Arias, Hazel Leah Khae C.

February 10, 2020

BTLED ICT II-G3 CTU-Main Campus

THE HISTORY OF ANIMATION

EARLY WAYS OF SHOWING MOTION (30,000 B.C. – 1500 A.D.)

Archeological artifacts prove that we’ve been attempting to depict things in motion as
long as we’ve been able to draw. Some notable examples from ancient times, as well as an
example from the European Renaissance, include:

SHAHR-E SUKHTEH (3,000 B.C.)

A bronze-age pottery bowl depicts goats leaping (Shahr-e
Sukhteh, Iran).

VITRUVIAN MAN (1500 A.D.)

Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man drawing
shows multiple angles, implying movement.

ANIMATION BEFORE FILM (1600 – 1877)

With the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America in the 18 th and
th
19 centuries came experimentation with machines that would make images appear to move.

MAGIC LANTERN (1603)

The Magic Lantern is an image
projector using pictures on sheets of glass.
Since some sheets contain moving parts, it
is considered the first example of projected
animation.
THAUMATROPE (1824)
A thaumatrope housed a rotating
mechanism with a different picture on each
side. When rotated, you saw a combined picture
(known as persistence of vision).

PHENAKITOSCOPE (1831)
The phenakitoscope featured spinning disks
reflected in mirrors that made it seem like the pictures were
moving.

ZOETROPE (1834)
The zoetrope was a hollow drum that housed images
on long interchangeable strips that spin and made images
appear to move.

FLIP-BOOK (1868)
The Flip-Book, also known
as the kineograph, reached a wide
audience and is credited with
inspiring early animators more than
the machines developed in this era.
MOVIEOLA/PRAXINOSCOPE (1877)
The praxinoscope expanded on the zoetrope,
using multiple wheels to rotate images. It is considered
to have shown the first prototypes of the animated
cartoon.

THE SILENT ERA (1900 – 1930)

The early 20th century marks the beginning of theatrical showings of cartoons, especially
in the United States and France. Many animators form studios, with Bray Studios in New York
proving the most successful of this era. Bray helped launch the careers of the cartoonist that
created Mighty Mouse, Betty Boop, and Woody Woodpecker.

 HUMOROUS PHASES OF FUNNY FACES (1906) – marks the first entirely animated
film, using stop – motion photography to create action.
 FANTASMAGORIE (1908) – is the first animated film using hand-drawn animation, and
is considered by film historians to be the first animated cartoon.
 GERTIE THE DINOSAUR (1914) – is considered the first cartoon to feature an
appealing character.
 FELIX THE CAT (1919) – Musical Mews and Feline Follies introduced Felix the Cat-
often considered the first animated movie star.
 STEAMBOAT WILLIE (1928) – featuring Mickey Mouse – becomes the first cartoon with
the sound printed on the film, and is the first notable success for Walt Disney Studios,
founded in Los Angeles in 1923.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF AMERICAN ANIMATION (1930-1950s)

During what many consider to be the “Golden Age” of animation, theatrical cartoons
became an integral part of popular culture. These years are defined by the rise of Walt Disney
(Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Silly Symphonies), Warner Brothers, MGM, and Fleischer
(Betty Boop and Popeye).

 MERRIE MELODIES (1930) – Warner Brothers Cartoons founded, create Merrie

Melodies series.
 SNOW WHITE (1937) – Walt Disney releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the
first animated feature to use hand-drawn animation.
THE AMERICAN TELEVISION ERA (1960-1980s)
The animation industry began to adapt to the fact that television continued its rise as the
entertainment medium of choice for American families. Studios created many cartoons for TV,
using a “limited animation” style. By the mid 80’s, with help from cable channels such as The
Disney Channel and Nickelodeon, cartoons were ubiquitous on TV.

 FLINTSTONES (1960) – Hanna Barbera releases the Flintstones, the first animated
series on prime-television.
 YOGI BEAR (1961) – The Yogi Bear Show, a spin-off of Huckleberry Hound (another
Hanna Barbera production), debuts on national TV.
 FRITZ THE CAT (1964) – Fritz the Cat is released – the first animated adult (X-rated)
featured film.
ACADEMY AWARD WINNER BEST SHORT FILM

 THE PINK PHINK (1964) – DePatie-Freleng Enterprises wins the Academy Award for
Best Short Film for The PinkPhink (of the Pink Panther Series) and continues to create
shorts for theatrical release.

