Analog Filter Design PDF

UNIT - 5: Analog Filter Design
Dr. Manjunatha. P
[email protected]
Professor
Dept. of ECE
J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga
November 11, 2016

Unit 5 Syllabus Introduction
Analog Filter Design:[1, 2, 3, 4]
Slides are prepared to use in class room purpose, may be used as a

reference material
All the slides are prepared based on the reference material
Most of the figures/content used in this material are redrawn, some
of the figures/pictures are downloaded from the Internet.
This material is not for commercial purpose.
This material is prepared based on Digital Signal Processing for
ECE/TCE course as per Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)
syllabus (Karnataka State, India).
Dr. Manjunatha. P (JNNCE) UNIT - 5: Analog Filter Design November 11, 2016 2 / 69
Unit 5 Syllabus
Unit 5: Analog Filter Design:
PART - B-Unit 5: Analog Filter Design:
Characteristics of commonly used analog filters

Butterworth and Chebyshev filters
Analog to analog frequency transformations.
IIR Filter Design Introduction
Magnitude Characteristic of filters
Figure 1: Magnitude response of a LPF,HPF,BPF,BSF,
Magnitude Characteristic of lowpass filter

The magnitude response can be expressed as

1 − δp ≤ |H(jΩ)| ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ Ω ≤ Ωp
Magnitude =
0 ≤ |H(jΩ) ≤ δs for |Ω| ≥ Ωs
Figure 2: Magnitude response of a LPF

H(Ω) cannot have an infinitely sharp cutoff from passband to stopband, that is H(Ω)
cannot drop from unity to zero abruptly.
It is not necessary to insist that the magnitude be constant in the entire passband of the
filter. A small amount of ripple in the passband is usually tolerable.
The filter response may not be zero in the stopband, it may have small nonzero value or
ripple.
The transition of the frequency response from passband to stopband defines transition
band.
The passband is usually called bandwidth of the filter.
The width of transition band is Ωs − Ωp where Ωp defines passband edge frequency and
Ωs defines stopband edge frequency.
The magnitude of passband ripple is varies between the limits 1 ± δp where δp is the ripple
in the passband
The ripple in the stopand of the filter is denoted as δp
Ωp = Passband edge frequency in rad/second Ωs = Stopband edge frequency in rad/second
ωp = Passband edge frequency in rad/sample ωs = Stopband edge frequency in rad/sample
Ap = Gain at passband edge frequency As = Gain at stopband edge frequency
ωp ωs
Ωp = and Ωs =
T T
1
where T = fs
= Sampling frequency
Butterworth Filter Design
The magnitude frequency re-

sponse of Butterworth filter is
1 Properties of
|H(jΩ)|2 = 2N
1 + ΩΩ
c
Figure 3: Frequency response of

Butterworth low pass filter
butterworth filter
|HN (jΩ)|2 |Ω=0 = 1 for all N
|HN (jΩ)|2 |Ω=Ωc = 0.5 for all finite N
|HN (jΩ)||Ω=Ωc = √1 = 0.707 20log |H(jΩ)||Ω = Ωc = −3.01 dB
2
|HN (jΩ)|2 is a monotonically decreasing function of for Ω
|HN (jΩ)|2 approaches to ideal response as the value of N increases
The filter is said to be normalized when cut-off frequency Ωc = 1 rad/sec.
From normalized transfer function LPF, HPF, BPF BSF can be obtained by suitable
transformation to the normalized LPF specification.
|HN (jΩ)|2 = HN (jΩ)HN (−jΩ) = 1

2N
1+ ΩΩ
c
For normalized Butterworth lowpass filter Ωc = 1
1
HN (jΩ)HN (−jΩ) = h i
1 + (Ω)2N
s
Let s = jΩ ∴ Ω = j
1
HN (s)HN (−s) = 2N
s
1+ j
The poles of are determined by equating the denominator to zero

2N
s
1+ =0
j
1
s = (−1) 2N j
-1 can be written as e jπ(2k+1) where k = 0, 1 . . . and j = e jπ/2
(2k+1)
sk = e jπ 2N e jπ/2 k = 0, 1 . . . 2N − 1
The poles are placed on a unit circle with radius unity and are placed at angles
kπ
sk = 1 N k = 0, 1 . . . 2N − 1 when N is odd
π kπ
= 1 2N
+ N k = 0, 1 . . . 2N − 1 when N is even
N=1 ∴ k=0,1 j
S-plane
kπ Unit circle
Sk = 1
s1
N
s0

