Building Blocks of PINCH Technology-Lect 8 PDF
Building Blocks of PINCH Technology-Lect 8 PDF
Building Blocks of PINCH Technology-Lect 8 PDF
Module‐03 : Building blocks of PINCH Technology
Lecture‐08 : Threshold Problems
Key words: Threshold
There are some special category of problems, known as threshold problems, do not have
a pinch to divide the problem into two parts. Threshold problems only need a single
thermal utility (either hot or cold but not both) over a range of minimum temperature
difference ranging from zero to threshold temperature.
Hot Utility increasing
QH
T T Q1
Tmin = Tthreshold
Hot utility Q2
A B C D
Hot utility
B
cold Utility =0 Cold utility increasing
H H
(b)
(a)
H
A B C D
QH=Q1+Q2
Tthreshold
QH Hot Utility
Cold Utility
Tmin
(c)
Fig.3.26 (a) ,(b) & (c ) Threshold problems for different T min values
For example, in Fig.3.26(a) the problem which is at Tmin = Tthreshold requires only one
utility i.e. hot utility of QH amount. When Tmin Tthreshold as in the case of Fig.3.26(b) at
positions “A” and “B” the hot utility demand is still QH. In the case of “A” two levels of
hot utility is required. In the case of position “B” the hot utility demand is Q1 and Q2
sum of which is equal to QH. Hence it can be concluded that for Tmin Tthreshold the
energy demand is not a function of relative positions of Hot and cold composite curves.
This is a weakness of pinch analysis[1,2]. However, this weakness can be supplemented
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
through exergy analysis which provides the lost in‐sight. For “a” and “B” positions of cold
composite the exergy needs are strongly affected, because of the different temperature
levels[2].
QC2 QC1
Hot utility
T Tmin = Tthreshold T
QC
A B C
B
Cold utility
Hot Utility =0
QC
H H
(a) (b)
H
A QC=QC1+QC2 B C
Tmin Tthreshold
Tthreshold
Tmin Tthreshold
QH Cold Utility
Hot Utility
Tmin
(c)
Fig.3.27 (a) ,(b) & (c ) Threshold problems for different T min values
Fig.3.27(a) shows a threshold problem for which hot utility is zero. It only demands cold
utility up to Tthreshold. Fig.3.27(b) shows the effect of energy demand in terms of cold and
hot utilities if the cold composite curve is shifted horizontally to positions “A” and “C”.
At position “B” which is at Tmin = Tthreshold the hot utility demand is zero whereas the
cold utility demand is QC. When the cold composite is shifted to position “A” where
Tmin < Tthreshold it demands QC1 cold utility at a higher level and QC2 cold utility at a lower
level. Where, the sum of QC1 and QC2 being equal to QC. For the position “C” where
Tmin > Tthreshold the process demands both cold and hot utilities. Thus in this case also
for Tmin Tthreshold the cold utility demand is constant and hot utility demand is zero
which is shown in Fig.3.27(c).
In contrast to the threshold problem Fig.3.28 shows a “pinched” problem. In this figure
both hot and cold utilities are required even if Tmin is reduced to zero( Fig.3.28(b)).
Further, both the utilities are a function of Tmin.
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
T Hot Utility
QHmin
a
QCmin
Tmin1
Cold utility
H
(a)
H
Cold Utility
a
Q
Cmin
Q
Hmin HotUtility
Tmin
Tmin1
(b)
Fig.3.28 (a) & (b) shows a pinched type problem
Threshold problems can be divided into two broad categories for purpose of design. In
the first type, the closest temperature approach between the hot and cold composites is
at the “non‐utility” end and the curves diverge away from this point(Fig.3.29(a) &(b)).
The second type, there is an intermediate near‐pinch, which can be identified from the
composite curves as a region of close temperature approach ( Fig.3.29(c) & (d)).
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
T T
Cold utility
Hot utility
Hot Utility =0
Cold Utility =0
H H
(b)
(a)
T T
Cold utility
Hot utility
Hot Utility =0 Cold Utility =0
H H
(c) (d)
Fig.3.29 (a),(b),(c ) and (d) Different types of threshold problems
Capital‐energy trade‐off for threshold problems
Fig.3.30 shows the fixed cost‐energy cost trade off as a function of Tmin . It can be
clearly observed that the optimum value either appears when Tmin is at Tthreshold or
more than Tthreshold . It never happens when Tmin < Tthreshold . This is because when Tmin
Tthreshold the operating costs are constant since utility demand is constant. Fig.3.30(a)
shows that optimum is at Tthreshold where as Fig.3.30(b) shows that it is at location
where Tmin > Tthreshold . In this case there is a demand for both the utilities and thus the
problem where there is a pinch. However, in the case demonstrated in Fig.3.30(a) there
is no pinch.
