Vehicular Pollution Control India

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Vehicular Pollution Control in India

Technical & Non-Technical Measures


06 CE 6024 Air Pollution Control Engineering

Dr. Ratish Menon


Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
SCMS School of Engineering & Technology, Kochi
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SCMS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 1
Emissions from Automobiles

Particulate matter
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons

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Growth of Automobile Sector in India

Data Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

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Quantifying Vehicular Emissions at a
Testing Facility
• Vehicle is driven through a prescribed driving
cycle on a chassis dynamometer

• Driving cycle is derived from real world operating


conditions
Indian Driving Cycle

Source: ARAI

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Quantifying Vehicular Emissions from
On-road Measurements
• Ambient air pollutant
concentrations are measured near
to a road

• Traffic volume fleet composition is


monitored

• A box model ( or any suitable air


quality model) is used to derive
emission factors as emission per
vehicle-1 km-1

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Factors Influencing Motor Vehicle
Emissions
Vehicle Fleet
Characteristics Characteristics
(engine type, ( vehicle mix,
technology, emission utilization, age,
control systems, emission standards,
maintenance clean fuels
adequacy) programme)
Operating
Characteristics
(altitude, humidity,
temperature, use Fuel
pattern, road
properties, congestion, Characteristics
traffic control, (fuel quality, additives,
transport demand Emissions alternative fuels)
management)

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Technical Measures to Control Vehicular
Pollution
1. Vehicular Emission Standards
2. Pollution Under Control Certification System
3. Improvements in engine & emission control technologies
4. Improvement in fuel quality

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Evolution of Vehicular Emission Standards in India
Air
(Prevention Environment Emission Emission
& Control (Protection) Standards Standards BS- VI
of Act for Petrol for Diesel Auto Fuel To be
Pollution )
BS-III
Vehicles Vehicles Policy Implemented
Act Nationwide
Nationwide in
April

1981 1986 1988 1991 1992 2000 2003 2005 2010 2017 2020

Motor Bharat BS-IV


BS-II
Vehicles Stage-1 Nation
Nationwide
Act (BS-1) wide
Nationwide

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Comparison of Emission Standards
(E.g. Passenger Car)
20 3.5
18 Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons+
3
16
14
Nitrogen Oxides
2.5

HC+ NOx g/km


12
CO g/km

2
10
8 1.5
6 1 BS-III
BS-II
4 BS-IV
BS-VI
BS-II BS-III BS-IV 0.5
2 BS-VI
0 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Petrol Diesel
Petrol Diesel
Particulate
Matter
PM introduced in BS-VI for Petrol
Engines

Data Source: https://dieselnet.com/standards/in/ld.php

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PUC Certification
As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, every motor vehicle (including those conforming to
BS-I/ BS-II/ BS-III/BS-IV as well as vehicles plying on CNG/LPG) is required to carry a valid PUC
Certificate after the expiry of period of one year from the date of its first registration.
To be carried all time with the vehicle
measurement of idling CO and HC emissions from engines

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Automobile Emission Control
Technologies/Strategies
1. Catalytic Converters
2. Particulate Filters
3. Engine/Fuel Management
4. Evaporative Emission Controls
5. Crankcase Emission Controls
6. Sensor Technologies
7. Alternative Fuels

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1. Catalytic Converters
A catalytic converter is a large metal box that intake hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders
and the output is connected to the tail pipe.
Inside the converter, the gases flow through a dense honeycomb structure made from a ceramic and
coated with the catalysts (platinum, palladium, rhodium )
Typically contain two different types of catalyst and 3 way conversion process
Reduction- removing oxygen > tackles nitrogen oxides and convert to nitrogen gas
Oxidation- adding oxygen> convert carbon monoxide to CO2
> turns unburned hydrocarbons to CO2 and Water
Only reduce emission and don’t eliminate
Works only at high temperature (over 300 degree C) and
take 2-3 minutes after the engine start
 Thermal Management strategies help in reducing cold start emissions
(e.g. insulating the exhaust manifold and exhaust pipe)

