed no additional clin-
ical benefits.39,40 Allografts have also been tested to treat gingival recession and to

Fig. 3. Combination of connective tissue graft and coronally positioned flap with sutures at
tooth #6.
 Treatment of Gingival Recession 135

Fig. 4. Tooth #6 after 2 weeks of postoperative healing.

eliminate the donor site. Results appear to be contradictory, possibly because the
procedure is technique sensitive, especially when aimed at root coverage.41,42
Various tissue engineering techniques, including those involving the use of enamel
matrix derivative, have been used to enhance root coverage. However, minimal clin-
ical significance has been reported in terms of root coverage.43–45

GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION (GTR) TO TREAT GINGIVAL RECESSION

Regeneration is defined as ‘‘a reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injured part. It

is, therefore, the biologic process by which the architecture and function of lost tissues
are completely restored.’’15 This implies regeneration of the tooth’s supporting
tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. Many studies
have attempted to achieve regeneration, but success rates have varied from minimal
or partial regeneration to almost complete regeneration.
The use of GTR has been suggested for treatment of recession. Tinti and Vincenzi46
first reported a case where GTR using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)
membrane was used to treat recession defects. Cortellini, Clauser, and Pini Prato47
also demonstrated, histologically, that the root coverage obtained with an ePTFE
membrane included new connective tissue attachment as well as new bone formation.

Fig. 5. Tooth #6 after 6 months of postoperative healing.

136 Kassab et al

Different space-making solutions also have been used in combination with nonre-
sorbable membranes (eg, titanium-reinforced, gold bar–reinforced, and gold frame–
reinforced membranes) to increase the percentage of root coverage with GTR. In
a human histologic study using titanium-reinforced membranes, there was evidence
of new connective tissue attachment and new bone growth after 9 months.48 The
different membrane designs have resulted in 77% root coverage.49
Roccuzzo and colleagues50 used ePTFE membranes in combination with minis-
crews for space-making and stabilization, reporting a mean root coverage of 84%
in 12 cases. Jepsen and colleagues51 compared titanium-reinforced membranes
and connective tissue grafts using the envelope technique. There was no statistically
significant difference in the two treatment modalities (the mean root coverage was
87% for the GTR group and 86% for the connective tissue graft group). Wang and
colleagues52 also compared GTR to subepithelial connective tissue grafting. Using
16 patients with bilateral Miller class I and II recession, they concluded that both treat-
ments presented with statistically significant improvement from preoperative to post-
operative measurements. The mean root coverage for the GTR group was 73%, and
84% for the subepithelial connective tissue graft.
To eliminate the need for a second surgical procedure to remove a nonresorbable
membrane, the use of various bioabsorbable materials has been proposed. In one
study, root coverage was obtained using a bioabsorbable polylactic acid membrane
softened with citric acid ester (PLACA membrane).53 In another study, the PLACA
membrane resulted in a mean root coverage of 64%.54 In comparing the use of a PLA-
CA membrane to a nonresorbable ePTFE membrane, investigators found no statisti-
cally significant differences in the mean root coverage obtained by either technique
(PLACA 82%; ePTFE 83%).50 Similarly, Zucchelli and colleagues55 showed similar
results when they compared bioabsorbable to nonabsorbable membranes.
The choice of GTR or gingival grafting to obtain root coverage has been a controver-
sial subject. For example, Pini Prato and colleagues56 compared the results obtained
with ePTFE membrane and a two-step mucogingival surgical procedure (involving
a free gingival graft and coronally positioned flap). They reported mean root coverage
for the GTR procedure of 72% versus mean root coverage for the two-step procedure
of 70% (the differences were not statistically significant). Harris57 also compared GTR
with a bioabsorbable membrane versus connective tissue with double pedicle graft,
and the difference was not statistically significant.
The combination of coronally positioned flap procedures and GTR was assessed in
a clinical investigation.58 The investigators found in their 6-month split-mouth random-
ized design that there was no statistically significant difference between GTR/coro-
nally positioned flaps versus coronally positioned flaps alone. The mean root
coverage was 56% and 69%, respectively. Another study reported similar results,
with no statistically significant differences observed between the two treatment
groups.59 However, the later study reported a slight increase in the width of keratinized
gingiva in the connective tissue group. Ricci and colleagues60 also showed similar
results after a 1-year postoperative evaluation, with no statistically significant differ-
ences between treatments (77% mean root coverage for the GTR group and 80%
for the connective tissue group). Harris61 combined a connective tissue graft with a co-
ronally positioned graft and compared it to GTR with a bioabsorbable membrane. No
differences were observed between groups (92% for the GTR group and 95% for the
connective tissue with coronally positioned graft). He also noticed a greater increase in
the amount of keratinized gingival tissue for the connective tissue graft group. Trom-
belli and colleagues62 showed a significant difference in mean root coverage when
comparing the GTR with a bioabsorbable membrane to a connective tissue graft
 Treatment of Gingival Recession 137

procedure (48% root coverage for the GTR group and 81% root coverage for the
connective tissue graft), and reported a significant increase in the amount of kerati-
nized gingival tissue for the connective tissue graft when compared with the GTR
group. However, in a more recent study,63 when GTR was compared with connective
tissue grafting with coronally positioned flaps, the investigators concluded that, in
shallow recessions (1.5 to 3.5 mm), GTR techniques only provided 50% root coverage
obtained 12 months postoperatively, while the connective tissue grafting techniques
yielded 82% root coverage. Harris64 supported the previous conclusion by reporting
that 92% mean root coverage obtained 6 months postoperatively had been reduced
to a 58% after a mean of 25 months’ postoperative evaluation.

SUMMARY

The treatment of gingival recession can be accomplished with a variety of procedures.

However, the combination of connective tissue grafting with a coronally positioned
flap has been shown to demonstrate the highest success rate. Allograft materials
and GTR techniques also can be used to treat recessions, particularly when patients
are reluctant to consent to providing gingiva donor sites.

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