S0 = 1 0, S1 = 1 π
The poles lying on left half of s plane is

LHP of H1(s) RHP of H1(-s)
1 1 1
HN (s) = Q = =
(s − sk ) (s − (s1 )) (s + 1) Figure 4: Poles of H1 (s)H1 (−s)
LHP
———————————————————————————————————————
N=2 ∴ k=0,1,2,3 N is Even
π kπ
Sk = 1 2N
+ N jΩ
S-plane
s1
π 3π Unit circle s0
S0 = 1 4, S1 = 1 4
5π 7π
S2 = 1 σ
4 , S3 = 1 4
The poles lying on left half of s plane is s2 s3

1 1
HN (s) = =
Figure 5: Poles of H2 (s)H2 (−s)
Q
[s − sk ] [s − (s1 )][s − (s2 )]
LHP
1
=
[s − (−0.707 + j0.707)][s − (−0.707 − j0.707)]
1
H2 (s) =
[s + 0.707 − j0.707][s + 0.707 + j0.707]
1
=
[s + 0.707]2 − [j0.707]2
1
=
s 2 + 20.707s + (0.707)2 + (0.707)2
1
=
s 2 + 1.414s + 1
———————————————————————————————————–
Determine the poles of lowpass Butterworth filter for N=3. Sketch the location of poles on s
plane and hence determine the normalized transfer function of lowpass filter.
Solution:
jΩ
s2 S-plane
Unit circle s1
N=3 ∴ k=0,1,2,3,4,5
N is Odd s3 s0
Sk = 1 kπ σ
N
π 2π
S0 = 1 0, S1 = 1 3, S2 = 1 3
s5
s4
4π 5π
S3 = 1 π, S4 = 1 3 , S5 = 1 3
Left half poles of H3(s) Right half poles of H3(-s)

The poles lying on left half of s plane is
1 1
HN (s) = Q =
[s − sk ] [s − (s2 )][s − (s3 )][s − (s4 )]
LHP
1
H3 (s) =
[s − (−0.5 + j0.866)][s − (−1)][s − (−0.5 − j0.866)]
1
=
[s + 1][s + 0.5 − j0.866][s + 0.5 + j0.866)]
1 1
= =
[s + 1][(s + 0.5)2 − (j0.866)2 ]] (s + 1)(s 2 + s + 1)
The poles are distributed on unit circle in the s plane

They are distributed half on the left half plane and half on the right half plane.
1 1
HN (s) = Q =
(s − sk ) BN (s)
LHP
Table 1: Normalized Butterworth Polynomial

Order N Butterworth Polynomial
1 s+1 √
2 s 2 + 2s + 1
3 (s 2 + s + 1)(s + 1)
4 (s 2 + 0.76536s + 1)(s 2 + 1.84776s + 1)
5 (s + 1)(s 2 + 0.6180s + 1)(s 2 + 1.6180s + 1)
Design of Lowpass Butterworth Filter

The transfer function of normalized Butterworth lowpass filter is given by
1 1
HN (s) = Q =
(s − sk ) BN (s)
LHP
where BN (s) is nth order normalized Butterworth polynomial

The lowpass Butterworth filter has to meet the following frequency domain specifications
Kp ≤ 20log |H(jΩ)| ≤ 0 for all Ω ≤ Ωp

20log |H(jΩ)| ≤ Ks for all Ω ≥ Ωs
Kp =Attenuation at passband frequency Ωp in dB
Ks =Attenuation at stopband frequency Ωs in dB
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
0
KP
Ks
Ω
ΩP ΩS
Figure 7: LPF specifications

The magnitude frequency response is
1
|H(jΩ)| =
2N 12
Ω
1+ Ωc 2N
ΩP −Kp
= 10 10 −1 (1)
Ωc
Taking 20 log on both sides
  Ω = Ωs and K = Ks
 1  " 2N #
20 log |H(jΩ)| = 20 log 
  ΩS
2N 12 KS = −10 log 1 +

Ωc
 
1 + ΩΩ
c
" 2N # 12
ΩS
2N
−KS
Ω = 10 10 −1 (2)
= −20 log 1 +
Ωc Ωc
" 2N #
Ω Dividing Equation 1 by Equation
= −10 log 1 +
Ωc 2
2N −Kp
Ω = Ωp and K = Kp Ωp 10 10 −1
= −KS
" # ΩS 10 10 −1
2N
ΩP
Kp = −10 log 1 +
Ωc
−Kp
 