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2. Particulate Filters
to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine
Mechanisms involve diffusion, impaction and interception
Thermal regeneration reduces the soot load on the filter

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3. Engine/Fuel Management
 Reduce the burden on catalysts
 Approaches aim at reducing cold start emissions and better fuel utilization
Some of the techniques used are:
Variable Valve Timing (VVT)- Recirculating exhaust gas to combustion process
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (ERG)- to lower temperatures to reduce emission
Direct injection- injection of fuel into the cylinders for better control of the air fuel ratio
Improved Turbulence-turbulence and mixing in the intake port increases fuel efficiency
Common Rail Fuel Injection-allows for electronically controlled injection at very
high pressures,
-fuel rich exhaust to facilitate regeneration of the catalyst or filter
Turbo charging-a turbine device is driven by exhaust gasses and forces more air
compressed into the engine:- Greater power density, fuel efficiency

Low-pressure EGR + DPF


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4. Evaporative Emission Control
Types of evaporative emissions
 Diurnal- due to rise in ambient temperature
Running losses- due to heat of engine during normal operation
Resting losses-natural permeation from fuel line while not operating
 Hot soak-vaporization due to the retained heat of engine after switch off
Refueling- fuel vapours escaped by displacement of liquid fuel

 Measuring Evaporative Losses


 Sealed housing for evaporative determination (SHED)

 Control Measures
 low permeation hoses, fuel tanks, vented fuel caps and seals
 carbon canisters connected to the fuel system to capture and recycle
HC vapours back to the intake of the engine to be consumed as fuel

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5. Crankcase Emission Controls
A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal
combustion engine

Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PVC) system removes unwanted gases


from the crankcase
crankcase gases back to the combustion chamber, in order to reduce air
pollution
The system usually consists of a tube, a one-way valve and a vacuum
source

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6. Sensor Technologies
Developments in sensor technology allows better monitoring and control of vehicular emissions.
Following sensors are generally being used in emission control:
1. Temperature Sensor-used to monitor the temperature rise over the catalytic converter core
2. Oxygen Sensor-used to detect whether the engine is running a rich fuel ratio or a lean one
3. NOx Sensor-their function is primarily to monitor the NOx conversion efficiency of the catalyst

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7. Alternative Fuels
Vehicular emission reduction is achieved by switching to a wide range of alternative fuels other
than diesel & gasoline. Some of these fuels are mentioned below.
 Ethanol blended fuels (Flex fuel) : E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) & E10 (10% ethanol and
90% gasoline)
 Biodiesel- B20 (20% biodiesel+80% diesel)-Typical emissions benefits of B20 include a 10 %
decrease in CO, up to a 15 % decrease in PM emissions, a 20 % decrease in sulfate emissions,
and a 10 % decrease in HC emissions.
Hydrogen- Emission include water and NOx. Clean compared to gasoline & diesel
- Challenges: Safety, Cost, Robustness
Electricity- Zero vehicular emission. Air pollution is transferred to power plant
- Challenges: Recycling batteries, Cost, Performance

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Curious Case of Volkswagen!
TO READ:

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772
http://news.mit.edu/2017/volkswagen-emissions-premature-deaths-europe-0303
https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/working-papers/2019/2019-04

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Vehicular Pollution Control
:Non-technical Measures
 Promoting public transport
Encouraging car pools
Development of rapid mass transit system
Subsidies for clean vehicles, tax incentives
Scrapping old vehicles, tax imposition on polluting vehicles
Awareness campaigns- Bus day, no car day
 Better traffic management, avoiding traffic congestion
Investing in road infrastructure
Traffic control- Odd & Even

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Assignment
Shifting from BS4 to BS6 will not bring air pollution down, this must be combined with a proper
scrappage policy for old vehicles!

What's your view on this? Write an essay of about 1000 words.

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