It can be noted that although threshold problems common and these do not have a
process pinch, utility pinches can be introduced in such problems by the induction of
multiple utilities.
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
Cost
Total Cost
Energy cost
(operating cost)
Fixed Cost
Tthreshold Tmin
(a) Optimum at Tmin equal to threshold
Cost
Total Cost
Energy cost
(operating cost)
Fixed Cost
Tthreshold Tmin
(b) Optimum at Tmin greater than threshold
Fig.3.30 Optimum value of capital‐energy trade off for threshold problems
Threshold problems are generally handled in design as multiple pinch problems.
Example 01
A four stream threshold problem is given in Table 3.9. The Hot and cold composite curves are
given in Fig.3.31. The hot utility demand for this problem at Tmin equal to 10 C is zero and cold
utility demand is 239.5 kW. Fig.3.32 shows the hot and cold utility demand as a function of
Tmin and the value of Tthreshold.
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
Table 3.9: Four stream problem utility prediction for Tmin equal to 10C.
Name of the stream Supply Temperature Target Temperature CP H
Ts, C Tt, C kW/C kW
Hot‐1 190 55 3.5 ‐472.5
Hot‐2 155 40 1.8 ‐207
Cold‐1 20 140 2 240
Cold‐2 70 150 2.5 200
T, C
190
Hot Utility = 0 kW
155
150
140
Cold utility =239.5 kW
70
55
40
20 H, kW
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Fig.3.31 Hot and cold composite curves for the threshold problem given in Table 3.9
300 H, kW
250 Cold Utility 239.5 kW
200
Threshold Temperature
150 36.7C
100
36.7C
50
Hot Utility Tmin
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig.3.32 Hot and cold utility demand and threshold temperature for problem
given in Table 3.9
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
Example ‐02
A four stream threshold problem is given in Table 3.10. The Hot and cold composite curves are
given in Fig.3.33. The cold utility demand for this problem at Tmin equal to 10 C is zero and hot
utility demand is 267 kW. Fig.3.34 shows the hot and cold utility demand as a function of Tmin
and the value of Tthreshold.
Table 3.10: Four stream problem for utility prediction for Tmin equal to 10C.
Name of the stream Supply Temperature Target Temperature CP H
Ts, C Tt, C kW/C kW
Hot‐1 350 290 3.5 ‐210
Hot‐2 400 290 1.8 ‐198
Cold‐1 150 350 2 400
Cold‐2 290 400 2.5 275
T,C
Hot Utility = 267 kW
400
350
290
Cold Utility = 0 kW T,C
150
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
H, kW
Fig.3.33 Hot and cold composite curves for the threshold problem given in Table 3.10
Threshold Processes Module‐03 Lecture‐08
300 H, kW
Hot Utility 267 kW
250
200
Threshold Temperature
150 51.5C
100
51.5C
50
Cold Utility Tmin
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig.3.34 Hot and cold utility demand and threshold temperature for
problem given in Table 3.10
References
1. Göran Wall and Mei Gong, EXERGY ANALYSIS VERSUS PINCH TECHNOLOGY, ECOS’96,
June 25‐27, STOCKHOLM. Efficiency, Costs, Optimization, Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, June 25‐27, 1996
2. Sama, D. A., 1995a, ”Second law insight analysis compared with pinch analysis as a
design method,” Proceedings, Second‐Law Analysis of Energy Systems: Towards the
21st Century, E. Sciubba, and M. J. Moran, eds., Circus, Rome, pp.373‐406
3. Linnhoff March, “Introduction to Pinch Technology” Targeting House, Gadbrook
Park, Northwich, Cheshire, CW9 7UZ, England
4. Chemical Process Design and Integration, Robin Smith, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
5. Ian C Kemp, Pinch Analysis and process integration, a user guide on process
integration for effective use of energy, IChemE, Elsevier Limited, 2007.
6. A´ngel Martı´n and Fidel A. Mato, Hint: An educational software for heat exchanger
network design with the pinch method, Education for Chemical Engineers 3 ( 2008 )
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