Ωp 10 10 − 1 
2N log = log 
−KS
ΩS 10 10 − 1
" −K #
p
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1
N= h
Ωp
i
2log ΩS
where N is the order of the filter

The cutoff frequency ΩC is
Ωp
ΩC = 1
−Kp 2N
10 10 −1
OR
ΩS
ΩC = 1
−KS 2N
10 10 − 1
Design steps for Butterworth Lowpass Filter

From the given specifications
1 Determine the order of the Filter using
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1
N= h i
Ω
2log Ωp
S
2 Determine the cutoff frequency ΩC using

Ωp Ωs
ΩC = 1 OR ΩC = 1
−Kp 2N −Ks 2N
10 10 − 1 10 10 − 1
3 Determine the transfer function of normalized Butterworth filter by

1 1
HN (s) = Q =
(s − sk ) BN (s)
LHP
4 From analog lowpass to lowpass frequency transformation, find the desired transfer
function by substituting the following
Ha (s) = HN (s)|s→ s
ΩC
Design an analog Butterworth low pass filter to meet the following specifications T=1 second
0.707 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.3π

= |H(e jω )| ≤ 0.2; for .75π ≤ ω ≤ π
Solution:
Passband edge frequency ωp = 0.3π rad/sample
Stopband edge frequency ωs = 0.75π rad/sample
ω
Passband edge analog frequency Ωp = 1p = 0.3π
1
= 0.3π rad/second
Stopband edge analog frequency Ωs = ω1s = 0.75π
1
= 0.75π rad/second
Kp =20log(0.707)=-3.01 dB, Ks =20log(0.2)=-13.97 dB,
The order of the filter is
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1 0
N = h i
Ω K P = −3.01dB
2log Ωp
S
3.01

10 10 −1 K s = −13.97dB
log 13.97
1

10 10 −1 log 24 Ω
= 0.3π = ΩP = 0.9425 rad/sec ΩS = 2.356 rad/sec
2log 0.75π
2 × (−0.398)
−1.38 Figure 8: LPF specifications
= = 1.7336 ' 2
−0.796
OR
N=2 ∴ k=0,1,2,3 N is Even
For even N
π + kπ
Sk = 1 2N N
N
2
Y 1
H(sn ) = S0 = 1 π
4 , S1 = 1 3π
4
k=1
s 2 + bk s + 1
5π
S2 = 1 4 , S3 = 1 7π
4
The poles lying on left half of s plane

h i
(2k−1)π
where bk = 2sin 2N
N=2 1 1
HN (s) = =
k = N2 = 22 = 1 Q
[s − sk ] [s − (s1 )][s − (s2 )]
LHP
k=1 h i
(2−1)π 1
bk = 2sin 2×2 =1.4142 =
[s − (−0.707 + j0.707)][s − (−0.707 − j0.707)]
1 1
H(sn ) = =
s 2 + 1.4142s + 1 s 2 + 1.4142s + 1
Ωs jΩ
Ωc = −ks 1 S-plane
(10 10 − 1) 2N Unit circle s1
s0
2.3562
= 13.97 1 σ
(10 10 − 1) 4
= 1.0664 rad/sec s2 s3

Unnomalized transfer function, H(s)
Ha (s) = H2 (s)|s→ s
Ωc
= H2 (s)|s→ s
1.0644
1
=
s2
Ωc 2
+ 1.4142 Ωs + 1
c
1
=
s 2 +1.4142Ωc s+Ωc 2
Ω2c
Ω2c
=
s2 + 1.4142Ωc s + Ωc 2
1.06442
=
s 2 + 1.4142 × 1.0644s + 1.06442
1.133
=
s 2 + 1.5047s + 1.133
0.9 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.35π

= |H(e jω )| ≤ 0.275; for .7π ≤ ω ≤ π
Solution:
ω
1
= 0.35π rad/second
1
= 0.7π rad/second
Kp =20log(0.9)=-0.9151 dB, Ks =20log(0.2)=-11.2133 dB,
Gain in dB
" −Kp
# 20 log H a ( jω )
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1 0
N = h i
Ω K P = −0.915dB
2log Ωp
S
0.9151

10 10 −1 K s = −11.213dB
log 11.213
0.234
10 10 −1 log 12.21 Ω
= 0.35π = ΩP = 1.0996 rad/sec ΩS = 2.1991 rad/sec
2log 0.7π
2 × (−0.301)
= = 2.852 ' 3
−0.602
For odd N=3
N−1 OR
2 N=3 ∴ k=0,1,2,3,4,5 N is Even
1 Y 1
H(sn ) =
(s + 1) k=1 s 2 + bk s + 1 π + kπ
Sk = 1 2N N
S0 = 1 π S1 = 1 3π
h i
(2k−1)π 4 ,
where bk = 2sin 2N
4
N=3 S2 = 1 5π
4 , S3 = 1 7π
4
k = N−1
2
= 3−1
2
=1 The poles lying on left half of s plane
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
bk = b1 = 2sin 2×3 =1 1 1
HN (s) = Q =
[s − sk ] [s − (s1 )][s − (s2 )]
LHP
1 1
H(sn ) = =
[s − (−0.707 + j0.707)][s − (−0.707 − j0.707)]
(s + 1)(s 2
+ s + 1)
1
=
s 3 + 2s 2 + 2s + 1
jΩ
S-plane
Unit circle s1
s0
Ωs σ
Ωc = −ks 1
(10 10 − 1) 2N
s2 s3
2.2 2.2 LHP of H2(s)
= 11.21 1
= RHP of H2(-s)
(10 − 1)
10 6 1.515
= 1.45 rad/sec
Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωc = 1.45 rad/sec
1
Ha (s) = H3 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωc s 3 + 2s 2 + 2s + 1 Ωc
= H3 (s)|s→ s
Ωc
1
=
s3 2
Ωc 3
+ 2 Ωs 2 + 2 Ωs + 1
c c
1
=
s 3 +2Ωc s 2 +2Ω2c s+Ω3c
Ω3c
Ω3c
=
s 3 + 2Ωc s 2 + 2Ω2c s + Ω3c
1.453
=
s 3 + 2 × 1.45s 2 + 2 × 1.452 s + 1.453
3.048
=
s 3 + 2.9s 2 + 4.205s + 3.048
0.8 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

= |H(e jω )| ≤ 0.2; for .32π ≤ ω ≤ π
Solution:
ω
1
= 0.6283 rad/second
1
= 1.0053 rad/second
Kp =20log(0.8)=-1.9 dB, Ks =20log(0.2)=-13.97 dB,
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1 0
N = h i
Ω K P = −1.9dB
2log Ωp
S
1.9

10 10 −1 K s = −13.97dB
log 13.97
0.548
10 10 −1 log 24 Ω
= 0.6283 = ΩP = 0.6283 rad/sec ΩS = 1.0053 rad/sec
2log 1.0053
2 × (−0.204)
= = 4.023 ' 4
−0.408
For Even N=4

N
2
Y 1
H(sn ) =
k=1
s 2 + bk s + 1
h i
(2k−1)π
where bk = 2sin 2N
N=4
k = N2 = 42 = 2
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
bk = b1 = 2sin 2×4 =0.7654
k=2 h i
(4−1)π
bk = b2 = 2sin 2×4 =1.8478
1
H(sn ) =
(s 2 + 0.764s + 1)(s 2 + 1.8478s + 1)
1
=
s 4 + 2.6118s 3 + 3.4117s 2 + 2.6118s + 1
Ωs
Ωc = −ks 1
(10 10 − 1) 2N
1.0053 1.0053
= 13.97 1
=
(10 10 − 1) 8 1.4873
= 0.676 rad/sec
1
Ha (s) = H4 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωc s 4 + 2.6118s 3 + 3.4117s 2 + 2.6118s + 1 Ωc
= H4 (s)|s→ s
Ωc
1
=
s4 3 2
Ωc 4
+ 2.6118 Ωs 3 + 3.4117 Ωs 2 + 2.6118 Ωs + 1
c c c
1
=
s 4 +2.6118Ωc s 3 +3.4117Ω2c s 2 +2.6118Ω3c s+Ω4c
Ω4c
Ω4c
=
s 4 + 2.6118Ωc s 3 + 3.4117Ω2c s 2 + 2.6118Ω3c s + Ω4c
0.6764
=
s 4 + 1.7655s 3 + 1.559s 2 + 0.8068s + 0.2088
0.2088
=
s 4 + 1.7655s 3 + 1.559s 2 + 0.8068s + 0.2088
Design an analog Butterworth low pass filter which has -2 dB attenuation at frequency 20
rad/sec and at least -10 dB attenuation at 30 rad/sec.
Solution:
Passband edge analog frequency Ωp = 20 rad/second
Stopband edge analog frequency Ωs = 30 rad/second
Kp =-2 dB, Ks =-10 dB,
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1 0
N = h i
Ω K P = −1.9dB
2log Ωp
S
2

10 10 −1 K s = −13.97dB
log 10
0.584
10 10 −1 log 9 Ω
= = ΩP = 0.6283 rad/sec ΩS = 1.0053 rad/sec
2log 20

30
2 × (−0.176)
= = 3.374 ' 4
−0.352
For Even N=4

N/2
Y 1
H(sn ) =
k=1
sn2 + bk sn + 1
h i
(2k−1)π
where bk = 2sin 2N
N=4
k = N2 = 42 = 2
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
bk = b1 = 2sin 2×4 =0.7654
k=2 h i
(4−1)π
bk = b2 = 2sin 2×4 =1.8478
1
H(sn ) =
(s 2 + 0.764s + 1)(s 2 + 1.8478s + 1)
1
=
s 4 + 2.6118s 3 + 3.4117s 2 + 2.6118s + 1
Ωs
Ωc = −ks 1
(10 10 − 1) 2N
30 30
= 10 1
=
(10 10 − 1) 8 1.316
= 22.795 rad/sec
1
Ha (s) = H4 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωc s 4 + 2.6118s 3 + 3.4117s 2 + 2.6118s + 1 22.795
1
=
s4 3 2
Ωc 4
+ 2.6118 Ωs 3 + 3.4117 Ωs 2 + 2.6118 Ωs + 1
c c c
1
=
s 4 +2.6118Ωc s 3 +3.4117Ω2c s 2 +2.6118Ω3c s+Ω4c
Ω4c
Ω4c
=
s4 + 2.6118Ωc s3 + 3.4117Ω2c s 2 + 2.6118Ω3c s + Ω4c
22.7954
=
s4 + 59.535s 3
+ 1772.76s 2 + 30935.611s + 22.7954
22.7954
=
s + 59.535s + 1772.76s 2 + 30935.611s + 22.7954
4 3
Problems Problems
A Butterworth low pass filter has to meet the following specifications

i) passband gain KP =1 dB at ΩP =4 rad/sec
ii) Stop band attenuation greater than or equal to 20 dB at Ωs =8 rad/sec
Determine the transfer function Ha (s) of the lowest order Butterworth filter to meet the above
the specifications
Solution:
Ωp =4 rad/sec, Ωs =8 rad/sec,
Gain in dB
Kp =-1 dB, Ks =-20 dB, 20 log H a ( jω )
0
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1 K P = −1dB
log −KS
10 10 −1
N = h i
Ω
2log Ωp K P = −20dB
S
Ω
1 ΩP = 4 rad/sec ΩS = 8 rad/sec

10 10 −1
log 20
=
10 10
4
−1
= 4.289 ' 5 Figure 14: LPF specifications
2log 8
Problems Problems
Sk = 1∠θk k = 0, 1 . . . 2N − 1
For odd N θk is
πk
θk =
N
jΩ
Unit circle S-plane
S0 = 1 0=1 0= s3 s2
S1 = 1 π
36◦ = 0.809 + j0.588 s4
5 =1 s1
2π
S2 = 1 5 =1
72◦ = 0.309 + j0.951 s5 s0
3π σ
S3 = 1 5 =1
108◦ = −0.309 + j0.951 s6
4π s9
S4 = 1 5 =1
144◦ = −0.809 − j0.588
S5 = 1 π =1180◦ = −1 s7 s8
6π Left half poles of H5(s) Right half poles of H5(-s)
S6 = 1 5 = 1 216◦ = −0.809 − j0.588
7π
S7 = 1 5 = 1 252◦ = −0.309 − j0.951
8π
S8 = 1 5 = 1 288◦ = 0.309 − j0.951
9π
S9 = 1 5 = 1 324◦ = −0.809 − j0.588
Problems Problems
1
H5 (s) = Q
(s − sk )
LHPonly
1
=
(s − s3 )(s − s4 )(s − s5 )(s − s6 )(s − s7 )
1
=
(s − 0.309 + j0.951)(s + 0.809 + j0.588)(s + 1)
(s + 0.809 − j0.588)(s + 0.309 + j0.951)
1
=
[(s − 0.309)2 + (0.951)2 ][(s + 0.809)2 + (0.588)2 ](s + 1)
1
=
[(s 2 + 0.618s + 1)(s 2 + 1.618s + 1)(s + 1)
1
=
s 5 + 3.236s 4 + 5.236s 3 + 5.236s 2 + 3.236s + 1
Ωp
Ωc = −kp
= 4.5784 rad/sec
1
(10 10 − 1) 2N
Ha (s) = H5 (s)|s→ s
4.5787
Problems Problems
Ha (s) = H5 (s)|s→ s
Ωc
= H5 (s)|s→ s
4.5787
1
= s s s
( 4.5787 )5 + 3.236( 4.5787 )4 + 5.236( 4.5787 )3 +
s 2 s
5.236( 4.5787 ) + 3.236( 4.5787 ) + 1
2012.4
=
s 5 + 14.82s 4 + 109.8s 3 + 502.6s 2 + 1422.36s + 2012.4
Verification
2012.4
Ha (jΩ) =
(jΩ)5 + 14.82(jΩ)4 + 109.8(jΩ)3 + 502.6(jΩ)2 + 1422.3(jΩ) + 2012.4
2012.4
=
(14.82Ω4 − 502.6Ω2 + 2012.4) + j(Ω5 − 109.8Ω3 + 1422.3Ω)
2012.4
|Ha (jΩ)| = p
(14.82Ω4 − 502.6Ω2 + 2012.4)2 + j(Ω5 − 109.8Ω3 + 1422.3Ω)2
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|4 = −1 dB
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|8 = −24 dB
Analog Filter Design Chebyshev Filter Design
Chebyshev Filter Design
The magnitude frequency response of Chebyshev filter is

1
|H(jΩ)|2 = h i
Ω
1+ 2 Tn2 Ωp
Properties of Chebyshev filter

If Ω)p = 1 rad/sec then it is called as type-I normalized Chebyshev lowpass filter.
HN (jΩ)|2 |Ω=0 = 1 for all N
|H(j0)| = 1 for odd N and |H(j0)| = √ 1 2 for even N
1+
The filter has uniform ripples in the passband and is monotonic outside the passband.
The sum of the number of maxima and minima in the passband equals the order of the
filter.
H ( jω ) H ( jω )
Gain
Gain
1 1
1 δp 1 δp
1+ ε 2 1+ ε 2
δs δs
Ω Ω
ΩP ΩS ΩP ΩS
(a) N Odd (b) N Even
Figure 15: Magnitude frequency response of LPF for Chebyshev

Order of the Filter
Kp Gain or Magnitude at passband in normal value(without dB) for frequency Ωp

Ks Gain or Magnitude at passband in normal value(without dB) for frequency Ωs
" 1 #
(1/Ks2 )−1 2
cosh−1 (1/Kp2 )−1
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ωp
Kp Gain or Magnitude at passband in dB for frequency Ωp

Ks Gain or Magnitude at passband in dB for frequency Ωs
h
0.1Ks
i1
cosh−1 100.1Kp −1
2
10 −1
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ω
p
Chose the order of the filter N > N1
Normalized Chebyshev lowpass filter transfer function
When N is Even When N is odd
N N−1
2 2
Y Bk B0 Y Bk
H(sn ) = H(sn ) =
k=1
s 2 + bk s + ck s + c0 k=1 s 2 + bk s + ck
h i h i
(2k−1)π (2k−1)π
where bk = 2yN sin 2N
, ck = yN2 + cos 2 2N
c0 = yN
"
1 # N1 " 1 #− N1 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
yN = +1 + − +1 + 
2 2 2
1
where = (1/Kp2 ) − 1 2

When N is Even the values of parameter Bk are evaluated using

1
H(sn )|s=0 = 1
(1 + 2 ) 2
When N is odd the values of parameter Bk are evaluated using
H(sn )|s=0 = 1
Design steps for Chebyshev filter:

1 Determine the order of the Filter
2 Determine the Normalized Chebyshev lowpass filter transfer function
3 From analog lowpass to lowpass frequency transformation, find the desired transfer
function by substituting the following
Ha (s) = HN (s)|s→ s
ΩC
where ΩC = ΩP
Jan 2013, June 2015: Design a Chebyshev IIR analog low pass filter that has -3.0 dB frequency
100 rad/sec and stopband attenuation 25 dB or grater for all radian frequencies past 250
rad/sec
Solution:
Passband ripple Kp =-3.0 dB or in normal value is Kp = 10Kp /20 = 10−3/20 = 0.707
Stopband ripple Ks =25.0 dB or in normal value is Ks = 10Ks /20 = 10−25/20 = 0.056
Passband edge frequency =100 rad/sec Stopband edge frequency =250 rad/sec
" 1 #
(1/Ks2 )−1 2
cosh−1 (1/Kp2 )−1
H ( jω )
Gain
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ωp 1
" # 1 δp
i1
(1/0.0562 )−1
h
2
cosh−1 1+ ε 2
(1/0.7072 )−1
= 250

cosh−1 100
1 δs
−1 317
cosh 1
2
cosh−1 [17.8] Ω
= = ΩP ΩS
cosh−1 (2.5) cosh−1 [2.5]
3.57 Figure 16: LPF specifications
= = 2.278 ' 3
1.566
N=3
When N is odd
B0 Bk
H(sn ) = × 2
s + c0 s + b1 s + c1
N−1
2
B0 Y Bk
H(sn ) = 1
s + c0 k=1 s 2 + bk s + ck

(1/Kp2 ) − 1 2 =
1
(1/0.7072 ) − 1 2 = 1

=
N=3 k = N−1
2
= 3−1
2
= 1
——————————————————————————————————–
"
1 # N1 " 1 #− N1 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
yN = +1 + − +1 + 
2 2 2
"
1 # 13 " 1 #− 31 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= +1 + − +1 + 
2 12 1 12 1

1 h 1
i1 h 1
i− 1
3 3
= (2) 2 + 1 − (2) 2 + 1
2
1h 1 1
i 1
= [1.414 + 1] 3 − [1.414 + 1]− 3 = [1.341 − 0.745] ' 0.298
2 2
h i
(2k−1)π
C0 = yN = 0.298 k=1 bk = 2 × yN sin 2×N
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
b1 = 2 × 0.298sin 2×3 = 0.298
k=2
B0 B1
H(sn ) = × 2
s + c0 s + b1 s + c1
h
(2k−1)π
i B0 B1
ck = yN2 + cos 2 2N
H(sn ) = ×
s + 0.298 s 2 + 0.298s + 0.838
k=1
When N is odd the values of parameter Bk

(2 − 1)π
are evaluated using
c1 = 0.2982 + cos 2
2×3 H(sn )|s=0 = 1
2 π
h i
= 0.088 + cos
6
" # B0 B1
1 + cos( 2π
6
) H(sn ) = =1
= 0.088 + 0.298 × 0.838
2
= 0.088 + 0.75 = 0.838 B0 B1 = 0.25
B0 = B1
B02 = 0.25
√
B0 = 0.25 = 0.5
B0 B1
H(sn ) = × 2
s + 0.298 s + 0.298s + 0.838
0.25
H(sn ) =
s 3 + 0.596s 2 + 0.926s + 0.25
Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωp = 100 rad/sec
0.25
Ha (s) = H3 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωp s 3 + 0.596s 2 + 0.926s + 0.25 Ωp
= H3 (s)|s→ s
Ωp
0.25
=
s3 2
Ωp 3
+ 0.596 Ωs 2 + 0.926 Ωs + 0.25
p p
0.25
=
s 3 +0.596Ωp s 2 +0.926Ω2c s+0.25Ω3p
Ω3p
0.25 × Ω3p
=
s3 + 0.596Ωp s 2 + 0.926Ω2c s + 0.25Ω3p
0.25 × 1003
=
s3 + 0.596 × 100s 2
+ 0.926 × 1002 s + 0.25 × 1003
0.25 × 1003
=
s + 59.6s + 926s + 0.25 × 1003
3 2
Design a Chebyshev IIR low pass filter that has to meet the following specifications
i) passband ripple ≤0.9151 dB and passband edge frequency 0.25π rad/sec
ii) Stopband attenuation ≥12.395 dB and Stopband edge frequency 0.5π rad/sec
Solution:
Passband ripple Kp =0.9151 dB
or in normal value is Kp = 10Kp /20 = 10−9151/20 = 0.9
Stopband ripple Ks =12.395 dB
or in normal value is Ks = 10Ks /20 = 10−12.395/20 = 0.24
Passband edge frequency 0.25π=0.7854 rad/sec
Stopband edge frequency 0.5π =1.5708rad/sec
" 1 #
(1/Ks2 )−1 2
cosh−1 (1/Kp2 )−1
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ωp
" #
i1
(1/0.242 )−1
h
2
cosh−1 (1/0.92 )−1
=
cosh−1 1.5708

0.7854
−1 16.3611
1
cosh 0.2346
2
cosh−1 [8.35] 2.8118
= 1.5708
= = = 2.135 ' 3
cosh−1 [2]

cosh−1 0.7854
1.3169
N=3
When N is odd
B0 Bk
H(sn ) = × 2
s + c0 s + bk s + ck
N−1
2
B0 Y Bk
H(sn ) =
s + c0 k=1 s 2 + bk s + ck
1
(1/Kp2 ) − 1 2

=
N=3 k = N−1
2
= 3−1
2
=1 =
1
(1/0.92 ) − 1 2 = 0.4843
——————————————————————————————————–
"
1 # N1 " 1 #− N1 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
yN = +1 + − +1 + 
2 2 2
"
1 # 13 " 1 #− 13 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= +1 + − +1 + 
2 0.48432 0.4843 0.48432 0.4843

1 h 1
i1 h 1
i− 1
3 3
= (5.2635) 2 + 2.064 − (5.2635) 2 + 2.064
2
1h 1 1
i 1
= [2.294 + 2.064] 3 − [2.294 + 2.064]− 3 = [1.6334 − 0.6122] ' 0.5107
2 2
h i
(2−1)π
C0 = yN = 0.5107 k=1 bk = 2 × 0.5107sin 2×3
= 0.5107
h i
(2k−1)π
ck = yN2 + cos 2 2N
B0 B1
H(sn ) = ×
k=1 s + 0.5107 s 2 + 0.5107s + 1.0108

2 (2 − 1)π
2 are evaluated using
ck = 0.5107 + cos
2×3
2 π H(sn )|s=0 = 1
h i
2
= 0.5107 + cos
6
" 2π
#
2
1 + cos( 6
)
= 0.5107 +
2 B0 B1
H(sn ) = = 1.9372B0 B1 = 1
= 0.2608 + 0.75 = 1.0108 0.5107 × 1.0108
B0 B1 1
H(sn ) = × 2 B0 B1 = = 0.5162
s + c0 s + bk s + ck 1.9372
B0 = B1
B02 = 0.5162
B0 B1 √
H(sn ) = × 2
s + 0.5107 s + b1 s + c1 B0 = 0.5162 = 0.7185
B0 B1 0.7185 0.7185
H(sn ) = × 2 = × 2
s + 0.5107 s + 0.5107s + 1.0108 s + 0.5107 s + 0.5107s + 1.0108
0.5162
H(sn ) =
s 3 + 1.0214s 2 + 1.2716s + 0.5162
Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωp = 0.7854 rad/sec
0.5162
Ha (s) = H3 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωp s 3 + 1.0214s 2 + 1.2716s + 0.5162 Ωp
0.5162
=
s3 2
Ωp 3
+ 1.0214 Ωs 2 + 1.2716 Ωs + 0.5162
p p
0.5162
=
s 3 +1.0214Ωp s 2 +1.2716Ω2p s+Ω3p
Ω3p
Ω3p
=
s3 + 1.0214Ωp s2 + 1.2716Ω2p s + Ω3p
0.5162 × 0.78543
=
s 3 + 1.0214 × 0.7854s 2 + 1.2716 × 0.78542 s + 0.78543
0.250
=
s 3 + 0.80229s 2 + 0.7844s + 0.2501
Design a Chebyshev IIR low pass filter that has to meet the following specifications
i) passband ripple ≤1.0 dB and passband edge frequency 1 rad/sec
ii) Stopband attenuation ≥15.0 dB and Stopband edge frequency 1.5 rad/sec
Solution:
Passband ripple Kp =1.0 dB or in normal value is Kp = 10Kp /20 = 10−1/20 = 0.891
Stopband ripple Ks =15.0 dB or in normal value is Ks = 10Ks /20 = 10−15/20 = 0.177
Passband edge frequency =1 rad/sec Stopband edge frequency =1.5rad/sec
" 1 #
(1/Ks2 )−1 2
cosh−1 (1/Kp2 )−1
H ( jω )
Gain
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ωp 1
" # 1 δp
h 2 i1
(1/0.177 )−1 2
cosh−1 1+ ε 2
(1/0.8912 )−1
= 1.5

cosh−1 1.0
1 δs
−1 31.0

cosh 0.26
2
cosh−1 [11.0] