A Complete Solution To SEE: Unit: Seven History Lesson 2: A History of Democratic Politics 2007-2017

A Complete Solution to SEE
Unit : Seven History Lesson 2 : A history of democratic politics

2007- 2017
1. Why was the Interim Government act of Nepal 2007 Promulgated?
 According to Delhi agreement, a coalition government of Nepali congress and Rana’s cabinet passed
the “ Interim Government act of 2007” on 17th Chaitra 2007 which was implemented from 29th
Chitra 2007 with the following objectives:
 Creating a popularly elected constituent assembly to draft a new democratic constitution
 To hold election for new parliament under the new constitution
 To facilitate a smooth transition of Nepal into a multiparty democracy.
2. Write some of the provisions of Interim government act 2007.
 The provisions of Interim government act of 2007 were-
 Directive principles of the state policy were introduced
 It had treated fundamental rights as part of directive principle of the state
 The king was declared the source of the Interim government act
 There was provision of supreme Court, Public service commission and advisory
council
3. Why did Mohan Shumsher resign on 25th Kartik 2008?
 Mohan shumsher resigned from the coalition government of Ranas and Congress because
of the following reasons:
 Chiniyakaji, a student leader was murdered during the protest on 20th karktik
2008 and both Rana and Congress blamed each other for the murder
 Ranas intention was to reestablish their old regime.So, Rana’s supporter Bharat
Shumsher, Raddhir Subba opened the Gorkhs Dal( Khukuri Dal) and attacked
Congress and Bp Koirala’s house. It was later banned.
 All the members of the Nepali congress cabinet resigned and Mohan Shumsher
was compelled to resign
 Defense minister, Babar Shumsher, a close ally of Mohan Shumsher was
removed from the cabinet.
4. What were the responsibilities of the Single- Party government of Martika Prsd. Koirala
formed on 1st Mangsir 2008 ?
 A 14 member cabinet was formed by king Tribhuwan under the premiership of Matrika
Prsd. Koirala on 1st Mangsir 2008 to fulfill the following responsibilities:
 To establish an independent judiciary
 To ensure the fundamental rights to the citizens
 To hold the election of constituent assembly within 2009
 To regulate the public Service commission effectively.
5. Why was Martika Led Government formed on 1st Mangsir 2008 was dissolved?
 The Matrika led government got criticism from all angles and finally was dissolved.
 Some parties including Nepal Praja Parishad and Nepal Communist party
formed a People’s United Democratic front and demanded for multi- Party
government.
 The conference of Nepali Congress made B.P. Koirala, his half brother the Party
president in 2009 Jestha. So, there was misunderstanding between him and
Martika.
 There was strike for the first time in government office on 19th Jestha 2009
which puts lots of pressure in him.
 Dr. K.I. Singh revolted against the government, captured Singha Durbar on 2008
Magh 08/09th and later fled to Tibet.
 There were 14 ministers. 8 were from Nepali Congress and 6 were from king
who couldn’t go well with each other. Few Ministers from Nepali Congress like
Ganesh Man Singh, Subarna Shumsher resigned to give pressure to him.
1 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

6. Why did Dr. K.I. Singh revolt? What were his demands? Why was he called a traitor?
( Treason)
 Dr. K.I. Singh was the commander of the western Front Bhairahawa during the armed
revolution of 2007. He was dissatisfied with the Delhi agreement as it was signed on
foreign soil and Ranas were not completely thrown out of power. He would continue the
revolution until the full sovereign power comes in the hand of Nepali. He had 8000
muktisena with him who was utterly dissatisfied for not including B.P. koirala in the
council of ministers. He along with Eastern Muktisena commander Agni Prsd. Kharel
attacked Singha Durbar on the night of 2008 magh08/09th putting 5 points demand.
 Formation of all party government
 Implementation of 5 year plan
 Conference of all parties
 Equal relation with all the neighboring countries must be maintained
 Peaceful governance must be maintained for the welfare of the nation.
He was declared treason as he had opposite views with the government and
opposed Delhi agreement & started an armed revolution against the government.
7. When was sole government of Nepal Praja Party formed? Why was it dissolved?
 After the Internal conflict within the party Martika Prasad Koirala split Nepali Congress
and opened a political Party named Nepal Praja Party on 16th of Baisakh 2010. King
Tribhuwan formed a 5 member cabinet under the chairperson of Nepal Praja Party on 2nd
Asar 2010. It was dissolved on 19th Falgun 2011 B.S. because of the following reasons:
 Koshi agreement was done on 2011 Baisakh 12th which was against the
nationality and welfare of Nepal as all the management of the dam was given to
India.
 Bhim Dutta Pant, a freedom fighter was killed in 2010-Shrawan-20th by Indian
soldiers which brought huge dissatisfaction to the people.
 The government was restructured with the inclusion of General Keshar
Shumsher on 2010 Falgun 07th which many people dislike.
 Boycotting big parties like Nepali Congress and forming the government with
newly opened political party lacking Public base and support was illogical.
8. Who was Bhim Dutta Pant? Why was he killed?
 Bhim Dutta Pant was born in 1981 B.S. in Dadeldhura from TaraNath and Inshwori Pant.
He was the commander of Far- western front during 2007 armed revolution. He was
deeply influenced by the leftist ideology and was the peasant leader. He was against the
social discrimination that led peasants to pay high price for salt and other daily
commodities. He started the revolution and got wide spread support. 5000 Rs. Reward
was announced to the person who would bring him dead or alive. He was accused of
being a robber. Eventually, through the request of Nepal government led by Martika Prsd.
Koirala Indian Soldiers landed in the land of Nepal and killed him along with his 7
supporters on 20th Sharwan 2010. They injured 50 persons and captured 272 people.
Martika government faced the stiff criticism because of this incident.
9. When was the government of Nepal Praja Parishad Under Tanka Prasad Acharya Started?
What were the reforms brought by it and why was it dissolved?
 The government of Nepal praja Parishad was formed under the premiership of Tanka
Prasad Acharya on 13th Magh 2012 B.S. with 7 cabinet members. The reforms brough by
it were-
 Established Nepal Rasta Bank on 14th Baisakh 2013
 Diplomatic relation with Russia was established
 First 5 year planning started from 2013 B.S.
 Royal Nepal academy was established in 2014 B.S.
 Peace and friendship treaty was signed with China on 5th Ashoj 2013 and he
visited China becoming the first prime minster to visit China from Nepal
 Nepal became the member of United Nations on 14th December 1955 A.D.

He was unaware even the election would be of parliament or the constitution
assembly which brought great dissatisfaction among people. Because of the
inability to hold the general election, extreme economic crisis, ban and
censorship on newspaper, conflict with B.P. Koirala etc. reasons, King
Mahendra dissolved the government on 31st Asar 2014.
10. What is meant by advisory government? Discuss the features of that government.
 The government without much power formed for the purpose of offering advice to the
person with real executive power is known as an advisory government. In Nepal,
advisory government was formed by king Tribhuwan under Keshar Shumsher and King
Mahendra also formed it under Gunjaman Singh. King Gyanendra also formed it in 2061
B.S. These were the times of crisis or unstable conditions in which the rulers tried to
exercise absolute power. Some major features of advisory government are:
 It advises the person with real executive power
 It is not responsible to people as it’s not elected by them
 It is responsible to the executive ruler or appointer
 It is undemocratic and not common form of government formed occasionally
during crisis by an autocrat ruler.
11. How do you justify that there was political instability from 2007-2017 B.S.?
 There was political instability from 2007 to 2017 B.S. which could be justified by the
following points.
 The government changed 10 times in 10 year. The heads of the government that
time were nominated rather than being elected.
 None of the governments could bring actual social, economical or political
change. There was always the game of power in politics.
 Political parties were not matured and Ranas always favored to reestablish their
rule back. So, they played negatively to make democracy a failure.
 King Mahendra never supported and favored democracy. Instead he seized and
established partyless panchayat system in 2017 B.S.
 General public were not familiar to democratic norms and values. They didn’t
know how to support the ruling of the government effectively and smoothly.
 The points of Delhi Agreement were not implemented. None of the government
could hold election in the country.
 Nepali Congress though the largest political party was out from the government.
There was no unity among the political parties and mostly were the puppet in the
hands of King.
 Advisory governments were formed under pro- Rana ‘s Keshar Shumsher and
Gunjaman Singh by the king who were powerless and only nominal.
 After his complete failure in the first reign Martika Prsd. Koirala was given
second chance to be the prime minister whose new party hadn’t people’s base
and support
 There was economic crisis, so many revolts by people in different parts of the
country and people were fed up with the political instability in the country.
Points for Very Short questions
1. When was the First General election held in Nepal- 7th of Falgun 2015 B.S.
2. How many seats Nepali Congress won in that election- 74 out of 109 seats.
3. Who is the first elected prime minster and first female minster of Nepal- B.P. Koirala and Dwarika
Devi ThakuRani respectively.
4. When was the Constitution of the kingdom of Nepal was promulgated and under whose
chairmanship it was drafted?- On 1st Falgun 2015 B.S. and under the chairmanship of Bhagwati
Prasad Singh.
5. Party formed by K.I. Singh- United Democratic Party.

6. Party formed by Martika Prasad Kirala- Nepal Praja Party.
7. Khukuri Dal- It is a party opened by Rana’s supporter Bharat Shumsher to threaten Nepali
Congress.
8. Two functions by caretaker government of Subarna Shumsher- to held the general election and to
maintain peace and order in the country.
9. Multi Party coalition Government- Government of Nepal Praja Party, Nepali national congress
and People’s congress
Important dates from the Lesson
Date Incident
29th Chaitra 2007 Implementation of Interim government act of 2007
20th Kartik 2007 Murder of ChiniyaKaji, a student leader
25th Kartik 2007 Resignation of Mohan Shumsher from the Prime minister
1st Mangsir 2008 Government formed under Martika Prasad Koirala
08/09th Magh 2008 Dr. K.I Singh attacked Singha Durbar
20th Sharwan 2010 Murder of Bhim Dutta Pant
14th December 1955 Nepal became the member of United Nations
2013 B.S First 5 year planning started
1st Falgun 2017 Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal was promulgated
th
7 Falgun 2015 First General election held
13th Jestha 2016 B.P koirala became the first elected prime minster

Unit : seven History Lesson 3 : Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties
1. What happened on 1st poush 2017? Why is the date considered as a Black Day in the history of
Nepal?
 King Mahendra dismissed the first elected government of Nepal, suspended the parliament, and
imprisoned the prime minister B.P. Koirala and other leaders of Nepali Congress,political activists
and took the sole power in his hands using article 55 of the constitution of Nepal,2015 with false
charges. The day Poush 1 is is known as the Black Day in the history of Nepal since 10 years long
democracy brought down by the huge sacrifice of the people was seized and afterward partyless
panchayat system was imposed in the nation. Abducting the elected government was by no means a
democratic step. King Mahendra became jealous with the popularity of B.P. Koirala and became
ambitious for absolute power and privilege. This day lead to bring the Partyless Panchayat system in
the country which abdicated people’s freedom and rights and created chaos in the society.
2. Write the blames announced by the King Mahendra on political parties? (Why he banned them?)
 The blames announced by the King Mahendra on political parties were:
 Corruption has increased because of the misuse of the authority
 National Unity is threatened because of the anarchy in the nation
 Random economic decisions have caused instability
 Government was unable to solve the problems of the people and failed to maintain the law
and order and sovereignty of the country.
3. Why was King Mahendra very ambitious king?
 King Mahendra was a very ambitious king because he was not satisfied by the democratic rule. He
disliked the popular government formed on the premiership of B.P. Koirala. He disliked his
popularity too who was the administrator but he thought he was the head of the state. So, he
dismissed the elected government, suspended the parliament and Imprisoned B.P. Koirala using the
article 55 of the constitution. He wanted to rule himself by seizing the democracy. He wanted to
prove that democratic leaders were not experienced and good to administer the country to solve the
problems of the people. He came to active state affairs by introducing the Partyless Panchayat
system.
4. Why did king Mahendra impose ban on political parties in 2017 B.S.?
 The King imposed ban on the political parties because of the following reasons:
 He was an ambitious leader who wanted to be active in state affairs
 There was no unity among the political parties
 The congress party had became arrogant after it’s landslide victory in the first general election with
2/3rd majority and opposition parties were very weak.
 Corruption, lawlessness and disorder had all been growing for a decade.
 He disliked the multi party system and was hugely inspired by China’s Party less system.
5. List out the Major educational achievements made by Nepal during 2007-1017.
 Despite political instability that prevailed in the country, there were some educational achievements
made by Nepal. They are:
 Literacy rate which was 2% before 2007 had increased.
 Common people had gone chance to go to schools and colleges
 English medium schools were opened throughout the country
 Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 B.S.
 National education planning commission was established in 2011 B.S. to reform the education sector.
 Technical institute was established with German’s government help.
6. List out the economic achievements made by Nepal between 2007-2017.
 Economic achievements during 2007-2017 were:
 Nepal Industrial Development corporation was established to develop the industries of
Nepal
 Nepal Rastra Bank was established on 14th Baisakh 2013 B.S.
 Annual budget was presented for the first time In Nepal in 2008 Magh 21st
 Five year plan was declared on 22nd Ashoj 2013 and started the planned development of the

country.
 Indian Rupees exchange rate’s was kept 100 for Rs. 160 Nepali rupees and uniformity was
brought in the use of money.
7. List out some of the Social achievements during 2007-2017 B.S.
The social achievements during 2007-2017 were:
 Civil service act was implemented from 22nd Bhadra 2013
 Birta system was abolished from 19th poush 2016
 Royal Nepal airlines was established in Ashoj 27, 2016
 The forests were nationalized
 Koshi agreement was done on 12th Baisakh 2011 and Gandaki agreement was done on 19th Mangsir
2016
 Radio Nepal was established on 20th Chaitra 2007
 Nepal became the member of United Nations on 14th December 1955
 First general election was held on 7th Falgun 2015
8. Against the general expectation, why socio- economic development couldn’t take place in 2007-
2017?
 With the end of democracy and end of 104 year long autocratic Rana regime, the general people had
been hopeful for major socio- economic development in the country. But it couldn’t take a pace
because of the following reasons-
 There was no unity among the agents of change- the political parties and the king
 The democratic system was new and they were n’t experienced in handling it smoothly
 There was extreme form of political instability owing to 10 governments in 10 years
 There was lack of budget and infrastructures for new projects and programs with lack of skilled
manpower too.
9. What is meant by Birta abolition? Why was it felt necessary in those days?
 Birta means the land that is obtained from the government as recognition to one’s bravery which is
not taxable. It prevailed in Nepal for a long time under feudal administrative system. It was abolished
on 19th poush 2016 B.S. During the time of B.P. Koirala’s premiership, 36 % of the total land of
Nepal was Birta. It was necessary because the democratic system was introduced in the country and
the government was based on fairness, justice and equality. It had two advantages. One the farmers
got the ownership of the land and the national income also increased in the form of tax.