MODERN AMERICAN ERA (1980-2014)

The CGI (computer generated imagery) revolutionized animation. A principal difference
of CGI animation compared to traditional animation is that drawing is replaced by 3D modeling,
almost like a virtual version of stop-motion. A form of animation that combines the two and uses
2D computer drawing can be considered computer aided animation.

 THE ADVENTURES OF ANDRE & WALLY B – The Adventures of Andre and Wally B.,
the first fully CGI-animated film short.

LONGEST-RUNNING AMERICAN ANIMATED PROGRAM

 THE SIMPSONS (1987) – The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom created
by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is the longest-running American
sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpasses
Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series.

FIRST FULLY COMPUTER ANIMATED FEATURE

 TOY STORY (1995) – Toy Story, the first fully computer-animated feature film, was
released.
 BIG HERO 6 (2014) – Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel
Comics characters.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANIMATION

Traditional Animation - Traditional animation is a

long process. Each frame is painstakingly drawn.
Whether the frame showcases the movement of a
finger or a change in facial expression, each
movement has a set of frames. This tedious process
is used in old- school animated movies. Re-watch an old Disney favorite to see how accurately
each frame was drawn for the end product to look this great.
3D Animation—Computer Based Have you ever been
wowed by the on-screen graphics in a movie? That is
3D animation.3D animation requires a unique set of
technical skills. This technique is essentially like
showing the movement of a puppet on screen, rather
than showing movement through frames.
Motion Graphics Animation – This animation method
is different from the entire lot since it involves moving
around graphical elements. Animated logos, film titles,
ad commercials and educational videos employ this
method. More often than not, motion graphics involves using pieces of text to create an
animation.
Stop Motion Animation – If you are someone who
possesses an infinite amount of patience, stop motion
animation is just the thing for you. Falling under this
category is Claymation, Lego figure animation, Cut-outs,
and Pixelation. Stop motion requires photographing an
object in a sequence of pictures. Even the slightest
movement gets its own shot. To ensure that there is
fluidity in the animation and no hard breaks, the animator has to ensure that each movement is
captured in a proper order.
Arias, Hazel Leah Khae C.
BTLED ICT II-G3

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

Computers are devices that accomplish tasks or calculations in accordance to a set of

directions, or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were
voluminous devices that required teams of people to handle. In comparison to those new
machines, today’s computers are astounding. They are not only thousands of times more
expeditious, but also they can fit on your desk, on your lap, or even in your pocket. Computers
are such an integral part of our everyday life now most people take them for granted.

Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. The whole picture of

the computer goes back to decades. However there are five apparent generations of computers.
Each generation is defined by a paramount technological development that changes necessarily
how computers operate – leading to more compressed, inexpensive, but more dynamic, efficient
and booming machines.

First Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1956)

These ancient computers utilized vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for
recollection. As a result they were huge, actually taking up entire rooms and costing resources
to run. These were ineffective materials which produce a huge amount of heat, sucked
enormous electricity and subsequently engendered an abundance of heat which caused
perpetual breakdowns.

These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most
fundamental programming language that can be understood by computers). These computers
were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was predicated on punched cards and
paper tape. Output emerged on print-outs. The two eminent machines of this era were the
UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first ever commercial computer which was
purchased in 1951 by a business named as the US Census Bureau.

Second Generation – Transistors (1956 – 1963)

The supersession of vacuum tubes by transistors, visualized the onset of the second
generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used considerably
in computers until the cessation of the 1950s. They were a huge development over the vacuum
tube, despite the fact still subjecting computers to destroying different levels of heat. However
they were extremely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more
expeditious, inexpensive and less burdensome on electricity use. They still count on punched
card for input/printouts.

The language emerged from strange binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’)

languages. This meant programmers could discover instructions in words. Meanwhile during the
same time high caliber programming languages were being developed (early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store
instructions into their recollections, peregrinating from magnetic drum to magnetic core
‘technology’. The anticipatory versions of these machines were created for the atomic energy
industry.

Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1964 – 1971)

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturized and put on silicon chips. This led
to a huge improvement in speed and effectiveness of these machines. These were the first
computers where users interacted utilizing keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an
operating system, a consequential leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This facilitated
these machines to run various applications at once utilizing a central program which functioned
to monitor memory.

