The Atmosphere: UP Pahinungód Teacher Development Program
The Atmosphere: UP Pahinungód Teacher Development Program
The Atmosphere: UP Pahinungód Teacher Development Program
UP Pahinungód
Teacher Development Program
07-12 May 2012
Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
21%
Produced as a
product of
78%
radioactive decay
Once released,
remains in the
atmosphere
Composition of Dry Air
UP Pahinungod
ozone
absorbs the
potentially
harmful
ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from
the sun
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ozone
Southern Hemisphere
September 17, 2001
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Atmospheric Pressure
The higher the
elevation, the fewer
molecules pressing
down from above
MercuryUP Pahinungod
barometer
Mercury, a very heavy,
liquid metal occupies
an otherwise empty
tube.
Gravity pulls the
mercury down into a
pool in an open
container.
The container does not
overflow.
The mercury does not
totally leave the tube.
MercuryUP Pahinungod
barometer
The weight/pressure
of the atmosphere
presses the mercury
up into the tube.
A measuring stick
along side the tube
measures the height
of the mercury
column above the top
of the pool.
MercuryUP Pahinungod
barometer
When atmospheric
pressure is higher,
the mercury column
is pushed taller.
When atmospheric
pressure is lower,
the height of the
column of mercury
drops.
MercuryUP Pahinungod
barometer
The higher the
elevation, the
lower the
pressure.
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Atmospheric
pressure
variation with
altitude
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Temperature Changes
Temperatures drop with an increase in
altitude in the troposphere.
snow on a mountaintop
warmer lowlands
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Thermal Structure
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Troposphere
bottom layer in
which we live
temperature
decreases with an
increase in altitude
where air “turns
over” (vertical
mixing of air)
where all important
weather
phenomena occur
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Radiosonde
instrument attached to a
balloon and transmits data
by radio as it ascends
through the atmosphere
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Stratosphere
temperature
remains constant
to a height of
about 20 km
begins a gradual
increase that
continues until the
stratopause
temperature
increases
ozone is
concentrated
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Mesosphere
coldest
temperatures
least explored
no balloons nor
satellites
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Thermosphere
no well-defined
upper limit
very high
temperature
insignificant quantity
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AIR MOTION
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Warming the Atmosphere
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Warming the Atmosphere
Troposphere heated from
the bottom up as Earth’s
surface absorbs incoming
solar radiation and emits
infrared radiation.
Infrared radiation
absorbed and reemitted
numerous times by
carbon dioxide and water
molecules
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Warming the Atmosphere
The composition of the
surface varies from place to
place, consisting of many
different types and forms of
rock, soil, water, ice, snow
and so forth.
Air in the
troposphere
rises,
moves as
the wind,
and sinks.
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Wind
16 km/hr average
2 km/hr average
rising and sinking
velocity
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Tropical cyclones
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AREAS OF FORMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AND
ANNUAL AVERAGE NUMBER WORLDWIDE
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Air temperature and air density
contracts
expands
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Air pressure and movement of air
Cool air pushes
the less dense,
warm air upward,
reducing the
surface pressure.
Sea breeze
Land breeze
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Sea Breeze
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Valley Breeze
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Valley Breeze
Heating during the
daylight hours warms
the air along the
mountain slopes.
This warm air rises,
generating a valley
breeze.
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Mountain Breeze
After sunset, rapid
radiation cooling along
the mountain slopes
produces a layer of
cooler air next to the
ground.
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Southwest Monsoon
Southwest monsoon
(habagat) is drawn to
the low pressure
center over India and
Pakistan (May to
October)
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE
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Weather
condition of the atmosphere
over a certain place within a
short period of time
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Weather Elements
temperature
humidity
amount of rainfall
pressure
type and amount
of clouds
direction and speed
of air motion
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Clouds
Cumulus clouds
are like piles of
puffed cotton and
indicate fair
weather.
Stratus clouds
are often colored
gray and are low-
lying but do not
touch the ground.
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Clouds
Cirrus clouds are
white, feathery
streaks.
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Clouds
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Fog
Air that condenses
while in contact
with the ground
forms fog.
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Tropical Cyclone
Low pressure system
Characterized by winds spiraling inward in
a counter-clockwise direction (North
Hemisphere)
Originates from tropical oceans
Wind speed ranges from 45 k/hr to about
300 k/hr
Diameter ranges from 300 to 1,000 km
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Tropical Storm Regions
of the World
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Tropical Cyclones
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Climate
Pattern of weather occurring in an area
or region over a long period of time
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Latitude Groups
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Latitude Groups
Latitude groups based on
incoming solar radiation.
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Principal Climate Zones
1.Tropical climate
zone (low latitude)
2.Polar climate
zone (high latitude)
3.Temperate climate
zone (middle latitude)