Unit: Seven History Lesson 4: Political Events from 2017 B.S. -2046
B.S.
1. Introduce the following incidents:
a. Jhapa revolt: ( Sukhai assassination) After 2025 B.S. different factions of communists were seen in
Nepal because of the influence of China’s cultural revolution of Mao and Nakshelite movement in
West Bengal. The Communist Party of Nepal, Jhapa district committee decided to launch a revolt from
10th Baisakh 2028 B.S. They started killing their class enemies from 2008 Jestha 2nd. Many people
were killed like- Dharma Prasad Dhakal( Pamchayat member) and his son. 100’s of people were
arrested. RamNath Dhakal, Netra Prasad Ghimire, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuikel and Biren
Rajbanshi were shot barbarically on 21st Falgun 2029 B.S. in the accusation of the Revolt in the place
called Sukhani of Illam. The Current Prime minister K.p. Oli was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment
for killing and further 6 years for robbery in this incident.
b. Timburbote Incident: The ex- captain of Nepal Army Yaga Bahadur Thapa and some youngsters
brought weapons from Farbesgunj, India to capture Okhaldhunga. They had a secret plan to take
Bishnu Dal Gulma of army on their favor and capture Solu also. So, they established their camp at
cave of Timburbote but the secrecy was revealed. The Panchayat government mobilized army to
suppress them. Several people were killed in the early cold morning of 1st poush 2031 B.S. inside the
cave. Captain Thapa was able to escape but was later captured and executed on 26th of Magh 2035 B.S.
c. Piskar assacination: On 1st Magh 2040 B.S., while a cultural program was being organized at Piskar
Mahadev in Sindhupalchowk district, the drunken police surrounded at the site and shot dead Ille
Thami, Bir Bahadur Thami and other innocent children. Dozens of people were arrested and tortured.
This incident is called Piskar Assasination which took place during the premiership of Surya Bahadur
Thapa. This incident sacked him through the vote of no confidence.
d. Janakpur Kanda: Pre democratic individuals attempted to murder King Mahendra by hurdling a
bomb at his car on 9th Magh 2018 B.S. on his visit to Janakpur. Durgananda Jha, Dal Singh Thapa and
Arbind Thakur were convicted for the accusation. Among them, Durhananda Jha was executed on 25th
Magh 2020 B.S. and rest two were imprisoned for life. He was an active member of Nepal Socialist
Tarun Dal, a youth wing of Nepali Congress and became the first Brahamin in the history of Nepal to
get the execution.
2. Who was RamRaja Prasad Singh? Why was Satyagra( Civil disobedience movement)
launched by Congress Stopped?
 Ram Raja Prasad Singh was born in Saptari, koiladi in a Rajput family. He was a lawyer
in the Supreme Court since 2020 B.S. after completing Bachelor in law and masters in
English. He had contested the graduate election and won too in Panchayat. He disagreed
with B.P. Koirala on national reconciliation policy of 2033 B.S. and established
multiparty people’s Union demanding Republic. Several bombs were blasted on 5th Asar
2042 B.S. in Pokhara and Kathmandu. Several people were killed including national
Panchayat member Dambarjung Gurung. Several people were arrested and kept in
custody and four of them inckuding Ram Raja Prasad Singh and Laxman Prasad Singh
were given a death penalty verdict. Following the incident, Nepali Congress withdrew the
Civil disobedience movement thinking Congress terror may make Panchayat more strong
and can make Congress less popular among people.

3. Write about Civil disobedience movement (Satyagra) of 2042 B.S.

 Conference of Nepali Congress held on 28th and 29th of Falgun 2041 B.S. in Kathmandu
decided to launch the Civil disobedience movement to restore the democracy and
fundamental rights from 2042 Jestha 10th. Various leaders like Girija Prasad Koirala,
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Ganesh Man Singh were arrested on the day of Satyagra.
Almost 7000 people were arrested till Asar 6th. Various leftist group also had joined the
Civil disobedience movement. But it was stopped due to the bombings of Rastriya
Janabadi Morcha on 5th and 6th of Asar 2042 B.S. IN Kathmandu and Pokhara led by
RamRaja Prasad Singh. Several people were killed in the bombings. It obstructed the
Satyagra and Nepali Congress withdrew Satyagra.
4. What is Return to Village campaign? Why was it introduced?
 It was the program introduced on 1st poush 2024 B.S. to motivate the urban dwelling
students,civil servants and other people to return to their own village. A 10 points
program was introduced in the villages to reawaken and aware them about actual
development, unity and patriotism. It also was launched to create terror free environment
in the villages so that anti panchayat groups would return to their village in carefree
environment and start a normal life under the panchayat government. It was made the
Constituional organ in the second amendment of the constitution of Nepal 2015. Any
candidate who aspired to be the candidate of the Panchayat assembly election needed
prior approval of this body to contest in the election.
5. Describe the National Reconciliation policy of B.P. Koirala.
 After the exile in India , B.P. Koirala and Ganeshman Singh returned to Nepal on 16th
Poush 2033 B.S. by embracing National Reconciliation policy. B.P. Koirala wanted the
reconciliation and understanding between the King and democratic forces for the
restoration of democracy. He was forced to comeback to Nepal for reconciliation as
armed revolution of 2030-2031 B.S. was largely unsuccessful. Communist were growing
influential inside the country whom the king wouldn’t do anything. The invasion of
Sikkim by India had also threatened the Sovereignty of Nepal. So, he had no option left
than to come to Nepal with reconciliation.
6. What is referendum? What were the main causes and results of the referendum?
 King Birendra announced the referendum on 10th Jestha 2036 B.S. Referendum is a
democratic process of adult franchise for getting direct decision on any issue of national
importance by offering two or three alternates to the public where public will vote for an
issue, rather than candidate. In 2037 B.S. the citizens were asked to choose either
reformed panchayat system or multi-party democracy.
Agitating Nepali students protested in front of the Pakistani embassy in Kathmandu on
22nd Chaitra,2035 B.S. to condemn the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the then
democratic Prime minister of Pakistan. The police Lathi- Charged them to disperse the
mob and control the situation. But, more and more people poured and revolted against the
panchayat system and gained a huge momentum. Realizing the anarchic situation and
high protest for democracy , King Birendra announced the referendum which would be
held on 20th Baisakh 2037 B.S.
66.92% Nepalese participated in the referendum. 54.79% voted for reformed panchayat
system and only 45.21% voted for the multiparty democracy.
7. What were the causes of People’s Movement of 2046 B.S.?
 Nepali Congress and the United left front took a historical decision to launch a United
People’s movement from 7th Falgun 2046 B.S. declaring Ganesh Man Singh as the
commander of the movement. The reasons were:
Undemocratic nature of Panchayat System and anarchism
People were deprived of human rights and fundamental rights
Corruption, Smuggling, nepotism, favoritism and Red tapism in the country
Failure of panchayat system to bring any socio- economic change
Impose of economic blockade by India from 2045 Chaitra 10 that led people in
frustration with skyrocketing price of goods, and unavailability of petroleum products

Leaders like Ganeshman Singh, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai who were not only influential
but never let the charismatic personality of B.P. Koirala be vacant.
8. What were the consequences of the People’s Movement of 2046 B.S.?
 The Consequences of the People’s Movement of 2046 B.S. were:
 End of autocratic panchayat system and restoration of democracy on 26th chaitra
2046 B.S.
 Interim government was formed under Krishna Prasad Bhattarai on 5th Baisakh
2047 B.S.
 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 was promulgated on 23rd Karktik
2047 B.S.
 Absolute monarchy was charged into constitutional monarchy
 Dictatorship and anarchism was replaced by rule of law and assurance of
fundamental rights
 Election of parliament was held on 29th Baisakh 2048 B.S. and people got
opportunity to choose their government by themselves.
9. Compare the mass movement of 2046 B.S. and revolution of 2007 B.S.

2007 Revolution People’s movement I of 2046 B.S.
It was an armed revolution It was a peaceful protest
It was against the autocratic Rana Regime to bring It was against the Panchayat system to restore
democracy democracy
Martika Prsd. Koirala was the commander Ganeshman Singh was the commander
It was led by Nepali Congress It was led by unified communist Morcha and Nepali
congress
It restores the power of the King It seize the absolute power of the King
Mohan Shumsher led the government after the Krishna Prasad Bhattarai led the government after
revolution the success of the movement.
Hints for Very Short questions

1. Muluki Ain was introduced by king Mahendra on 1st Bhadra 2020 B.S. to liberate a section of
people from Caste system, polygamy, Child marriage etc.
2. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal was promulgated on 1st Poush 2019 B.S. This constitution
was changed three times in 2023 to include return village campaign, 2032 to made panchayat
party less system and in 2037 B.S.for post referendum political change.
3. The slogan Politics for Development was introduced in the second amendment of the constitution
of Nepal 2015 B.S. in 2032 as the Constitutional organ.
4. Plane was hijacked in Nepal in 2030 Jestha 28th to fund the money for the revolution and took 30
lakh Indian Rupees.
5. King Mahendra declared Panchayat System on poush 22nd 2017.
6. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts on 1st Baisakh 2018 B.S.
7. The two major works of Interim Government formed in 2047 B.S. under Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
was to make a new constitution and to conduct the election of parliament.
8. Ratna Kumar Bantawa was a communist political leader who fought against Panchayat system and
was Shot to death.

Unit: Seven Lesson: 5 Rise of Party less Panchyat System and

Causes of its end
1. What were the causes that brought Panchayat system to the end?
 Panchayat system is a political reign from 2017 to 2046 B.S. in which governance system
was based on unitary central power and political system based on party less ideology.
The main reasons of failure of Panchayat system in Nepal are:
Party less Nature: The panchayat system was party less system and citizens were unable
to choose their representative. Not elected but nominated candidate would rule the
people.
Centralization of power: The reign system was based on central government system.
All the administrative activities were conducted on the basis of king’s will and desire.
Autocratic and Suppressive Policy: The rule was autocratic and despotic. Many people
were executed and tortured who raise their voice against the government.
Administrative inefficiency: Corruption was high and only few high level bureaucrats,
Pradhan Pancha and people close to palace where getting the advantage.
The world wide wave of freedom and Nepali Congress influential entry in the world
political era also helped the cause
International Cause: 40 years old communist was thrown from Poland, autocratic and
party less rule of Albania, Hungary, Romania all ended and democratic Bhutto
government came in power in Pakistan too. Wall of Berlin had collapsed in favor of
democracy and In India Janata Dal won the election which was in favor of Nepali
Congress, not the King.
Immediate Cause: People’s Movement I: The joint effort of the political parties, huge
sacrifice from students and great support from the educated civil servants and teachers
also helped to end the Panchayat Rule
Liberal policy of King Birendra to address the demands of Citizens on 26th Chaitra 2046
B.S. who declared the end of Panchayat.
2. What were the major causes of the rise of the Panchayat System?
 King Mahendra imposed the Partyless Panchayat system on 22nd Poush 2017 B.S.
because of the following reasons:
Ambition of king Mahendra to be the Supreme power holder
Lack of experience of political party to manage the new political system
Political instability with 10 governments in 10 years from 2007-2017
Unable to implement the provisions of Delhi agreement and no election was held for
many years.
Conflict and no unity among political parties to institutionalize the new democratic
system
Personality clash of B.P. Koirala and king Mahendra and growing popularity of
Congress.
3. List out the Major Developmental activities during the Panchayat System in Nepal. ( Positive
aspects about Panchayat System)
 Major developmental activities took place during the Panchayat system though it was an
autocratic rule.
 East West( Mahendra Highway) was constructed with the help of Russia,
Britian, India etc.
 Nepal’s manpower was mobilized in the village through back to village
campaign launched from 2024 B.S.
 Nepal was divided into 14 zones, 75 districts and five development regions for
proportionate development of the country.
 Decentralization was implemented through decentralization act of 2029 B.S.
 Land reform act 2021 was adopted in three phases

 New education system plan 2028 B.S. was implemented

 Muluki Ain was introduced from 2020 B.S. Bhadra 1ST to bring social equality
among the citizens
 Eradication of Malaria, land settlement programs, start of Vital registration
system etc. were other milestones achieved.
 The Constitution of Nepal 2019 was promulgated on 1stpoush 2019 B.S.

Unit: Seven Lesson : 6 Political Events from 2046- 2062 BS

1. What were the main responsibilities of the Interim Cabinet formed after the success of the
movement of 2046 B.S.?
 K.P. Bhattarai was made the interim Prime minister of democratic Nepal on 6th Baisakh
2047 B.S. The main responsibilities given to the 11 member cabinet were:
 To draft the new constitution as per the will of the people as reflected in the
mass movement
 To held the general election in the country.
2. Write any four positive aspects of the political change of 2046 B.S.
 The movement of 2046 B.S. became successful to restore multiparty democracy in the
country. The people were cheerful to get their dream realized with the restoration of
democracy and for getting political rights so that they could get a shape to the destiny of
their nation and people.
 Four positive aspects of the political change of 2046 B.S. are:The Constitution
of Kingdom of Nepal was promulgated on 23rd Kartik 2047 B.S. with
sovereignty vested on People.
 30 year autocratic Panchyat Regime needed and the autocrat monarchy was
changed in to Constitutional Monarch
 Multi Party democracy was restored in the Country with political rights
 Constitutionally Nepal was regarded as the multi-lingual, multi-ethnic country.
3. Why do you think was the 12 point agreements signed?
 King Gyanendra sacked the prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba on 19th Magh, 2061
B.S. and kept all top leaders of the political parties under detention and declared to take
the state power in his hand. The parties got agitated. The nation was fighting for its life
in the quagmire of the present triangular conflict between the King, Political parties and
the Maoist. So, the 12 points agreement signed between the 7 political parties and Maosit
could be the light under the tunnel. It was signed on 7thMangsir 2062.
 To pledge the parties to work towards democracy, peace, prosperity and social
advancements.
 To restore the House of Representatives, which will form an all-party
government to negotiate with the Maoists and hold elections to the constituent
assembly.
 To attain durable peace bringing the armed revolution of Maoist in to main
stream politics.
 To launch a combined mass movement to over throw the absolute monarchy
from the Country.
4. Write down the main events of Second Mass movement.
 The Main Events of the Second Mass Movement were:
 The king dissolved the parliament on 19th Jestha 2059 on the recommendation
of the Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and took all the powers in his hand.
 Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Surya Bahadur Thapa and Sher Bahadur Deuba were
appointed as the Prime minister one after another.
 King Sacked Sher Bahadur Deuba and kept all leaders of the political parties
under detention on 19th Magh 2061 B.S.
 12 point agreement was signed between the 7 political parties of Nepal and the
Maoist rebel group on 7th Mangsir 2062 B.S. to end the absolute monarchy
from Nepal and decided to launch a peaceful movement in the country.
 People’s movement second was launched on 24th Chaitra, 2062 B.S. under the
leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala where millions of people from all the
sections of society participated.

 King Gyanendra was compelled to reinstate the dissolved parliament, the House
of the Representatives as per the demand of the political parties on 11th Baisakh
,2063 B.S. and the mass movement ended.
5. Describe the achievements and effects of second Mass Movement.
 The political agitations against the direct undemocratic rule of King Gyanendra in
2062/63 starting from 24th Chaitra 2062 B.S. is known as Second Mass Movement or
Jana Andolan II. The Struggle between absolute monarchy and democracy running for a
long time in Nepal took a new turn. It became the need of the hour to establish peace by
resolving the armed conflict being waged for 10 years. And the second Mass Movement
did the same. Some achievements of the Mass Movement were:
 The House of Representative was reinstated on 11th Baisakh,2063 B.S. which
changed Nepal into Federal Democratic Republic Country through the
constitution.
 On 5th Mangsir 2063 B.S. a comprehensive peace accord was signed between the
Maoist and the government ( prachanda and Girija Prasad Koirala) resolving a
10 year Maoist insurgency in the country. Maoists join the peaceful politics
formally and its arms and amenities were managed through United Nations.
 An interim government was formed including the third amendment resolving to
make Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic Country and ending the days of the
unbridled monarchy.
 An interim transitional Constitution was promulgated on 1st Magh, 2063 B.S. It
introduced progressive policies of the state for social justice, inclusiveness and
equitable society.
6. Why was the step taken by the King on Ahoj 18th, 2059 not in favor of Democracy? Justify.
 The king who was unloved, accidental and autocratic dissolved the people’s elected
government on Ashoj 18th 2059 and seized all the powers in his own hands. He dismissed
the Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba who was appointed through the clear vote of
confidence of the members of the House of Representative. He appointed Lokendra
Bahadur Chand as the Prime Minister against the basic norm of democracy- rule by the
majority. He misused the article 127 of the constitution of Nepal 2047 B.S. He showed
Agasti ( Power- Hungry) leadership. Polarization between the king and political parties
took place. He locked about 3000 political leaders and suspended the fundamental rights
guaranteed under 2047 Constitution.
7. Show the strengths and drawbacks of the Constitution of Nepal 2047 B.S. in a table.