As a result of these advances which again made machines more reasonable and tinier,
a brand new group of users emerged during the ‘60s.

Fourth Generation – Microprocessors (1972 – 2010)

This innovation can be defined in one word: Intel. The chip-maker accomplished the Intel
4004 chip in 1971, which located all components of computer such as CPU, recollection,
input/output controls onto a single chip. What overcrowded a room in the 1940s now gets fit in
the palm of the hand. The Intel chip contained thousands of unified circuits. The year 1981 saw
the first ever computer (IBM) categorically designed for home use and 1984 saw the Macintosh
introduced by Apple. Microprocessors even transformed beyond the realm of computers and
into an incrementing number of everyday products.

The incremented power of these small computers denoted they could be linked,
establishing networks. Which eventually led to the expansion, birth and rapid evolution of the
Internet. Other primary advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface
(GUI), the mouse and more of late the startling advances in laptop capability and hand-held
contrivances.

Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (2010 Onwards)

Computer devices with artificial potentiality are still in development, but some of these
technologies are commencing to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. AI is an
authenticity, made possible by adopting parallel processing and superconductors. Inclining to
the future, computers will be thoroughly revolutionized again by quantum computation,
molecular and Nano technology. The essence of fifth generation will be utilizing these
technologies to ultimately engender machines which can proceed and acknowledge natural
language, and have efficiency to determine and organize themselves.
 FIVE CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1. PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive

computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the
microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for
word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running
spreadsheet and database management applications. At home,
the most popular use for personal computers is playing games
and surfing the Internet.
2. Workstation

The workstation is a computer used for engineering

applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software
development, and other such types of applications which
require a moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.

3. Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of

supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

4. Mainframe

The mainframe is very large in size and is an

expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even
thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes
many programs concurrently and supports much
simultaneous execution of programs.
 5. Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest
computers currently available. Supercomputers
are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require an
immense amount of mathematical calculations
(number-crunching).
For example, weather forecasting,
scientific simulations, (animated)graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological
data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

Desktop Computer

Desktop Computer is a personal computer which

are formed for regular use at a single location. Desktop
computer has separate monitor, keyboard and mouse. The
early desktop computer were designed to lay flat on the
desk but the modern computer has tower stand.

Notebook Computer

Notebook Computer is a personal computer which

are smaller size than briefcase. We can easily transport
and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as class
room, libraries, office, meeting etc. Notebook computer is
generally called as Laptop Computer. Notebook included
keyboard, mouse pad, monitor (display screen), and
speakers in a single unit.

Net book Computer

Net book Computer is a personal computer which is small

size and low power of notebook computer. It has less processing
power than the notebook computers but it is suitable for web
browsing and connecting wirelessly to the internet. 
Tablet Computer

Tablet Computer is a personal Computer which is a

kind of mobile computer having a touchscreen or pen-
enabled interface. It runs by adapted version of a desktop
operating system. It is smaller than notebook computer but
larger than smart phone.

PDA Computer

PDA (personal digital assistant) Computer is a

personal computer which is a mobile device functioning as
a personal information manager. We can use this for
storing telephone numbers, email address, make
calculations, keep the digital calendar, play games, excess
the internet and so on.

ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Hardware: The physical components of a computer constitute its Hardware. These include
keyboard, mouse, monitor and processor. Hardware consists of input devices and output
devices that make a complete computer system. Examples of input devices are keyboard,
optical scanner, mouse and joystick which are used to feed data into the computer. Output
devices such as monitor and printer are media to get the output from the computer.
Software: A set of programs that form an interface between the hardware and the user of a
computer system are referred to as Software.
(a) System software: A set of programs to control the internal operations such as reading
data from input devices, giving results to output devices and ensuring proper functioning
of components is called system software.
(b) Application software: Programs designed by the user to perform a specific function,
such as accounting software, payroll software etc.
(c) Operating system: A set of tools and programs to manage the overall working of a
computer using a defined set of hardware components is called an operating system. It
is the interface between the user and the computer system.
(d) Utility software: Certain special purpose programs that are designed to perform a
specialized task, such as functions to copy, cut or paste files in a computer, formatting a
disk etc.
 (e) Language processors: Special software to accept data and interpret it in the form of
Machine /Assembly language understandable by a computer. It also ensures the
correctness of language syntax and errors.
(f) Connectivity software: A set of programs and instructions to connect the computer with
the main server to enable sharing of resources and information with the server and other
connected computers.
People: The most important element of a computer system is its users. They are also called
live-ware of the computer system. The following types of people interact with a computer
system:
(a) System Analysts: People who design the operation and processing of the system.
(b) System Programmers: People who write codes and programs to implement the
working of the system.
(c) System Operators: People who operate the system and use it for different purposes.
Also called the end users.
Procedures: Procedure is a step by step series of instructions to perform a specific function
and achieve desired output. In a computer system, there are three types of procedures:
(a) Hardware oriented procedure: It defines the working of a hardware component.
(b) Software oriented procedure: It is a set of detailed instructions for using the software.
(c) Internal procedure: It maintains the overall internal working of each part of a computer
system by directing the flow of information.
Data: The facts and figures that are fed into a computer for further processing are called data.
Data is raw until the computer system interprets it using machine language, stores it in memory,
classifies it for processing and produces results in conformance with the instructions given to it.
Processed and useful data is called information which is used for decision making.

ANATOMY OF PC

Central processing unit. The CPU handles all of

the computation work and is distinguished by its speed.
The higher the speed, the faster the PC. If you’re watching
high-definition movies or manipulating graphics, then you’ll
need a computer with fast processing.

Random access memory (RAM). Your computer can’t function without memory. RAM is the
hardware inside the computer that stores information. Get a minimum of 512 megabytes —
memory is even more important than the speed of the processor. The more RAM a computer
has, the more smoothly the PC will run when using several programs at once. While adding
more memory later isn’t time consuming, getting what you need when you purchase the
computer is worthwhile and may be more cost effective.
Motherboard. The motherboard provides the connections within the computer and hosts the
RAM, microprocessor and drive controllers. The microprocessor is the brain of the computer
and controls the operations, while the drive controllers enable the computer’s hard drive to work.
The motherboard should have at least two USB ports to plug in a digital audio player or
additional memory drive.
Hard drive. All data created on the computer, whether it’s homework, business files or personal
data, are stored on the hard drive. It has a much larger capacity than the RAM.
Power supply. The last of the mandatory computer components is the power supply. While it
may be the simplest, it’s absolutely essential for allowing the computer to work. Enough said.
Modem. With the Internet being the center of the world for many of us, access to it could
actually move to the essential list. Most PCs have a modem for dial-up Internet access and an
Ethernet port for broadband access. For a wireless connection, you’ll need a wireless network
adapter, also standard on most computers.
CD/DVD drive. A CD or DVD drive (also known as an optical drive) is the readable and/or
writable drive that allows users to read from and write to a CD or DVD. Most PCs have an
optical drive that can read CDs and DVDs, and for not much more money, you can get a drive
that writes, too.
Audio/visual extras. Determine whether additional items such as sound cards, graphic cards,
video cards or speakers fit your needs. If you want to run games or multimedia programs faster,
then many of these options can prove beneficial. Integrated sound is already adequate on most
computers, but upgrading to surround sound is a desirable option.
Monitor Keyboard, mouse and monitor. The keyboard allows users to enter commands, and
the mouse is an interface with the same function. The monitor, serving as a desktop computer
screen, comes in various sizes. A small monitor is typically around 17 inches, while greater than
20 inches is considered large. The higher the resolution on the monitor, the better the graphics
card you’ll need to run games or video-intense applications. If you’re undecided, you can’t go
wrong with a 22-inch digital monitor.
Operating system and software. After you’ve made all the hardware decisions, determine
what pre-installed software you’ll need for your computer. Select the latest version of an
operating system such as Microsoft Windows, the best-selling operating system for years. Also
purchase an anti-virus program such as Norton or Trend Micro, and choose from other
programs such as word processing and spreadsheets.

Relate your subject troubleshooting techniques to the VMGO of the university.

Troubleshooting is primarily done to keep a system or software in desired condition,
specifically when it encounters or exhibits a problem. It is a systematic approach done within
one or more phases depending on the complexity of a problem. Cebu Technological University
aims to provide advanced professional and technical instruction, the school aim to produce a
human capital equipped with appropriate knowledge.