strengths Drawbacks
14 Fundamental rights to people Provision of Constitutional Monarchy
Sovereignty vested on people Parliament was made responsible to king
Multi party democratic system was ensured Constitution was made by the Commission not
with adult franchise by the people
Independent judiciary and directive principle of It was made in a short time without well
states were there preparation.
8. Describe the positive and negative impacts of Maoist struggle in Nepalese Society.
 The Maoist insurgency started in Nepal from 2052 Falgun 1st under Prachanda.
Collecting money through forced donation, bank looting and taxation induced Maoist to
be the largest non state military of the world during that time. Though it was an
insurgency but some positives given below were made on the base of the state
reconstruction model of Maoist Guerilla war.
 Institution of Monarchy which has always been at a central stage on Nepal was over
thrown and country was made a Federal Republican Country
 Nepal was made a secular country
 Equal treatment to all languages of Nepal and induce ethnic rights
 Ethnic and regional based autonomy and right to self determination
 End of caste, ethnic, regional and gender based discrimination

 Special policy for the promotion of interest of Dalit and women
Despite these positives, there were several negative impacts in the Society too. The
Maoists have certainly been a force for change. But much of the change they advocate
has been negative.
 Maoist cashed the grievances caused by poverty and social exclusion in Nepal and
engaged thousands of poor in the battle.
 Children born in the year the Maoist war began are now in their twenties, and are still
struggling to cope with the legacy of violence and the war’s impact on the country’s
development and economy.
 The war is over but the political transition is not. So much political transformation
took place after the war that some believe it was the war designed by India to
disintegrate Nepal. It posted a grave threat to the democratic fabric of Nepal and the
development process was halted.
 10 year was cost 17,000 lives, tens of thousands injured and disappeared and millions
displaced. Attacks upon rival political actors were brutal and a terrorist act.
9. Describe the political condition of Nepal between 2046 B.S. to 2063 B.S.
 The political condition of Nepal between 2046 to 2063 B.S. are given below:
 Formation of Constitution and General Election: The Constitution of
Kingdom of Nepal 2047 B.S. was promulgated on 23rdKarktik 2047 B.S.
changing absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy with multi-party system
of government and sovereign vested in People. The General election was held
on 29th Baisakh 2048 B.S. and Nepali Congress’ Girija Prasad koirala became
the Prime minister of Nepal with majority.
 Beginning of the Armed Revolt: On 1st of Falgun, The Communist party of
Nepal ( Maoist) started armed revolt in the country and gradually influenced the
whole country.
 Royal Massacre 2058: In Jestha 19, 2058, Nepal faced a tragic massacre in the
long monarchail history of Nepal when all the royal family of King Birendra
were shot dead and Gyanendra became the new King of Nepal.
 Beginning of Direct Rule of King and Mass Movement: Prime Minister Sher
Bahadur Deuba was shacked on Ashwin 18, 2059 by king Gyanendra blaming
him incompetent. The political parties blamed the king’s move as a
unconstitutional act. A 12 point agreement was signed on 7thMangsir, 2062 B.S.
and decided to launch peaceful movement against the autocratic step of the king.
The mass movement II began from 24thChaitra 2062 B.S. The parliament was
restored on the 11thof Baisakh 2063 B.S.
10. Show the Similarities and differences between the achievements of mass movement 2046 and
second mass movement 2062/2063 B.S.
 Similarities between the Mass Movement I and Mass Movement II
 Both the movements were against the absolute rule of the King
 Both the movements were non armed peaceful protests against the autocratic rule
 Both the Movements were done to establish democratic rights to the people
 Both the Movements were initiated by the major political parties of Nepal- Nepali Congress
and the Communists.
 The differences between the achievements of mass movement 2046 and 2063 B.S. are
given below:
Mass Movement of 2046 Mass Movement of 2063
It made Monarchial Constitutional It ended the monarchy and made country
Republic
General election was held in the country Constituent assembly election was held

Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became the Interim Girija Prasad Koirala became the Interim Prime
Prime Minister of Nepal Minister of Nepal
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal 2047 was Interim Constitution of 2063 was promulgated
promulgated
11. Why did King Gyanendra sacked Sher Bahadur Deuba government ?
 King Gyanendra abducted the executive power of the state by dissolving all the elected
bodies by sacking the Deuba Government on 18th Ashwin, 2059 B.S. He blamed him
incompetent. He blamed him and his cabinet for being unable to conduct the general
election. Deuba was unable to control the armed rebel group CPN( Maoists) which had
created a big terror in the Kingdom. The king wanted to seize the power and take the
state power in his hand.
12. Differentiate between the Panchyat and Multi party system.

 The difference between the Panchayat System and the Multi- Party System are given below:
Panchyat System Multi- Party System
It is undemocratic system It is democratic system
It was under the direct rule of the king without It is ruled by political parties through adult
adult Franchise franchise
It was started on 22nd Poush ,2017 by King It was started from 2046, Chaitra 26th during
Mahendra the kingship of Mahendra
Fundamental rights are not guaranteed Fundamental rights are guaranteed.
13. Revolution of 2007 B.S., 2046 B.S. and 2062/63 B.S. were the essence of Immediate time.
 Nepal is a country with a political crisis. Several revolutions took place in the political
history of Nepal from 2007 B.S. to 2062/63 B.S. Those revolutions were the essence of
immediate time. Success or failure of revolution of individual country also largely
depends on favorable or unfavorable international situation.
Most Countries of the world were going through a political transformation. The autocrat
empire of Russia had fallen, long empirical dynasty of China fallen and decolonization
was spreading all over the world. The wave of worldwide democracy and freedom
affected Nepal also. People were urging for freedom and democracy in Nepal and the
revolution took place in Nepal in 2007 B.S.
40 year old regime of absolute regime was thrown from Poland; Communism rule in
Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria etc. ended marking the era of democracy in the world.
Democrat Benizer government came in power in Pakistan ending absolute military rule.
Wall of Berlin had collapsed. This created the positive favor of democracy in Nepal.
People and political parties got ignited in Nepal for freedom and democracy and it was
inevitable and multi party democracy was established in Nepal.
Already unloved and unpopular King Gyanendra’s coup in 2059 B.S. made monarchy so
unpopular that calls were renewed to over threw and made Nepal a Republic kingdom.
People were tired of armed revolution and wanted a permanent peace. The mass
movement II emerged and it ousted the monarchy. King Gyanendra was incapable of
solving the tasks of the national democratic revolution.
14. List the causes of the People’s Movement in 2062/2063.

 The second mass movement II not only transformed the world’s last Hindu monarchy
into a secular country but also uprooted the monarchy from Nepal. The causes of the
People’s Movement in 2062/2063 B.S. are given below:
Political instability: The government was changed 16 times from 2047 to 2062 and
people’s aspiration was not fulfilled after the restoration multi party democracy.

Regressive Step of King: The king abducted the elected government of Sher Bahadur
Deuba and seized the power in his hand. This step of the king who was already unloved,
accidental and unpopular king after the death of King Birendra was unwelcomed not only
by the political parties but people as well.
12 point agreement: The 7 political parties of Nepal made an alliance with the Maoists
and signed a 12 point understanding with them to launch a mass revolution against the
existing government peacefully and to restore the parliament on 7th Mangsir 2062
B.S.building the ground for the Mass Movement II.
Social exclusion: The constitution of 2047 was democratic but it didn’t represent the
sentiments of Madeshi, women, Dalits, Janajaati and other marginalized and
disadvantaged groups. People wanted to be liberated from economic, social and political
disparities and discrimination. All people wanted to change the present social struggle by
changing the regime.
15. Important dates:
1. 23rd Karktik 2047: Promulgation of The Constitution of Nepal, 2047

2. 29th Baisakh 2048: General election held and new government was formed under the
premiership of Girija Prasad koirala
3. 1st Falgun 2052: CPN(Maoist) started the armed revolution under Prachanda
4. 19th Jestha 2058: Royal Massacre in Narayanhiti Palace where Birendra and his family
were killed
5. 18th Ashoj 2059: King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba
6. 7th Mangsir 2062: 12 point understanding was signed between the Maoists and the seven
parties of Nepal
7. 19th Magh 2061: Detained all political leaders including Prime Minister Sher Bahadur
Deuba and formed the government under his own chairmanship.
8. 24th Chaitra 2062: People’s Movement II was launched.
9. 11th Baisakh 2063: The parliament was restored by King Gyandendra which ends the 19
days mass movements.
10. 26th Chaitra 2046: Multi Part democracy came in the country ending the mass movement
I.
16. What role should you play to protect democracy achieved at the cost of Martyrs?
 Democracy is the best form of government in the modern era as it allows citizens to
exercise and enjoy many rights and gives them responsibilities at the same time. It is
almost a gift for the citizens if they are born in a Democratic Country and that is why
Citizens must do everything to save the Democracy at any cost.
I should play the following role to protect democracy achieved in high cost of blood
martyr’s.
 I should support and defend the democratic constitution made from people’s
mandate
 Respect the rights, beliefs and opinions of others
 I should participate actively in democratic process as the democracy won’t
prosper without the engagement of citizen
 I should made government accountable by exposing mis deeds of the
government
 I would select the best candidate in election through my vote
 I should be aware and critical of what government is doing.
17. What would have happened, if the Mass Movement II hadn’t been successful?
 If the Mass Movement II hadn’t been successful, the following incidents would take
place.
 King would continue his absolute rule and people would be deprived of their
fundamental rights

 The country would go in turmoil and chaos as Maoist insurgents would continue
their armed struggle against the government
 Restructuring of the state to resolve the social, economic based needs would n’t
have been fulfilled
 There would be no consensus among the political parties and monarchy and the
country will be politically instable.
18. Compare the political and economic condition of Nepal from 2007 to 2017 and 2046 to 2063
B.S.
 Political Condition
2007 to 2017 B.S. 2046 to 2063 B.S.
10 different governments were formed and only 16 different governments were formed and few
1 of them was elected of them were elected
King took advantages of internal and intra King took advantage of the party’s unable to
conflict between the party deliver democratic election due to Maoist
insurgency
It was a two way rift between the King and the It was a three way rift between the Maoist,
political parties Political Parties and the Monarchy
Social Condition
2007 to 2017 B.S. 2046 to 2063 B.S.
Country didn’t recognize multi culture and Country recognized multi culture and multi
multi religion religion
Various social traditions and stigmas were Most social traditions and stigmas were
prevalent abolished by Muluki Ain
Constitution didn’t recognize the social rights Constitution recognized the social rights
Economic Condition
2007 to 2017 B.S. 2017 to 2063 B.S.
Few Privatization Given priority to privatization
No foreign investment Foreign investment act was introduced
No modernization in agriculture and trade Modernization in agriculture and trade
diversification diversification
Very Short questions
1. What do you mean by interim government?

 The government which is formed for a certain period of time with specific tasks to be
performed after which it gets dissolved immediately. E.g. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
government formed after mass movement I.
2. What is meant by minority government?
 A government formed by a political party which has won more seats in the parliament
election but still hasn’t the majority. E.g. Manomohan Adhikari government formed after
the mid- term election of 2051 B.S.
3. What is meant by Royal take over by Gyanendra? ( Direct rule)
 King Gyanendra dissolved the existing parliament and suspended the Prime Minister
Sher Bahadur Deuba and began ruling directly. This action of the King is called the
Royal Take over.
4. What was the resolution of 12 points agreement between Maoist and 7 party
alliances?
 To launch the mass movement peacefully against the king’s action throughout the
country.
5. What is Constituent Assembly?

 It is the assembly of the People’s representative elected to draft the constitution through
the democratic process?
6. When did the people movement I and II start and end?
 People’s Movement I: 2047 Falgun 7th to 2046 Chaitra 26th
People’s Movement II: 2062 Chaitra 24th to 2063 Baisakh 11th
7. Why is the 19th Magh 2061 taken as the “Black Day” in the history of Nepal.
 Gyanendra took all the state power by dissolving the elected government of Sher Bahadur
Deuba and curtailed the fundamental right of the people.
8. Why is the election of 2051 B.S. called a Mid-Term election?
 The election was held before the full tenure of the government.
9. King Gyanendra Misused the article 127 of the Constitution of 2047. What was
there is the article?
 Any difficulty arises in bringing this constitution into force; His Majesty may issue
necessary orders to remove these difficulties.
10. When was the democracy restored in Nepal?
 2046 Chaitra 26th
Unit 7 History Lesson: 7 Political Events after 2062/2063

1. What were the historical declarations of Jestha 04, 2063 B.S.?
 After the success of the Mass movement II, a coalition government of the 7 parties was
formed under the premiership of Girija Prasad koirala. On Jestha 4th, 2063 B.S., the

restored House of the Representatives adopted a historical declaration that made some
important changes:
 All the powers of the king were suspended and his property as made taxable
 His Majesty’s Government was changed into Nepal Government
 Nepal was declared a Secular Country
 Royal Nepal Army was changed into Nepal Army
 Chief of the Army staff would be appointed by the Council of Ministers
 The power to make, amend and repeal laws regarding the succession to the
throne shall be vested on the House of Representatives.
 In addition to these changes, it also decided for the following things:
- Election of the Constitution Assembly
- Negotiations with the Maoists
- Interim Constitution
2. Why was the Constituent assembly –I dissolved without making the Constitution?
 Constituent Assembly –I was dissolved on 14th Jestha 2069 B.S without writing the
Constitution during the premiership of Baburam Bhattarai. It’s main reasons were:
 There was misunderstanding and mistrust among the political parties
 There were many political parties representing in the Constituent assembly.
Hence, it was difficult to make an arrangement among them all regarding the
constitutional matters. No political party had the majority in the Assembly
 The political parties could not rise above party-self engaging more on forming
the government rather than writing the constitution
 The political party’s leaders lack the knowledge and experience In regard to
drafting constitution in Consensus.
3. Why was the government formed under the chairmanship of Chief Justice Khilaraj Regmi?
 A government under the chairmanship of Khilraj Regmi was formed on 1st Chaitra 2069
B.S. for the following reasons:
 First Constituent Assembly was dissolved without drafting the Constitution
 Lack of Consensus, co-operation and unanimous issues among the political
parties
 Political parties could not form a government from the general election
 Political parties had to create an environment for holding second constituent
assembly by ending political deadlock.
 To assure that the chairman of the government is non- political individual
4. Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of Consensus. Justify.

 Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of consensus for the following reasons:
 It was promulgated in the consensus among political parties
 It was drafted as per the sentiments of People’s movement II
 532 Law makers of the Constituent assembly participated in voting process
where 115 were Brahmin, 124 chettris, 120 Indigenous ,67 Madhesis, 29 Tharus,
38 Dalits,14 Muslims, 19 were the Backward class people.
 It was the collective attempt of people inside the Constituent assembly of all
language, religion, caste and region.
5. What were the major Political, Economic and Social effects after People’s Movement II?
List them.
 Nepalese struggled for democracy and human rights for several times in the history. Each
time they got achievements but failed to instutionalize. There was Great problem of racial
and gender discrimination. People wanted social harmony, equality, justice and the end of
the discrimination. People were not ensured with equal access to the state affair. The

culture, tradition, language and religion of the nation were not equally promoted. Hence
people wanted to end all of these and they started the Mass Movement II with a hope to
change the Social, political and Economical structure of the country. Most of them were
fulfilled after the Mass Movement II.
Social Effects:
 Country got new Constitution which guaranteed the proportional and inclusive
participation of people in the main stream of the development. Social inclusion
is practiced. The Movement brought the back ward group of people who were
excluded by the society to the main stream of the state.
 It eliminated various forms of discrimination on the ground of religion, gender,
language or region and eradicated various social evils from the society.
 Introduced progressive policies of the state for social justice and equal
participation. Concept of reservation to women, Indigenous nationalities,
Madhesi, Dalit, Tharu was brought.
 Increases the level of people’s awareness.
Political Effects:
 Nepal was declared a secular state on 4thJestha 2063 B.S. It made all the
religions feel equally respected and honored getting equal opportunity to profess
and practice their religion.
 Country was restructured on the basis of Federal Democratic Republic system
dividing Nepal into 7 states and ending 240 years old monarchy.
 Constituent Assembly election was held twice which made the Constitution of
Nepal 2072- a people’s made constitution through consensus among all the
political parties
 Power gets decentralized to ensure the proportionate development with the
increase in political awareness as well.
 Sustainable peace was promoted by ending a decade long Maoist insurgency in
the country.
Economic Effects:
 Increase in employment opportunities due to expansion of various economic
sectors.
 Living standard and per capita income of People increased
 Timely implementation of developmental plans and programs started which
led to the economic growth.
 Increase in foreign assistance and investment leading to the beginning of
many development projects of National glory. Agreements like BIPPA,
trade and transit, financial aid etc, have been signed with many countries.
 Increased volume of remittance which has become the back bone of
Nepalese economy
6. Important Dates:
1. Historical declaration of House of Representatives: 4th Jestha 2063
2. Comprehensive Peace Accord with Maoist : 5th Mangsir 2063
3. Promulgation of Interim Constitution of Nepal: 1st Magh 2063
4. Election of First Constituent Assembly I: 28th Chaitra 2064
5. Nepal declared a Republican State: 15th Jestha 2065
6. Constituent Assembly I dissolved: 14th Jestha 2069
7. Formation of Interim Election council government under Khilraj Regmi: 1st Chaitra 2069
8. Constitution of Nepal promulgated: 3rd Ashwin 2072
9. First, second and third phase of local election : 31st Baisakh/14th Ashad/2nd Ashwin 2074
10. First and second Phase of General election of Central and provincial parliament: 10th
Mangsir/21 Mangshir 2074

7. What were the historical declarations of Jestha 04, 2063 B.S.?

 After the success of the Mass movement II, a coalition government of the 7 parties was
formed under the premiership of Girija Prasad koirala. On Jestha 4th, 2063 B.S., the
restored House of the Representatives adopted a historical declaration that made some
important changes:
 All the powers of the king were suspended and his property as made taxable
 His Majesty’s Government was changed into Nepal Government
 Nepal was declared a Secular Country
 Royal Nepal Army was changed into Nepal Army
 Chief of the Army staff would be appointed by the Council of Ministers
 The power to make, amend and repeal laws regarding the succession to the
throne shall be vested on the House of Representatives.
 In addition to these changes, it also decided for the following things:
- Election of the Constitution Assembly
- Negotiations with the Maoists
- Interim Constitution
8. Why was the Constituent assembly –I dissolved without making the Constitution?
 Constituent Assembly –I was dissolved on 14th Jestha 2069 B.S without writing the
Constitution during the premiership of Baburam Bhattarai. It’s main reasons were:
 There was misunderstanding and mistrust among the political parties
 There were many political parties representing in the Constituent assembly.
Hence, it was difficult to make an arrangement among them all regarding the
constitutional matters. No political party had the majority in the Assembly
 The political parties could not rise above party-self engaging more on forming
the government rather than writing the constitution
 The political party’s leaders lack the knowledge and experience In regard to
drafting constitution in Consensus.
9. Why was the government formed under the chairmanship of Chief Justice Khilaraj Regmi?
 A government under the chairmanship of Khilraj Regmi was formed on 1st Chaitra 2069
B.S. for the following reasons:
 First Constituent Assembly was dissolved without drafting the Constitution
 Lack of Consensus, co-operation and unanimous issues among the political
parties
 Political parties could not form a government from the general election
 Political parties had to create an environment for holding second constituent
assembly by ending political deadlock.
 To assure that the chairman of the government is non- political individual
10. Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of Consensus. Justify.

 Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of consensus for the following reasons:
 It was promulgated in the consensus among political parties
 It was drafted as per the sentiments of People’s movement II
 532 Law makers of the Constituent assembly participated in voting process
where 115 were Brahmin, 124 chettris, 120 Indigenous ,67 Madhesis, 29 Tharus,
38 Dalits,14 Muslims, 19 were the Backward class people.
 It was the collective attempt of people inside the Constituent assembly of all
language, religion, caste and region.
11. What were the major Political, Economic and Social effects after People’s Movement II?
List them.

 Nepalese struggled for democracy and human rights for several times in the history. Each
time they got achievements but failed to instutionalize. There was Great problem of racial
and gender discrimination. People wanted social harmony, equality, justice and the end of
the discrimination. People were not ensured with equal access to the state affair. The
culture, tradition, language and religion of the nation were not equally promoted. Hence
people wanted to end all of these and they started the Mass Movement II with a hope to
change the Social, political and Economical structure of the country. Most of them were
fulfilled after the Mass Movement II.
Social Effects:
 Country got new Constitution which guaranteed the proportional and inclusive
participation of people in the main stream of the development. Social inclusion
is practiced. The Movement brought the back ward group of people who were
excluded by the society to the main stream of the state.
 It eliminated various forms of discrimination on the ground of religion, gender,
language or region and eradicated various social evils from the society.
 Introduced progressive policies of the state for social justice and equal
participation. Concept of reservation to women, Indigenous nationalities,
Madhesi, Dalit, Tharu was brought.
 Increases the level of people’s awareness.
Political Effects:
 Nepal was declared a secular state on 4thJestha 2063 B.S. It made all the
religions feel equally respected and honored getting equal opportunity to profess
and practice their religion.
 Country was restructured on the basis of Federal Democratic Republic system
dividing Nepal into 7 states and ending 240 years old monarchy.
 Constituent Assembly election was held twice which made the Constitution of
Nepal 2072- a people’s made constitution through consensus among all the
political parties
 Power gets decentralized to ensure the proportionate development with the
increase in political awareness as well.
 Sustainable peace was promoted by ending a decade long Maoist insurgency in
the country.
Economic Effects:
 Increase in employment opportunities due to expansion of various economic
sectors.
 Living standard and per capita income of People increased
 Timely implementation of developmental plans and programs started which
led to the economic growth.
 Increase in foreign assistance and investment leading to the beginning of
many development projects of National glory. Agreements like BIPPA,
trade and transit, financial aid etc, have been signed with many countries.
 Increased volume of remittance which has become the back bone of
Nepalese economy
12. Important Dates:

11. Historical declaration of House of Representatives: 4th Jestha 2063
12. Comprehensive Peace Accord with Maoist : 5th Mangsir 2063
13. Promulgation of Interim Constitution of Nepal: 1st Magh 2063
14. Election of First Constituent Assembly I: 28th Chaitra 2064
15. Nepal declared a Republican State: 15th Jestha 2065
16. Constituent Assembly I dissolved: 14th Jestha 2069
17. Formation of Interim Election council government under Khilraj Regmi: 1st Chaitra 2069

18. Constitution of Nepal promulgated: 3rd Ashwin 2072
19. First, second and third phase of local election : 31st Baisakh/14th Ashad/2nd Ashwin 2074
20. First and second Phase of General election of Central and provincial parliament: 10th
Mangsir/21 Mangshir 2074
Unit: History Lesson: Causes of the First World War

Short Questions

1. How the Alliance System did take place? How did Groupism of European Countries led to the Start
of the First World War? (Groupism and alliances)
 Unification of Germany ended in 1870. Imperial Germany symbolized success created in three
victorious wars replacing France as the first Military power in Europe. Germany Empire stood second
to none with population of 67 million people. Germany’s progress aroused anxieties among its
neighbors. Ottovan Bismark who became the chancellor of Germany adopted the policy of
Imperialism and annexed two important provinces of France Called Alsace and Lorraine in 1871.
Treaty of Frankfurt was severe to France. France felt humiliated and Bismark thought that France
could attack on Germany anytime. So, to isolate France he signed a secret agreement with Austria-
Hungary in 1879 and Italy in 1882. This is called Triple Alliance. After the downfall of Bismark in
1890, Germany could not isolate France. France signed a secret treaty with Russia in 1894 and Britian
in 1904. This is known as Triple Entente. There was Suspicious, fear and political tension among there
rival alliances. Germany was challenging Britian’s role as Europe’s Leader. France was conscious of
its secondary status in Europe which, if it were left without an ally, would leave it at Germany’s
mercy. Austria- Hungary wished to annihilate Slav hostility beyond its frontiers. For imperial
Germany, a future in which its military power was no longer superior to the combined military forces
of its Potential enemies was not to be tolerated. For the cause of the war is that alliance—that and
nothing else.
2. How Imperialism and Colonialism caused the First World War? (Imperialism and Colonialism)
 Colonization is a system of political, economic and cultural domination forcibly imposed by a technologically
advanced foreign nation. It is a component of Empire building, European expansion and the creation of modern
system. Many countries of Asia, Africa and South America were colonized by the European power houses after
the industrial revolution to extend their market and in search of raw materials. Modernization was creating new
industrial and political conflict and dividing the society. 3 Crore of European whites lived outside Europe and
European white population increased from 15 crore to 75 crore. After the Unification of Germany and Italy they
also joined the race to make economic colonies like Britian, Spain, France, Netherlands etc. Germany made some
colonies in African countries like Togo, Cameroon,Tanzania but it was nothing compared to Britian’s 47 lakh
50,000 Suqare miles land controlled by Britian. With a Country population of just 40.8 million, they were ruling
390 million people in colonies. Germany despite having more than 65 million populations was ruling only over
15 million people in colonies. 90.4% of Africa, 56% of Asia , 100% of Australia and 27% of Americas was
Colony before the start of the First World War. Germany was committed to control the colony and market of
England and France which created the favorable environment for the First World War.
3. How the Character of Kaiser Wilhem II helped for the war to broke out? (Character of Kaiser
Welhelm)
 German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II was very arrogant and proud. He was very ambitious as
well. He was highly emotional, unpredictable and manipulated by others. He was blinded by the
vision of world power and was demanding a place in the sun. He wanted to be known as the
people’s kaiser and as the kaiser of peace; also as the emperor during whose reign the German
Empire became an equal of the world’s greatest powers. His contradictory aims mirrored a
personality whose principal traits were not in harmony with each other. He believed in the policy
of “ world power or downfall” and was not prepared to make any compromise in the international
affairs. He removed a loyal and diplomatic chancellor like Bismark who had isolated their rival
France. So, France got chance to take revenge against Germany. He ignored Britian’s will to be
an ally of German thinking it was his weakness. He didn’t have strength to lead Germany in the
right direction. He added to its problems by being blinded by a vision of Weltpolitik, worldwide
power; a late comer in the colonial carve-up. He became more and more reliant on a weakening
ally, the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria- Hungary beset by the problems of keeping a
multinational state going.
4.What is Balkan Crisis? How it led to the First World War? (Balkan Crisis)

 Balkan region stretches from Denube River to Aegean Sea. Baltic states were not free. They were either
under Ottoman Empire or Austra- Hungary. Many Countries like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and
Montengro were under the rule of Turkey’s Ottoman Empire. It ruled in Baltic region for 600 years. It is
known as KEG of Europe i.e. a box full of gun powder which will at any cost blast. These Countries
wanted independence from Islam Empire as they were Christians. These Countries decided not only to
form an alliance but also to launch war against Turkey and got independence and divided the land equally
in London Treaty after first Balkan war of 1912 A.D. The defeat led Turkey to be called as the sick man of
Europe.
Bulgaria was dissatisfied with Serbia while dividing the obtained land and it attacked Serbia in 1913 with
the agitation of Germany and Austria known as the second Balkan war and it got defeted. Prior to this a
pig war was fought between Serbia and Austria in 1905 where Austria had banned importing Serbian pigs.
Such crisis in Balkan region increased the war sentiment and became one of the causes of the First World
War. Russia had helped Serbia during the Balkan crisis of 1908. Russia had interfered the Balkan region
in the name of protecting the Slavs. In the mean time Germany and Austria were giving the slogan- Drag
Nach Osten i.e.move towards east.
5. What led to the conflict of Serbia and Austria- Hungary? How rebellious feeling of Bosnia- Herzegovina
led to the First World War? (Bosnia- Herzegovina Crisis)
 Bosnia- Herzegovina were given to Austria- Hungary by the congress of Berlin in 1878. These were the
two provinces of Ottoman empire given to them to govern. But Austria annexed them in 1908 in order to
protect Habsburg trade routes to and from the Dalmatian coast. The resulting incorporation of a large
number of Serbs into the empire was actively opposed by Serbian nationalists and was to contribute to the
outbreak of the First World War in 1914. A strong agitation started in Serbia to separate these two
provinces and unite them with Serbia as Bosnian people were also Serbs whose culture, language and life
style was similar to that of Serbia. Serbia wanted these states so that it would gets it route to Adriatric sea.
Russia backed Serbia and Germany Backed Austria. Russia’s potential threat to the interests and security of
the countries surrounding it hung over them all.
6. What were the immediate causes of the First World War? (Assassination of Austrian Heir
Ferdinand)
 The Austrian crown prince Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie- Chotek were shot dead on
28th June,1914 by a 24 year Bosnian student Gavrilo Princep, who was the member of the spy organization
called “Black hand society” or “Unity or death” Which was created to revolt against the occupation of
Bosnia- Herzegovina by Austria- Hungary. Austria blamed Serbia for the murder and Austrian Emperor
Francis Joseph sent an ultimatum containing 12 points demand to the king Peter of Serbia whose answer
had to be replied within 48 hours. Serbia didn’t agree the last ultimatum to permit the Austrian Officials to
supervise it. Austria-Hungary outraged by the reply of Serbia attacked against it on 28th July,1914. Russia
sent troops to support Serbia while Germany declared was on Russia. Belgium which was declared a
neutral country by 1839 was attacked by Germany to move towards France. So, France and England
declared war against Germany and Austria.
7. Monarchial System in Europe was a major cause factor of the First World War. How? Evaluate the
condition of monarchy in world after the First World War. (Monarchial System in Europe)
 There were monarchial rule in many of the European Countries. Germany had HohanJolners dynasty,
Austo- Hungary had Hubsberg dynasty,Russia had Romanov Dynasty and Turkey had Ottoman
Empire. Other countries like Bulgaria, Belgium,Serbia too had monarchial system.
Kaiser Welhelm of Germany developed the arrogant policy of World power or down fall which created
enmity with other countries. The Monarch became over patriotic and created the sense of ultra
nationalism among the citizens of their nations which created the conflict among nations. The Monarch
of the powerful nations developed the policy of colonization and Imperialism which instigated enmity
and hegemony. The monarchs waged competition for armaments and military power for self defense or
protection which created war in subsequent years. Conviction grew among monarchies that there
would be only one super power in the world and mass armies, guns, battle- ships were the means to
that end. The family story of the royal rivalries tore Europe apart, full of fire and tragedy.

The Condition of Monarchy after First World War was as follows:
 German Emperor Kaiser Welhelm escaped to Holland on November 10th,1918 and resigned from the
sovereign power on 28th November from there.
 Romanov dynasty ended in Russia and Russia became Soviet federation. Zaar Nicholas II resigned on 15 th
March 1917 who was later executed.
 Ottoman Empire was converted into Turkey. The place of Monarchy was occupied by another new political
system called “Republic”.
 Austro- Hungary monarch also collapsed and unification of Austria and Hungary of 1867 also collapsed.
 Some Monarch Still thrived to reinstate power and ruling like Great Britain in ceremonial form.
8. How is Ultra-nationalism not good? Justify.

 Normal loyalty and devotion to one’s nation is Nationalism. But Ultra Nationalism is excessive devotion
and loyalty to one’s nation which is exaggerated and unacceptable at times. Ultra- Nationalism can be an evil
force and a curse to humanity. It is based on the Slogan my country right or wrong is the greatest. It sowed
the seeds of First World War. The European countries that excessive National feeling. They wanted others to
respect their nationality. They used to think that their nation was greater, stronger and superior to others.
Extreme nationalism was developed by Germany by conquering small German speaking countries of Europe.
They had the arrogance that they were the superior race and born to rule the world. Balkan was also affected
by the feelings of Ultra- Nationalism. The First World War was, in truth, inevitable, and was made inevitable
years ago. It was not brought about through the faults of Sovereigns , not because there were great armies in
Europe, but because certain Powers, and one Power in particular, nourished ambitions and asserted claims
that involved not only ever increasing armaments but insured ever increasing animosities through ultra
nationalism.
9. Militarism and Armaments was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the First World War.
Justify. (Militarism)
 The Hostile groups of Europe were in a fear filled with suspicion and hatred against each other. They
started to increase the number of armies and develop dangerous weapons as they felt unsecured which also
came to be known as the cause of the war. Britain spent 94 million, German spent 125 million and Russia
spent 154 million in military development from 1870-1910. Germans had more troops than France and
more arms than Russia. Germany alone had 42,00,000 troops and Russia had 12, 00,000. Blinded by the
vision of World wide power, compulsory recruitment to the army was made. Industrialization also helped
to enhance new weapons. Britain Navy ruled the waves and was feared as Kaiser Welhem said that the
future of the Germany lies in water. Alliances were formed and they were preoccupied by suspicion, fear,
tension and hatred.
10. Differentiate between Colonialism and Imperialism.


Colonialism Imperialism
Practice of acquiring control over other territories by Practice of spreading influence by a powerful
a powerful Country Country
Establishing administrative influence over an outside Dominating an outside country by means of

country superiority
Manifested in administration and exploitation of Manifested in language, religion, art and culture
resources
It is more noticeable. E.g. Rule of British in India It is less noticeable. E.g. Third world countries under
Russian and American influence
11. Important Dates for Time line and Very Short Questions:

July 28,1914 Austria- Hungary Declared war on Serbia

August 1,1914 Germany declared war on Russia
August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France
August 4,1914 England declared war on Germany.
November 11, 1918 Peace terms signed in France
April 6, 2017 USA declared war on Germany
June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed in France
Very Short Questions

1. What was the Axis and Allied Group?
 The Countries that supported Germany are known as the Axis Countries E.g. Austria- Hungary,
Bulgaria, Turkey.The Countries that supported France were known as the Allied Group. E.g. England, Russia,
Japan
2. .How long did the First World War last?
 It lasted for 1565 days starting from 28th July 1914 to 11th November 1919.
3. What was the immediate cause of the First World War?
 The assassination of the Austrian Heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek in
Bosnian Capital Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 is the immediate cause of the First World War.
4. What was the Balkan League?
 The organization formed by four Balkan countries Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro to get
independence from Ottoman Empire is known as the Balkan League.
5. What was Ottoman Empire?
 The big transcontinental empire of Turkey ruling over Southeast Euope, Western Asia and Northern
Africa between 14th to 20th Century named after its founder Osman I.
6. What was Black Hand Society?
 Black Hand Society was an Organization formed by the Serbian students to revenge with Austria
for the occupation over Bosnia Herzegovina.
7. Name the Countries of Triple Entente (Allied Power) and Triple Alliance (Central power or
Axis).
 Triple Entente: France, England and Russia.
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy and Austria- Hungary.
8. Why was Turkey called the Sick man of Europe?
 Great Empire of Turkey known as Ottoman Empire was divided and made weaker financially,
economically and politically after the defeat of the First Balkan War and the First World War.
9. When was treaty of Versailles signed? (Paris peace treaty)
 It was signed on June 28th ,1919 at Versailles palace of Paris.
10. Write any two points included in the Ultimatum of Austria to Serbia after the assassination of
Austrian Prince and his wife.
 1. Serbia must suppress Black Hand Society
2. Serbia must allow the Austrian authorities to investigate the anti Austrian activities in Serbia.
( Serbia denied to agree on this point)
11. Why did Britain (England) declared war against Germany?
 Germany violated 1839 treaty to keep Belgium neutral at wars by attacking a neutral Country
Belgium as Belgium didn’t give its route for Germany to attack France.
12. Why Did USA declared war against Germany in 1917?
 American Cargo ship was sunk by Germany without any warning and news spread that Germany is
encouraging Mexicans to fight against the US to recover their lost territories
Long Answer Question

1. Write down the causes of the First World War.

 Must Include this points which are already described in Short Questions:
 Groupism and alliances -Colonization and Imperialism
 Character of Kaiser Welhelm - Balkan Crisis
 Ultra Nationalism & Militarism - Bosnia & Herzegovina Crisis
 Monarchial System in Europe -Assassination of Austrian Prince
Unit: 7 History Lesson: Consequences of the First World War
1. Results of the First World war :

The shape of the future world after August 1914 would now be decided by force. At the outset of the war
all the major nations launched offensives to knock out the enemy quickly, and every one of these offensives
had failed by the autumn of 1914 with great loss of life. War ended four years later not by defeat of the
armies in the field alone, as in the wars of the nineteenth century, but with the breakdown of the political
and economic structure of the defeated, their societies weakened or shattered.
a) Unprecedented loss of life and Property: The Great War disrupted and destroyed lives on a scale
never known before. More than 60 million men were mobilized and 8.5 million were killed, 21
million were wounded and in every town and village in Europe the blinded and maimed victims
served as daily reminders decades after the war was over. The war, which involved millions and for
which millions suffered. Even after the war Spanish Flu killed more than 50 lakhs people.
Catastrophe was so severe that one a single day in 1916,1st July more than 57000 soldiers were
killed.
It is estimated that total 58 thousand 500 Crore money was spent on war. Inflation and wages rates
were high. Starvation, unemployment hike prices and economic recession Started of 1930. In
Germany only 7 lakh people died of Malnutrition and Child mortality rate doubled.
b) Versailies Treaty : The treaty of Versailles was signed on Versailles palace in Paris on 28th June
1919. Worst of all possible outcomes, this treaty was too harsh to conciliate and too weak to destroy.
The settlement took the form of a treaty but a treaty not negotiated with the offending state but
imposed upon it.
The main provisions of the treaty were-
1. War guilt- Article 231 of the treaty acknowledged the sole responsibility of the world War to
Germany. It was dictated to accept the terms and conditions of the treaty unconditionally with
humiliation. Germany need to pay 650 Crore pound as war compensation.
2. Germany lost its territories- Germany lost 1/3rd of its population (6 Million), 13% of its and 3
quarter of Iron and coal producing areas.
 Ceded Alsace and Lorraine to France
 The areas of Eupan and Malmady were surrounded to Belgium.
 Saar and Denzing were kept under International Control.
 Posen and Prussia was given to Poland losing its polish corridor which gives access
to the Baltic sea.
 All the Germans colonies were captured by the Allied powers
3. Military restrictions-
 German army“ Reichswehr” was restricted to 1 lakh only.
 Navy limited to 6 battle ships, 6 light cruisers,12 destoyers and no sub marines.
 No retirement of soldiers after they become 30
 No soldiers in Rhineland. They should be 10 Kms. Away from it.
 Compulsory military education lifted.
 Restriction on manufacturing of warships, tank and war planes.

c. End of Monarchy- Monarchial system ended in most countries and republican system was
established. HohanJolners dynasty of Germany, Hebsburg of Asutria, Romanov of Russia and Ottoman
of Turkey all fell down. Tsar NICHOLAS II of Russia not only was over thrown by Bolshevik
revolution in 1917, but hanged to death. Kaiser Welhelm II of Germany escaped to Holland. Long 68
years old reign of Franc Joseph ended in Austria- Hungary splitting these two countries. Poland, Latvia,
Finland, Ukraine also started the Republican system.
d.Rise of new Countries and change of world map- Some new nations emerged as the result of the
World War I. New state Czechoksovakia was formed with 15 million people inherited from most parts
of Austria. Serbia, Montenegro, Crotia, Slovenia, and Dalmatia form centralized Serb State called
Yugoslavia. Poland Become independent. Russia became Soviet Union. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and
Lithonia became independent from Russia. Ottoman Empire became Turkey. Jews migrated towards
Muslim countries. Canada & Australia all become Independent countries
e.Rise of Dictatorship- Some dictators exploited the situation of crisis and rose to power in their
respective countries taking advantages from it. They promised to solve the economic and political crisis
of the country and obtained the public support. Fascism will grow in a humiliated country. Adolf Hitler
of Germany, Stalin of Russia, Mussolini of Italy and General Franco of Spain were the dictators who
established the absolute rule after they came to power.
f.Establishment of league of Nations- The League of Nations was established on 10th of January 1920
according to the 14 points tabled by the American President Woodrow Wilson. It was developed by
Paris peace conference held on 25th January 1919 where 44 countries signed on the charter. Its main
objective was to prevent the world from the war, to settle the disputes peacefully and to develop
international Understanding and disarmament.
g. Social Change- Rebuilding required combined effort of men and women. Women movement of
Europe gave them the voting rights. Factories laws and trade unions were established. Women publicly
embraced new access to traditionally made occupations. New forms of social interaction between the
sexes and across class lines became possible. Contraception became illegal in some countries like
France because of Population concerns. Throughout 1920, Democracy was triumphed.
2. Versailles treaty was the major reason for the World War II. (World war I was the main reason
for II world war.)
 The treaty of Versailles was signed on Versailles palace in Paris on 28th June 1919 between
Germany and the Allied Powers. Worst of all possible outcomes, this treaty was too harsh to
conciliate and too weak to destroy. The settlement took the form of a treaty but a treaty not
negotiated with the offending state but imposed upon it. When the peace treaties were signed, the
United States was already withdrawing into isolation and Britain was disengaging from the
continent. The situation left France alone which was weaker in terms of population and economic
strength than Germany. In effect, it was left up to Germs themselves to decide whether they would
abide by the treaty provisions.
The treaty was too harsh for Germany to accept. Article 231 of the treaty acknowledged the sole
responsibility of the world War to Germany. It was dictated to accept the terms and conditions of
the treaty unconditionally with humiliation. Germany need to pay 650 Crore pound as war
compensation. Not only this but Germany also lost its territories. Germany lost 1/3 rd of its
population( 6 Million), 13% of its land and 3 quarters of Iron and coal producing areas. It Ceded
Alsace and Lorraine to France. The areas of Eupan and Malmady were surrounded to Belgium.
Saar and Denzing were kept under International Control. Posen and Prussia was given to Poland
losing its polish corridor which gives access to the Baltic sea. All the Germans colonies were
captured by the Allied powers. There were also Military restrictions Imposed on Germany. German
army “ Reichswehr” was restricted to 1 lakhs only. Its Navy was limited to 6 battle ships, 6 light
cruisers, 12 destroyers and no sub marines. Compulsory military education was lifted. There was
restriction on manufacturing of warships, tank and war planes.
Italy in return for 6 lakhs lives lost in the war, received only 9,000 square miles of territory with a
population of 1.6 million. None of the former German Colonies were assigned to Italy. The war,
then left Italy loaded with debt, high cost of living and discontented. Japan who fought with the

Allies even lost in German Holding territory of Shangdong, China as China refused to give it to it
citing it’s the birth place of Confucius, their great Philosopher. German had imposed a truly harsh
settlement on Russia too in 1918. In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia lost most of its European
territory, up to a third of its population, and three-quarters of its iron and coal production areas.
Versailles treaty made even allied countries upset and discontent. The Paris peace settlement was
drafted chiefly by Britain, France, and the United States. The Germans claimed they had assumed
the November 1918 armistice would lead to a true negotiated peace treaty but it didn’t. The treaty
was so harsh on Germany that the new German government deliberately adopted obstructionist
policies, and by 1923, it had halted major reparations payments. In the 1930s, the economic
difficulties resulting from the Great Depression enhanced popular support in those nations for
politicians and military leaders who supported drastic measures, even at the risk of war, to change
the situation in the “revisionist” powers’ favor. By the 1930s, attitudes toward World War I had
changed. German people believed their nation had not lost the war militarily but had been betrayed
by communists and Jews. They believed they could rise again and make up the loss for the First
World War. Hitler was merely continuing the policy of previous German governments in seeking
expansion. German ambitions which had been checked but not completely crushed by the
Versailles Treaty led to the Second World War. It created unresolved ‘German problem’ in the
period after 1919.
It is true that imposing the humiliating Treaty of Versailles (1919) on the defeated powers and
forcing them to mortgage their economies with an outlandish reparations bill set up a marker for
another major conflict.
Unit: 7 History Causes of the Second World War

Introduction
The disruptive impact of the First World War had shaken the political, economic and social systems of
Europe to their foundations. And whilst the great powers of Europe, victors as well as the defeated nations,
were gravely weakened by the long and grueling conflict. The United States and Japan had emerged, from
opposite sides of the globe, considerably strengthened economically and militarily.
Just twenty years after the signing of the peace treaties which concluded as the ‘war to end all wars’,
Second World War began. Despite the strong sentiments of ‘no more war’ voiced so repeatedly in the
years immediately after the war, why did the settlements of 1919 prove so fragile? Defeat came as a great
shock to the German people and led to accusations of betrayal leveled at alleged ‘traitors’ to Jews and
socialist who had sabotaged the German war effort and push to victory. An Austrian born corporal, who
served in the German army during the First World War—Adolf Hitler—exploited such sentiments,
organized a violently nationalist response to avenge the humiliation of defeat, and should therefore bear the
prime responsibility for the outbreak of the Second World War.
Causes of the Second World War

1. Violation of Versailles treaty by Germany: At the heart of Europe, the First World War had failed to
resolve ‘the German problem’. The Second World War was ‘implicit since the moment when the First
World War ended’ because of the failure of that war either to satisfy German ambitions or to crush them
completely. Germany fought specifically in the Second World War to reverse the verdict of the First World
War and to destroy the settlement which followed it. The treaty of Versailles was signed in Paris on 28th
June 1919. Worst of all possible outcomes, this treaty was too harsh to conciliate and too weak to destroy.
The settlement took the form of a treaty but a treaty not negotiated with the offending state but imposed
upon it. Germany had lost the First World War, but people of post-war Germany accepted neither that
defeat nor the peace settlement which followed it as a fair or final outcome. They believed the traitors were
alleged to have ‘stabbed Germany in the back’ by preventing her army from winning the glorious victory
which was so nearly within its grasp.
The treaty was too harsh for Germany to accept. The treaty acknowledged the sole responsibility of the
world War to Germany, cut her armed force to the bare minimum, took away all her colonies, ordered her
to pay for war damage and gave larger areas of her land to neighboring states. She was dictated to accept
the terms and conditions of the treaty unconditionally with humiliation. Not only was the treaty harsh but
unfair as well.
When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30th January 1933, He had three aims:
1. To tear up the treaty of Versailles
2. To unite all the German Speaking people in one country
3. To give more living space as Germany was over crowded and didn’t have enough food and raw
material to support her people
So, fulfill these ambitions, Hitler violated the treaty of Versailles. Rapid German rearmament was indeed
Hitler’s first priority. He trebled his armies and made 3, 00,000. He built 1000 aircrafts and was increased
up to 3500. Barracks, air fields and fortifications were built. He even withdrew from Geneva disarmament
Conference and League of Nations in 1933. Thus, big rearmament drive, creation of large air force,
initiation of huge Naval building program broke Versailles treaty.
2. Rise of Dictators: Several extremist and dictators like Hitler, Mussolini and General Franco, Stalin
rose after the First World War.
Italy was deeply dissatisfied with the peace settlement. It was a mutilated victory for her. Significant gains
at the end of the war were needed to justify mounting economic and social pressures. A series of post–war
social and industrial convulsions, destabilized the weak post-war Italian government, and resulted in the
rise to power of Mussolini and his Fascist party in 1922. His uncompromising message was that Italy had
not received from its allies the gains to which its gallant war efforts had entitled it. Mussolini ensured the
Fascists would change Italy and would turn her into a power to be respected and feared.

There was social unrest in Germany after the First World War because of unemployment and famine.
Almost 6 million youths were unemployed. People blamed their government for what had happened and
gave support to extreme political parties which promised to help them if elected to power. Thus, in a series
of election in Germany between 1930to1932, the extreme right wing group Nazi Party massively increased
its share of the vote, allowing its leader Adolf Hitler to become the Chancellor of Germany in 30th January
1933. He could captivate, inspire and enthrall an audience like no other German leader could. They gave
him his opportunity and he took it firmly with both hands.
Hitler and the Nazis had strong views about Germany’s place in the world. He promised to tear up the
treaty of Versailles and unite all German Speaking people into a strong German territory.
Civil war broke out in Spain from July 1936 and it concluded in March 1939. Two sides - one side were
Republicans supported by Communists and Socialists and other were Nationalist Supported by Church and
land owners. Italy and Germany supported the Nationalist and General Franco came to power in Spain
defeating the Republicans in 1939 who had a big role to play in the War and after Lenin’s death, Russia
was in the hand of another communist autocrat Stalin.
These Totalitarianism regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan faced up to the liberal democracies of Britain,
France, and USA.
3. Failure of League of Nations: The League of Nations was established on 10th of January 1920 to
prevent the world from the war, to settle the disputes peacefully and to develop international Understanding
and disarmament. Italy had taken part in Scramble for Africa- a contest to get as many colonies there as
possible and unsuccessfully failed to conquer Ethiopia in 1896. Mussolini after coming to power made
plans to conquer it again. On 3rd October 1935, Ethiopia was invaded and King Emmanuel of Italy was
made the Emperor of Ethiopia. League of Nations completely failed to stop this and could just put sanction
on Italy.
Manchuria, a part of China was three times bigger than Japan with population of 28 million containing
wealth for forestry, minerals and agricultural products. Japan Invaded Manchuria in 1931. The League of
Nations failed to protect Manchuria and just only could put Sanction on Japan.
Not every Nations belonged to the League. US government followed a policy of Isolation from the affairs
of Europe in 1920 and it was not a member of it. Germans looked it as the club of victor’s countries which
had beaten her in 1918 and withdrew from it in 1933.USSR was not a member as its Communist leader
Stalin saw it as the club of Capitalist. The League of Nations had proved itself to be impotent to deal with
conflict in the Far East, in the absence of cooperation from the two great powers, the United States and
Russia, and thus its credibility as a peace-keeping organization had been seriously affected.
4. Unholy alliances of the Nations: Several unholy alliances were formed in Europe after Hitler rose to
power in 1933. After May, 1936 when Italians army defeated Ethiopia, Mussolini had become friendlier
towards Hitler. He had been annoyed by the League of Nations Sanction against Italy and wanted a new
ally. In October 1936, the two leaders agreed to work on matters of Common interest and Rome- Berlin
axis was formed.
After the conquest of China by Japan in 1937, it alarmed its Communist neighbor Russia and threat to
Japan from Russia seemed greater. So Japan signed anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in 1936. It is an
agreement made by Germany and Japan to oppose the spread of International Communism specially
Russia. Italy joined this pact in 1937. The governments of the three countries were similar in many ways.
Each was antidemocratic, each glorified military strength, and each wanted to conquer new territory.
Russia also signed a Non- aggression Pact with its ally China in 1937 and its forces on the Manchurian
boarder were strengthened.
On 23rd August 1939, Foreign Ministers of Russia and Germany- Molotov and Ribbentrop signed a Nazi-
Soviet Pact. The two clauses on the pact were- 1. If Germany attacked Poland, Russia would remain
neutral and 2. Two countries agreed to divide Poland between them after it had been conquered.
By mid 1939, Europe was divided into two camps. France and Britain were in one camp, guaranteeing the
safety of Countries in Eastern Europe against Hitler’s invasion and Germany and Italy were in the other,
each preparing to expand in to Eastern Europe.
5. Fear of Communism and the Policy of Appeasement: Appeasement is the policy followed by Britain.
It is agreeing to whichever of the foreign country’s demands seemed reasonable in order to prevent the

country from starting a war. The desire to avoid war was such a powerful feeling in Europe that
appeasement was favored by most people. Britain’s main concerns appeared to be the survival and
consolidation of the British Empire, and the recovery of pre-war British trade. The British government had
been unhappy about the Versailles settlement from the start, believing it to be harsh and in some respects
unjust. It sympathized to a considerable extent with Hitler’s determination to shake off the shackles of
Versailles and to establish Germany once again as a leading European power. The allied powers had spent
two and a half times as much to win the war as their opponents had spent to lose it. In both Britain and
France, the memory of the devastation of the First World War remained strong. Successive governments
were determined to do all they could to avoid being dragged into such a conflict again.
Straddled across Eastern Europe and Asia there was the enigma of the Soviet Union under Stalin,
modernizing and industrializing through a series of five-year plans. Stalin had enhanced the economy of
Russia and all countries feared the growing strength of Russia, a Communist Country. Japan’s interests
were sharply focused on the Pacific region, and on maintaining and extending its territorial and economic
ambitions. Growing Japanese power threatened their old rival Russia. After the conquest of China by Japan
in 1937, it alarmed its Communist neighbor Russia and threat to Japan from Russia seemed greater. So
Japan signed anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in 1936. It is an agreement made by Germany and Japan
to oppose the spread of International Communism specially Russia. Italy joined this pact in 1937. Stalin
had enhanced the economy of Russia and all countries feared the growing strength of Russia, a Communist
Country.
Hitler and his Nazi party believed that Germany could be ‘redeemed’, regenerated and break loose from the
shackles of Versailles. He believed that German army had not been defeated in the field but had been
prevented from winning the victory within its grasp because of betrayal by enemies within: communists,
socialists and Jews. Nazi’s ideology was fundamentally racist, based on the idea that a hierarchy of races
existed throughout the world and the Aryan race, encompassing German was the supreme culture-creating
race while Slavs and Latin were lesser-value races who could carry the culture but not create it.
6. Spainish Civil War: Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 and ended in March 1939. It was triggered
off by General Franco’s challenge to the Spanish republican government. It was fought between the
Republicans and the Nationalist. Republicans were backed by the Communists and Socialists and
Nationalist were backed by Church and landowners. Italy and Germany Supported the Nationalist where as
Russia supported the Republicans. Spain’s iron ore, tin, copper, zinc, and mercury were attracting both the
parties. The war was so brutal that nearly half a million Spaniards died in the war. Axis power of Germany
and Italy poured aircraft, ammunition, weapons and troops in to the parts held by Nationalist. Italy poured
nearly around 73,000 soldiers and Germany sent 16,000 troops. Russian also had sent 1000 aircrafts and
900 tanks to help the Republican. Hitler and Mussolini saw themselves as fighting a crusade against
Communism Russia in Spain. Finally, the war was won by the Nationalist and Dictator General Franco rose
to power.
7. Economic Crisis: In October 1929, share prices on the Wall Street Stock exchange fell all time low and
hit USA financially. Slowly it spread to European Countries as well. Trade dwindled, profit fell, factories
and business closed down and millions lost their job. Countries raised the custom duties on foreign goods
to boost demand of domestic goods and discourage buying foreign goods. This self sufficiency and
protectionism theory harm international relationship and co operation. It also causes social unrest among
many people because of mass unemployment. So, most youth were involved in the military and armament.
In Germany only more than 6 million people were unemployed. Half Japan’s factories were idle, millions
of Japanese peasant starved when price of silk plummeted. Eastern Europe’s farmers faced face when
prices of wheat fell to a record low. People blamed their government for what had happened. Desperate for
food and work, people gave their support to extreme political parties which promised to help them if
elected to power. Democratic governments collapsed and replaced by absolute rule.
8. Immediate Cause- Attack on Poland: Hitler had laid the foundation for his ‘Greater Germany’ by
conquering Austria in 12th March 1939 without a bloodshed blaming the Austrian government unable to
accommodate Austrian Nazis. After the union of Austria, Germany had stirred up pan-German feelings in
neighboring Czechoslovakia where, in the Sudeten border region, there were heavy concentrations of
German-speaking people. Hitler wanted incorporation of all German-speaking Czech subjects into

Germany. The Czech government refused to entertain their demands at first but later Germany’s demand
was addressed through Britain and France’s negotiation in treaty of Munich.
As soon as the Czech crisis was resolved, Poland appeared to be Hitler’s next target and German attack was
imminent on Poland. Hitler started pressurizing Poland to induce them to agree for the return of Danzig to
Germany and the construction of an extraterritorial road and railway across the Polish Corridor. On 31
March, the Britain offered a guarantee to Poland that, if it was the victim of an unprovoked attack, Britain
would come to its aid. France followed suit. But it was practically impossible for both French and British
government to render any immediate aid. Russia could offer Poland immediate military help, but the Polish
government was adamant that no Russian troops would be allowed to enter Polish territory. Viewing this,
Hitler signed a non aggression pact with Russia on 23rd August 1939 known as Nazi- Soviet pact. It had
two clauses: 1.If Germany attacked Poland; Russia would remain neutral and 2.Two countries agreed to
divide Poland between them after it had been conquered.
The conclusion of the Nazi-Soviet pact completely isolated Poland and laid it open to attack, without any
immediate prospect of British or French military assistance. Hitler pressed ahead with plans for an
invasion. On 25th August, Britain and Poland signed a Treaty of Alliance and the British and French
governments made it clear that, despite the Nazi-Soviet pact, they would stand by their promises of
military assistance to Poland.
Mussolini informed Hitler that Italy was in no position to offer military assistance at the present time.
Despite this, German troops invaded Poland on 1 September, and on 3 September Britain and France
declared war on Germany. Germany attacked Poland with new kind of fast moving war known as
Blitzkrieg known as lighting war. This is the name given to the German’s military strategy of sending
troops in land vehicles to make quick, surprise attacks while airplanes provide support from above. This
method was especially effective against Poland and France. Polish resistance was quickly crushed, and the
country was rapidly defeated by a combination of German armies invading from the west and Soviet troops
joining in from the east. It took only a week to defeat Polish army and five weeks to conquer Poland.
Europe had neither the faith, nor the will, nor even sufficient repugnance, to offer timely, effective
resistance against Hitler. Twenty years after the end of the First World War, Europe found itself engulfed in
another major conflict.
Questions:
1. How the Economic Crisis did cause the Second World War?
 In October 1929, share prices on the Wall Street Stock exchange fell all time low and hit USA
financially. Slowly it spread to European Countries as well. Trade dwindled, profit fell, factories
and business closed down and millions lost their job. Countries raised the custom duties on foreign
goods to boost demand of domestic goods and discourage buying foreign goods. This self
sufficiency and protectionism theory harm international relationship and co operation. It also
causes social unrest among many people because of mass unemployment. So, most youth were
involved in the military and armament. In Germany only more than 6 million people were
unemployed. Half Japan’s factories were idle, millions of Japanese peasant starved when price of
silk plummeted. Eastern Europe’s farmers faced face when prices of wheat fell to a record low.
People blamed their government for what had happened. Desperate for food and work, people
gave their support to extreme political parties which promised to help them if elected to power.
Democratic governments collapsed and replaced by absolute rule.
2. Why and how did the League of Nations failed to achieve its objective?
 The League of Nations was established on 10th of January 1920 to prevent the world from the war,
to settle the disputes peacefully and to develop international Understanding and disarmament.
Italy had taken part in Scramble for Africa- a contest to get as many colonies there as possible.
Mussolini after coming to power made plans to conquer it again. On 3rd October 1935, Ethiopia
was invaded. League of Nations completely failed to stop this and could just put sanction on Italy.

Manchuria, a part of China containing wealth for forestry, minerals and agricultural products was
Invaded by Japan in 1931. The League of Nations failed to protect Manchuria and just only could
put Sanction on Japan.
Not every Nations belonged to the League. US government followed a policy of Isolation from the
affairs of Europe in 1920 and it was not a member of it. Germans looked it as the club of victor’s
countries which had beaten her in 1918 and withdrew from it in 1933.USSR was not a member as
its Communist leader Stalin saw it as the club of Capitalist. The League of Nations had proved
itself to be impotent to deal with conflict in the Far East, in the absence of cooperation from the
two great powers, the United States and Russia, and thus its credibility as a peace-keeping
Organization had been seriously affected.
3. Which Country was more responsible for the Outbreak of the Second World War?
 Most people point their finger towards Germany being more responsible for the outbreak of war.
But I felt role played by Britain was more responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War.
How the British through their unwisdom, carelessness and good nature allowed the wicked to
rearm. The war should be called ‘The Unnecessary War’ since ‘There never was a war more easily
to stop’. Britain Should have stood against German aggression much earlier than in 1939. The
allies should have intervened in 1934 or 1935 to prevent Nazi Germany from rearming, and
establishing a powerful air force. Others felt that Britain should have taken a strong stand over the
remilitarization of Germany. The threat of force, or actual military intervention, would have
deterred Hitler from further expansion. British policy, far from appeasing Hitler, showed him that
the British Government was willing to come to terms with him at the expense of other nations.
Appeasement was an attempt to move closer to Germany, despite German domestic brutality and
eastward expansion. Hitler was aided and abetted by British appeasement policies.
4. The Second World War was the war created by Hitler. Justify.
Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany from 1934 to 1945 and a leader of the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party, known as the Nazi Party. He took advantage of Germany’s economic
hardships and the bitterness of its citizens after World War I to attract followers, eventually taking
complete control of the country and becoming Chancellor of Germany on 30th January 1933. When he
became the Chancellor, He had three aims:
1. To tear up the treaty of Versailles
2. To unite all the German Speaking people in one country
3. To give more living space as Germany was over crowded and didn’t have enough food and raw
material to support her people
In order to fulfill these ambitions, Hitler violated the treaty of Versailles. Hitler had a deep hatred of
Jews too and he used to call them the enemies of the state. He used the idea of “racial purity” to
justify harsh measures and mass murder against them. Hitler’s skills as a persuasive speaker and his
willingness to use violence to get what he wanted led to a twelve-year reign and sparked a war that
led to the deaths of some fifty million people.
He had made unholy alliances to fulfill his dream. Rome- Berlin axis and Nazi Soviet pact and the
anti- comintern pact signed with Italy, Japan and Russia were it’s prime illustrations. Hitler had laid
the foundation for his ‘Greater Germany’ by conquering Austria in 1939 blaming the Austrian
government unable to accommodate Austrian Nazis and turned towards Czechoslovakia. Then, Hitler
started pressurizing Poland to induce them to agree for the return of Danzig to Germany and Poland’s
refusal led to the attack of Poland by Germany on 1st September 1939 which led the Second World
War.
5. How were Britain, Italy and Japan responsible for the Second World War?
 Britain: It should have stood against German aggression much earlier than in 1939 to prevent
Nazi Germany from rearming, and establishing a powerful air force. Britain allowed
remilitarization of Germany. British policy, far from appeasing Hitler, showed him that the British
Government was willing to come to terms with him at the expense of other nations. Appeasement
was an attempt to move closer to Germany. Hitler was aided and abetted by British appeasement

policies. On 25th August, Britain and Poland signed a Treaty of Alliance and the Britain made it
clear that they would stand by their promises of military assistance to Poland if Germany would
attack it.
Italy: A series of post–war social and industrial convulsions, destabilized the weak post-war Italy,
and resulted in the rise to power of Mussolini and his Fascist party. Their uncompromising
message was that Italy had not received from its allies the gains to which its gallant war efforts
had entitled it. The Fascists would change all this and turn Italy into a power to be respected and
feared. He wanted Italy to return to the glory of the ancient Roman Empire. Since his accession to
power in 1922, the Fascist leader had made no secret of his ambition to raise Italy’s status as a
European power by increasing its influence around the Mediterranean and by expanding its
empire. He said war is to man what maternity is to women. The Italian Conquest of Ethiopia in
1935 made the League of Nation, a complete failure. Dictator Mussolini made Ally with Hitler
forming the Rome- Berlin-Tokyo Axis.
Japan: Japan, was also pursuing an expansionist agenda gathering at alarming pace. Japan had
followed a course of territorial expansion in East Asia since the late nineteenth century. Its
demands for permanent concessions and extended rights in Shantung province in China, and in
Manchuria clearly show the ambition to be the world power. Japan invaded Manchuria, a region of
China, in 1931. At the time China was in the middle of a civil war and did not immediately resist
this invasion. War finally broke out between Japan and China in 1937, as Japan moved to take
over the rest of China. Japan also began expanding its empire to the Pacific islands off the coast of
the Asian continent. Much of this territory was controlled by such countries as the United States,
Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Japan prepared to go to war with these countries over the
territory. In December 1941, Japan bombed the U.S. port of Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian Islands
and America declared war on Japan.
Unit: 7 History Consequences of the Second World War
Between 1939 and 1945 a war was fought among all the major powers of the world. By the end of it, more
than fifty countries were involved. It was a war in which more people died than had died in any previous
war and it changed the political, social, and economic face of the entire world. The total number of deaths
from World War II has been estimated to be around 50 million. This War deserves its reputation as the
most horrifying event in modern history for the way in which processes of dehumanization and killing were
founded upon.
Words to know:
Allies: The countries who fought against Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. The makeup of
the Allied powers changed over the course of the war. The first major Allied countries were Great Britain
and France. Germany defeated France in 1940 but some Free French forces continued to fight with the
Allies until the end of the war. The Soviet Union and the United States joined the Allies in 1941.
Anti-Comintern Treaty: Comintern refers to the Communist International organization, a group of world
Communist parties that was run by the Soviet Union. Germany, Japan, and Italy called their military
alliance Anti-Comintern to make it sound like a defensive agreement against communism.
Appeasement: Making compromises in order to stay on neutral terms with another party or country to
avoid war.
Atlantic Charter: An agreement signed in 1941 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill in which the United States and Great Britain stated their commitment to
worldwide peace and democracy.
Axis: During World War II, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed a coalition called the Axis powers.
Eventually, they were joined by Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Finland, and Bulgaria.

Blitzkrieg: Meaning “lightning war” in German, this is the name given the German’s military strategy of
sending troops in land vehicles to make quick, surprise attacks while airplanes provide support from above.
This strategy was especially effective against Poland and France.
D-Day: Usually refers to June 6, 1944, the day the Normandy Invasion began with a massive landing of
Allied troops on the beaches of northern France, which was occupied by Germany; also called Operation
Overlord. D -Day is also a military term designating the date and time of an attack.
Fascism: A political system in which power rests not with citizens but with the central government, which
is often run by the military and/or a dictator.
Holocaust: The period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically persecuted and
murdered millions of Jews, homosexuals and other innocent people.
Internment camps: A guarded facility usually used to hold citizens of an enemy country during wartime.
Isolationism: A country’s policy of keeping out of other countries’ affairs. Isolationism was a strong force
in American politics after World War I (1914–18) and continued to be an important factor until Japan
attacked the United States in December 1941.
Nazi: The abbreviated name for the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, the political party led by
Adolf Hitler, who became dictator of Germany. Hitler’s Nazi Party controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
The Nazis promoted racist and anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) ideas and enforced complete obedience to Hitler
and the party.
Pearl Harbor: Inlet on the southern coast of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, and the site of a Japanese attack
on a U.S. naval base on December 7, 1941. The attack prompted the United States to enter World War II.
Red Army: Another name for the Soviet Union’s army.
Swastika: The Nazi symbol of a black, bent-armed cross that always appeared within a white circle set on
a red background.
Tripartite Pact: An agreement signed in September 1940 that established an alliance among Germany,
Italy, and Japan. The countries promised to aid each other should any one of them face an attack.
Consequences of Second World War

1. Great Loss of life and Property: No one has said that killing is easy. Yet, war depends
Upon large numbers of people being prepared to slaughter large numbers of other people and Second
World War provided the same. World War II was the first time a war was fought all over the world. By the
time it ended, there had been fighting on every continent except South America and Antarctica, and in
almost all the oceans. By the end of it, more than 61 countries were involved. It was a war in which more
people died than had died in any previous war and it changed the political, social, and economic face of the
entire world. At the end of the war, hundreds of millions of people were forced to sift through the ashes of
their ruined lives. Large parts of Europe and eastern Asia were in ruins. Those who survived had to attempt
to rebuild their lives. Millions had been wounded. Their scars were a reminder of what they had gone
through. The total number of deaths from World War II has been estimated to be around 55 million. On
average, 20,000 people had been killed each day of the war. Terror was always a central component of this
war. Science and technology were applied to the most murderous ends known to human kind including
chemical weapons and bombs. Two cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, had been utterly destroyed by
atomic bombs. Almost 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children, had been murdered in Europe. There
were outbreaks and sometimes epidemics of tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhus, typhoid, and cholera. E.g.
Poland lost 20% of its pre-war population. The life was so tragic that, Joseph Stalin the dictator of the
USSR quipped that ‘a single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic’.
2. End of Colonization and Wave of National Movements: Within a decade of the end of the war,
virtually the entire European imperial presence in Asia had been removed. British Colonies India and
Srilanka became Independent in 1947 and Burma in 1948. Philippines became Independent from Japan in
1946. French Colony of Vietnam, Japanese Colony of Korea, British Colony of Syria and Lebanon also
become sovereign States after the world war. On the African continent, there was a resurgence of black
demands for equality. The decolonization of Africa took place with sudden and radical regime changes on
the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states and few through uprisings
by the wave of national movements. Nationalist movement ignited in Africa too. Some states that were
decolonized were- French Colony of Algeria, Portuguese Colony of Angola, British Colony of Kenya,

Ghana and Morocco, Belgian Colony of Congo, Italian colony of Libya etc. The other great political
change inspired by the war was the creation of the State of Israel in 1949. Israel absorbed around half a
million Jewish victims of Nazism becoming home to Holocaust survivors.
3. Polarization and Cold war: The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era, defined by
the decline of all European colonial empires and rise of two Super powers: The USSR and The USA in an
increasingly Bi polar world. Allies during the war, these two countries became competitors on the world
stage. A new war centered on ideological and political conflicts between capitalism led by USA and
Communism led by UUSR. It endured nearly for 50 years and affected most of the globe as countries
increasingly had to choose sides with one of the super powers, either USA or USSR. The USSR refused to
allow the establishment of democratic and representative governments in Poland and in other parts of
eastern and central Europe liberated by the USSR’s Red Army. There was also sharp disagreement between
the Western Allied powers and the Soviet Union over the occupation and future governance of Germany
and Japan. This lead to the division of Germany in to East and West, Korea into North and South and
Vietnam into North and South leading by two different power blocs.
4. Establishment of Competitors Organizations for Economic Reconstruction: The World War II

turned America into a world power. America used its newly found economic power to influence other
nations worldwide. On 5th June, 1947 United States Secretary of the State George Marshall announced a
program of extensive economic aid to Europeans in need. It is known as European Recovery Plan or
Marshall Plan. He proposed that European nations adopt a policy of reconstruction, with the help of
American money. Over the next four years, Congress devoted $13.3 billion to European recovery. This
money was intended not only to bolster free market economies and industrial and commercial
reconstruction, but also to prevent the spread of Communism in Western Europe. On the other hand, under
the leadership of foreign minister Molotov of USSR, an organization was established known as Council
for Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON) called Molotov plan with the objective to provide economic
assistance to its member countries.
USSR became the new threat in the post-war world. The western powers’ former allies established
NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in August 1949 for mutual defense and collective security in
which non communist countries promised to help each other in case of foreign aggression. On the other
hand, USSR and East European Countries established an organization called “Warsaw pact” in 1955.
5. Establishment of United Nations Organizations: The League of Nations was established after the First
World War to prevent war and promote peace failed to achieve its objectives. This convinced the world
statesmen that an effective system of collective security must be evolved if the world was to be saved from
the catastrophe. The actual working of the League of Nations had demonstrated that no security
organization could be effective unless all the major powers of the world became its members.
The leaders of Allies power held a meeting at London and issued a declaration on 12th June, 1941. It is
called the London declaration. This declaration appealed for the end of the war and international co-
operation and Peace. In 14th August 1941, US President Roosevelt and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
met on shipboard off the coast of Newfoundland, and announced the 8 points issued by Wilson during the
First World War emphasizing the principle for the better future. This is known as Atlantic Charter.
The Yalta Conference was held in February 1945 and was attended by Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
and took important decisions regarding the future of the World and Europe. It concentrated on the
establishment of an international organization for the preservation of the world peace. The three leaders
unanimously agreed to set up a new international organization in the shape of the United Nations
organization.
San Francisco Conference held on 25th /26th June 1945 finalized the Concept of United Nations. It was
established on 24th October 1945 after being signed by 51 nations on the charter. The Objectives of the
United Nations Organization were:
 To save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war
 To encourage respect for Human rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction of
race, sex, language or religion.
 To promote social and economic welfare of the people of the member states

 To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another
 To maintain International peace and national security
 To remove threats to Peace of the world by suppressing acts of aggression and other breaches of
peace.
 To settle the International disputes through peaceful means.
Some Questions
1. Describe the Pearl Harbor Incident:

 In May 1941, the United States extended its “Lend- Lease” program to China. In effect,
this meant that China could buy arms and supplies from the United States on long-term
credit. The United States was confirming that it would continue to support China in its
war against Japan. The Americans wanted to prevent Japan from controlling China and
Southeast Asia. US froze all Japanese assets in the United States. This meant that Japan
could not buy any goods from the United States, most important cut off all oil shipments
which now had almost no sources of petroleum. It also faced serious shortages of other
products. On 7th December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor -the base for the American
Pacific Fleet, a few miles from Honolulu on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. More than
dozen warships and 200 planes were destroyed and more than 2400 soldiers killed and
100 injured. This incident compelled US to enter the Second World War.
2. Why did USA enter the Second World War?

 Japan was pursuing an expansionist agenda following a course of territorial expansion in
East Asia since the late nineteenth century. Japan also began expanding its empire to the
Pacific islands off the coast of the Asian countries like Philippines, Indonesia, Hong
Kong etc. Much of these territories were controlled by The United States and The Great
Britain. Japan prepared to go to war with these countries over the territory. In 7th
December 1941, Japan bombed the U.S. port of Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian Islands
Killing more than 2400 soldiers and destroying 200 planes and dozen warships. This
Incident compelled The USA to declare war on Japan.
3. After the World War II, an organization of neutral countries was formed. Name the
organization and write short description of it.
 Non alignment is used to describe the foreign policies of the nations which have not
allied themselves with either of the two blocs which made their appearance after the
World War II, Viz. the Communist bloc lead by USSR and the Capitalism Bloc led by
USA. The policy was first adopted by Countries such as India, Indonesia, and Burma, etc.
on obtaining independence soon after the World War II. All these nations were
economically and militarily weak and it would have been in their interest to join either of
the two blocs, but instead they choose to keep off from this group. It is the principles of
detachment from military blocs and faith in the solution of international disputes through
mutual co-operation Drawing on the principles agreed at Bangdung Conference,
Indonesia in 1955, The NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia through
an Initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslav President Tito,
Indonesian President Sukarno, Egyptian President Abdul Naser and Ghanian President
Nkrumah. Their action is also known as the Initiative of Five. Currently, there are 120
members of NAM.
4. What is Cold War? How the old was polarized after the Second World War leading to the
Cold war?
 One of the outstanding features of the International relations in the post World War II
was the beginning of the Cold War- an era of neither Peace nor War between two blocs-
Communism led by The USSR and the Capitalism Led by The USA characterized by
persistent tensions and conflict. The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a
new era, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and rise of two Super
powers: The USSR and The USA in an increasingly Bi polar world. Allies during the

war, these two countries became competitors on the world stage. A new war centered on
ideological and political conflicts between capitalism them. It endured nearly for 50 years
and affected most of the globe as countries increasingly had to choose sides with one of
the super powers, either USA or USSR.
Communist openly declared their intention to control and dominate the world through
series of Marxist revolutions after Bolshevik Revolution of 2017 in Russia. Sharp
differences arose between the alliances- USA and USSR over post war reconstruction.
An undercurrent of mutual distrust and suspicion continued to grow as the war advanced.
The secrecy over the Atom bomb made USSR furious. The Western powers also were
quite agitated over occupation of considerable portion of territory by The USSR in the
Far East by declaring war on Japan at the last moment. The mutual trust assumed the
shape of Rivalry between the two camps as the war dew closer to an end. It was based on
certain assumptions. Firstly it was assumed that the growing military strength of Soviet
Union posed a serious threat to the world peace. A strong feeling had grown in both the
camps regarding the inevitability of the conflict between the socialist and capitalist
forces. They believed co-operation could be possible only amongst the states professing
faith in the same ideology. The struggle between the west and the east was interpreted as
a struggle between freedom and tyranny.
5. The destruction of two Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki was mainly caused by the
development of atomic weapons rather than war. Present your logic.
 USA dropped a bomb named ‘Little boy’ in Hiroshima on 6th August 1945 and dropped
another bomb named ‘Fat man” in Nagasaki on 9th August. The Little boy was 3 meters
long and was 3600 Tons. It exploded 580 meters from the ground. The bomb killed
approximately 1,40,000 people immediately. Another 74,000 died in Nagasaki 3 days
later letting behind a legacy of radiation damage lasting for decades to come. USA had
spent 2 billion $ on the greatest scientific gamble ever in history. The bomb was dropped
at the very time when Japanese were preparing to surrender as it was the only ally which
was left to surrender.
Though The US president Truman voiced that Japanese had been repaid many fold but
their attack on Pearl Harbor but in reality it was the development of atomic weapons that
USA experimented to Japan. Was the decision to use Atomic bomb was justified at that
time? Japan would have surrendered if Truman had agreed to negotiate. Emperor of
Japan Hirohito had attempted to petition the USA for peace. Japanese had wanted peace
but with honor to which Allies put on deaf ear. Some believe it was an important weapon
in the struggle between USA and USSR. The use of bomb would make the USSR more
manageable and weaker than USA. The Allies could have continued the conventional
bombing of Japanese cities, combined with the economic blockade. These techniques had
already severely damaged Japan’s economy and its ability to wage war. The Japanese
were already effectively defeated, having been hit hard by the sea blockade and
devastated by conventional bombing raids. The Americans were accused by more cynical
observers of using the bomb only to justify the $2 billion spent on the Manhattan Project.
6. Despite the singing of Nazi- Soviet Non- Aggression Pact in 1939, Russia and Germany
involved in War against each other. What might be the reasons?
 Many believed that Hitler initiated an invasion of the Soviet Union, whose vast territory
would give the German master race the free space it needed. But I have different opinion
on this.
For both Hitler and Stalin, war was the mother to the revolution. In Europe Stalin needed
crises, wars, destruction and hunger. Hitler could achieve all this for him. The more
crimes Hitler Committed in Europe, the better it would be for Stalin and the more reason
he would have one day to send the Red Army into Europe as her liberator and spread the
Communism. Nazi- Soviet pact of 1939 was the prime illustration of it where unholy
alliances took place between Fascism and Communism. Stalin had quoted many times
that by signing the pact he just had delayed the war. But, On 22 June 1941, a strange

thing happened. Nazi Germany suddenly attacked the Soviet Union. Number one reason
may be the unwillingness of France and Britain to sign a treaty with the USSR left Stalin
with no option but to come to terms with Hitler and sign the Nazi - Soviet Pact. Hitler,
with Stalin's help, destroyed the authority of the state in only one country- Poland. But
Stalin without anybody’s help destroyed Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania and attempted to
do same in Finland and Romania. Romania was Germany’s oil and resource feeder.
During the short space of time, all of Stalin's western neighbors had become his victims.
The appearance of Soviet troops in Lithuania meant that they had moved on to the real
German frontier. Stalin was a cunning leader. Hitler could count on Stalin's friendship
only so long as he was in a position of strength. Stalin got the war he wanted, with a
western nation destroying others around it, while Stalin remained neutral, biding his time.
When, later, he got into serious difficulties, Stalin at once received help from the West
and ruled for years to come. Stalin needed a situation in which 'the capitalists will fight
each other like dogs'. The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact created just that situation. Stalin
once had said- Divide our enemies, meet the demands of each of them temporarily and
then destroy them one at a time, giving them no opportunity to unite. This was a tact
Stalin had used. Hitler realizing that Stalin was quite clearly preparing an attack on
Romania and that he could cut Germany's oil artery in one blow, paralyzing the whole of
German industry, and the entire German Army, decided to attack Russia, a Communist
Country. Hitler as always said the prime objective of any war is to wipe out the
communist dictatorship that he used to hate very much. The unholy and unmatched
alliance broke and the Hitler declared war on Soviet Union.
7. No power or nation remains permanent enemy of friend in politics. Prove this saying by the
events and description of the First and Second World War.
 Italians, who were on the winning side in Great War, had long wanted more colonies in
Africa and thought that it was unfair the way Allies treat Italy after the war. Italy in return
for 6, 00,000 lives lost, received only 9,000 square miles of territory. None of the former
German Colonies were assigned to it. The war, then left it loaded with debt, high cost of
living, restless and discontented. It this time decided to support Germany and Hitler.
 Hitler, who always believed the traitors especially Communist and the Nazis were alleged
to have ‘stabbed Germany in the back’ by preventing German’s army from winning the
glorious victory which was so nearly within its grasp. He hated both Stalin and
Communism. But he signed Nazi- Soviet pact in 23rd August 1939 with Stalin and agreed
to divide Poland between them. This seems dream but it was true. Anything is possible in
politics.
 Italy, who was the member of the triple alliance and Axis group but fought war against
the Germans in the First World War.It turned total upside down because of it’s greed to
take back Italian Speaking Trentino State which was annexed by Austria in 1866
 Hitler, who signed non aggression pact with Russia, finally attacked Russia. He
understood lately that Russia was its neither biggest threat nor west but it was too late to
realize this.
 Japan who fought along with USA against Germany in the First World War fought
against USA in the Second World War and was on the side of Germany. This clearly
showed that permanent enemy is not possible in Politics.
 USA and USSR fought from the Allies group against Germany and Japan together. But
after the war, the two economic blocs were created and cold war began between these
two countries. One led the communist group and another led the capitalist group.
8. Differentiate between Molotov and Marshall Plan.


Marshall Plan Molotov Plan
Introduced by State Secretary of USA George Introduced by Russian Foreign Minister
Marshall Molotov
It was to stop western European countries from It was to help Eastern European countries to

being a communist Country spread communism

More countries took part and was just Few countries took part and apart from
assistance assistance, the major point was to encourage
trading too with USSR
Another name is European Recovery program Expanded to become COMECON
Very Short Questions
1. When did Japan and Germany give up the League of Nations?

 Japan withdrew from The League of Nations in 27th March, 1933 A.D. and Germany
withdrew from it on 14th October 1933.
2. When did Japan and Germany sign anti -Comintern pact?
 November 25th, 1936
3. How did Japan break the rules of the League of Nation?
 By attacking Manchuria of China in 1931 A.D.
4. Why did Japan-Germany and Italy sign anti Comintern pact?
 They signed it to oppose and annex communist countries.
5. Why did Italy give up the League of Nations?
 To attack Ethiopia of Africa
6. Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941?
 USA stopped exporting oil and iron to Japan
7. Who found the Fascist party in Italy? What was the symbol?
 Mussolini formed the Fascist Party and the symbol was a bundle of sticks and an
axe.
8. What is Swastika?
 It is the symbol of Nazi Party of Germany.
9. What is Mein Kamph?( My Struggle)
 An autobiography of Hitler
10. Name the places where Nepalese soldier fought during World War II.
 Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Greece, Singapore
11. Which places were demanded by Hitler from Poland?
 Danzing port and polish Corridor
12. What do you mean by Rome- Berlin- Tokyo axis?
 Axis formed between three absolute rulers- Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito of
Germany and Japan in 1936 and with Italy in 1937 is known as Rome- Berlin- Tokyo
axis
13. Why was anti- comintern pact signed?
 It was signed on 25th November 1936 to form an alliance against the communism
between Japan, Italy and Germany.
14. Who was the ruler of Spain during Civil war of Spain? Who rose to power afterward in
Spain?
 Alfaso was the ruler of Spain during the Civil war. Nationalist General Franco rose
to power after the end of civil war.
15. What is Nazi- Soviet Pact?
 A pact signed between foreign ministers of Germany and Russia (Molotov and
Ribbentrop) on 23rd August 1939.
16. What is Blitzkrieg?
 Its meaning is the “lightning war” in German. This is the name given the German’s
military strategy of sending troops in land vehicles to make quick, surprise attacks
while airplanes provide support from above. This strategy was especially effective
against Poland and France.
17. What is October Revolution? ( Bolshevik Revolution)
 Revolution is Russia led by Lenin against the Romanov dynasty of Russia in 1917.
18. Who are Red Army and Gestapo?

 Official secret police of Nazi, Germany is known as Gestapo and the ‘Workers and
peasants army’ of Russia is termed as the Red Army.
19. Name the countries fought from Allies and Axis in World War II.
 Allies- France, Russia, USA, Britain etc
 Axis- Germany, Japan, Italy etc.
20. Write down the full forms:
 NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 COMECON- Council for mutual Economic Aid
 WMD- Weapons of mass destruction
21. What is little boy and Fat Man?
 The bomb dropped in Hiroshima on 6th August 1945 is known as Little boy and Fat
man is the bomb dropped in Nagasaki on 9th August 1945.
22. Identify the post of following Person:
 Henry Truman- President of USA at the end of the First World War.
 Chamberlin- Prime minister of Britain at the start of the Second World War.
 Westin Churchill: Prime minister of Britain during the world war II
23. What is Atlantic Charter?
 In 14th August 1941, US President Roosevelt and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
met on shipboard off the coast of Newfoundland, and announced the 8 points issued
by Wilson during the First World War emphasizing the principle for the better future
of the world. This is known as Atlantic Charter.
24. Name some Nepalese Soldiers who got Victoria Cross in the Second World War?
 Lal Bahadur Thapa, Ghaje Ghale, Tul Bahadur pun Magar etc.
25. Name two west European countries invaded by Germany at first.
 Denmark and Norway
26. How long did the World War II last?
 From 1st September 1939(Attack on Poland) - ( to 12th September
1945( Surrender of Japanese Singapore)
27. Write down the significance of these dates-

1943, 3rd September- Italy Surrenders
1945, 30th April- Hitler commits suicide
1939, 23rd August- Nazi- Soviet Non Aggression Pact
1939, 1st September- Attack of Poland by Hitler and start of World War II
1939, 3rd September- France and Britain declares war on Germany
1945, 7th May - Germany Surrenders
1945, 14th August- Japan Surrenders
1945, September 2nd- Japan Signs a peace agreement, war ends
1941, 7th December- Pearl Harbor incident
1941, 8th December- USA declared war on Axis power
1941, 11th December- Germany declared war on USA
1941, 22nd June- Hitler attacked Russia
1933, 30th January- Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
1941, 22nd June- Germany attacked Russia
1931- Japan attack on Manchuria
1936- Italy’s attack to Ethiopia
1945, October 24- Establishment of UNO
1941, 14th August- Atlantic Charter

Unit: Seven History Lesson: Role of Nepal in the world war

Very Short questions
1. Who was the prime minister of Nepal during World War I?

 Chandra Shumsher
2. Who was the commander to lead Nepalese troops in World War I?
 Babar Shumsher and Padma Shumsher
3. How many troops took part in World War I?
 7500 were sent at first but later around 90,000 troops took part
4. Who is the first person to get Victoria Cross?
 KulBir Thapa who fought in France
5. How many Nepalese got Victoria Cross in World War I?
 Two- KulBir Thapa and Karna Bahadur Thapa
6. Who said, “ I can send my army to fight any troop on the world, but my heart shakes when I
hear the name of Gorkhali”?
 German Emperor Kaiser Welhelm
7. What is Victoria Cross?
 Victoria Cross is the highest military decoration of England given to the soldiers for
showing Valor in the face of enemy
8. Name the places where Nepalese soldiers fought in the World War I?
 Asia, Middle East and Europe
9. Who was the Prime Minister of Nepal during World War II?
 Juddha Shumsher
10. Who was the commander to lead Nepalese troops in World War II?
 Bahadur Shumsher
11. How many troops fought for the Allies in the World War II?
 It is estimated around 2,50,000
12. Where did Nepal fought in World War II?
 India, Burma, Cyprus, Greece, Africa
13. Name three persons who have got Victoria Cross in World War II?
 Gaje Ghale, Tul Bahadur Pun and Laxman Gurung
14. How many Nepalese have received Victoria Cross till now?
 13
Long Questions
1. Describe the roles played by Nepal in the World Wars. How did the World war affect Nepal?
 Chandra Shumsher was the Prime minister of Nepal during World War I and Juddha
Shumsher was the prime minister of Nepal during World War II.
Nepal in Second World War: Nepalese armies fought from the Allies group in both the
wars from the British side. 16 battalions of the Royal Nepalese Army fought Japan on the

Burmese front. In addition to military support, Nepal contributed guns, equipments, tea,
sugar and other raw materials like timber necessary for the war.
Positive effects:
 Nepalese soldiers got chance to exhibit their boldness, bravery and gallantry and earned a
great reputation as Brave Gurkhas.
 Few of them were honored were Victoria Cross like Gaje Ghale, Tulbir Pun etc.
 The British government made Juddha Shumsher Honorary General of the British troops
 The British Government paid 33.3 million rupees to Nepal as a mark of gratitude
 Nepal- Britain’s foreign relation was strengthened
 Nepalese soldiers were recruited in British troops permanently after British left India
 Many industries were established in Nepal to supply the materials in the war
 Democratic movements started in Nepal and many ex- armies participated in that
revolution after returning from the war.
Negative effects:
 It is believed that more than 9,000 Nepalese soldiers were killed in the battle
 There was scarcity of daily goods and services including medicine and clothes
 This begins the era of Nepalese youngster going abroad
 Nepal faced the lack of active man power in development works
Nepal in First World War: Nepal fought from the Allies side in the war and helped Britain.
Nepalese Prime minister sent 7500 troops under Baber Shumsher to fight and as the war
continues it is estimated that around 90,000 Nepalese fought in the war. Nepal also provided
the British Government with 1 million pound as assistance. The bravery and courage that the
Nepalese force showed was extraordinary.
Positive effects:
 Gurkha soldiers became eligible for Victoria Cross and two of them Kulbir Thapa and Karna
Bahadur Thapa received it.
 Nepalese soldiers got chance to show their loyalty, courage, self reliant and professionalism
and glorify the name and fame of the nation.
 Nepal was provided 1 million rupees annually as a mark of gratitude
 Relation between Nepal and the Great Britain was strengthened after Anglo Nepal War and
the British accepted the sovereignty of Nepal
Negative effects:
 The Ranas became more powerful in Nepal by maintaining good relationship with the
powerful.
 British Government that sustained their autocratic rule further.
 Many Nepalese soldiers died in the war and it is estimated around 7,000 died in the war.
 It created lack of active work force in the country as many youths went for the battle.

Model Questions
1. Is there any possibility of third world war? Give your reasons.

2. Mention any four differences and four similarities between the First and Second World War in
terms of the causes and the consequences of the war.
3. What do you think the war be a solution to any problem? Justify your answer with the example
of First and Second World War.
5.Einstein said, “I don’t know about the Third World war, but if 4th World War is fought, stones
weapons would be used.” Why had he remarked like that?
6.Was the First World War Avoidable? Argue.
7.How do world war justify that revenge can’t be a solution to any problem? Explain by citing the
examples of World War.
8. Make a list of more anti-Rana activities carried on by people and parties since its establishment in
1903 B.S. along with their respective dates.
9. The Armed revolution of 2007 B.S. ended one autocratic rule and established another. Discuss.
10. King Mahendra tried time and again to rule directly. Discuss in groups the factors supporting his
ambition.
11. What were the achievements of the Tanka Prasad Acharya Cabinet?
12. Why do you think King Mahendra called Dr. K.I. Singh back from his exile and made him the
prime minister?
13. Planned development started in Nepal in 2013 B.S. What achievements have been made in the
sector of health, education, transport, employment, etc.?
14. Why do you think the Panchayat system received oppositions leading to series of killings since
its very inception? Discuss and list reasons.
15. On Bhadra 1, 2020 the amendment to the Muliki Ain was announced. It restricted discrimination
on the basis of sex, caste etc. But the practice still remains reality. What steps do you think are
required for the effective implementation of such legal managements?
16. Achievements made by Nepalese people since 2007 BS have been lost time and again. Why?
17. List some specific measures we have to take for protecting and strengthening such democratic
rights and achievements made at a high cost of blood and sweat.
18. Were the elections held during the system really democratic? Explain.
19. What did the government do in honor of the martyr’s who had obtained martyrdom during 2046
Revolution?
20. What were the causes of the abolition of Monarchy and introduction of Republic in the country?
21. If you were the Serbian King Peter I, how would you better respond to the demand of Austria-
Hungary and why?
SEE Questions
SEE 2075
1. The period of 2007-2017 was the decade of political transition and instability. Prepare an oratory
on it.
2. The causes of Second World War are interrelated with the consequences of the First World War.
Justify.

3. Imagine you meet the living martyr of Nepal Tanka Prasad Acharya. Now prepare a dialogue
including the role played by him for the end of Rana rule.
4. Second mass movement is the milestone for social transformation in the history of Nepal. Prove
this statement on the basis of the achievement of mass movement.
5. The restriction put on political parties in 2017 Poush 1st by the then king Mahendra was
inappropriate. Justify it in three points.
6. The Second World War would not have occurred if the League of Nations had enacted its
objectives. Prepare an analytical article on the basis of its establishing objectives.
7. Imagine you got an opportunity to make a tour at Shaheed park- The Sukhani Assassination place,
now prepare a draft of a news story comprising the assassination and its place.
8. Clarify the background of Referendum 2036 B.S, activities of Panchayat Sytem and role of
political parties in Referendum.
9. What is political change? Explain with example. The political change as per people’s wish and
desire will bring social and economic change in a country. Explain in four points.
10. Present the list of major similarities and differences between the Panchayat period and 2059-2062
B.S. Period.
11. Prepare a dialogue mentioning the positive and negative aspects being Nepalese troops involved in
the world wars.
12. Achievements of people’s revolution, 2062/63 B.S. are more typical than the previous revolutions.
Clarify with examples.
SEE 2074
1. Suppose, you met a participant of second people’s movement-2063. Prepare a report on the basis
of your discussion as the given frame work- Objectives, description and conclusion.
2. Works have not been performed in the country as the mandate of second mass movement 2062/63.
Justify the statement in three points and give four suggestions to the government to perform the
work as the people’s will
3. Prepare a short description assembling the cause and effect about the second world war on
following topics:
 Policy of Hitler and Mussolini
 Major countries involved in the war
 Role of Gorkha’s army in the war
 Your own conclusion
4. Nepalese had participated in world wars due to the vested close knot between British Imperialism
and Ranas. Make an analytical note on this statement.
5. What are the major political events between the period of 2007-2017 B.S. and show it in a
timeline with appropriate dates
6. Political ideology, feelings of revenge and failure of the League of Nations were the major causes
of the Second World War. Justify.
7. The political situation of Nepal is highly ebb and flow between the period of 2007 B.S. to 2063
B.S. State any six reasons.
8. The Second World War had begun after the attack by Hitler on Poland in 1939 A.D. Present your
evaluation on that step of Hitler in four points.
9. Political change affects on economic and social development. Clarify with examples in reference
to the latest changes and development of Nepal


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What were the objectives of the Interim Government Act of 2007?

What were the objectives of the Interim Government Act of 2007?

What led to the resignation of Mohan Shumsher from the coalition government in 2008?

What led to the resignation of Mohan Shumsher from the coalition government in 2008?

A Complete Solution to SEE

Unit : Seven History Lesson 2 : A history of democratic politics

1 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

2 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Points for Very Short questions

3 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

4 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

5 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

6 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

1. Introduce the following incidents:

7 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

3. Write about Civil disobedience movement (Satyagra) of 2042 B.S.

8 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Hints for Very Short questions

9 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Unit: Seven Lesson: 5 Rise of Party less Panchyat System and

10 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

 New education system plan 2028 B.S. was implemented

11 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Unit: Seven Lesson : 6 Political Events from 2046- 2062 BS

12 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

13 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

 Special policy for the promotion of interest of Dalit and women

14 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

12. Differentiate between the Panchyat and Multi party system.

14. List the causes of the People’s Movement in 2062/2063.

15 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

15. Important dates:

1. 23rd Karktik 2047: Promulgation of The Constitution of Nepal, 2047

16 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Very Short questions

1. What do you mean by interim government?

17 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Unit 7 History Lesson: 7 Political Events after 2062/2063

18 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

4. Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of Consensus. Justify.

19 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

20 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

7. What were the historical declarations of Jestha 04, 2063 B.S.?

10. Constitution of Nepal 2072 is a constitution of Consensus. Justify.

21 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

12. Important Dates:

22 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

Unit: History Lesson: Causes of the First World War

23 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

24 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

25 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

8. How is Ultra-nationalism not good? Justify.

10. Differentiate between Colonialism and Imperialism.

Establishing administrative influence over an outside Dominating an outside country by means of

26 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 History

July 28,1914 Austria- Hungary Declared war on Serbia

Very Short Questions

Long Answer Question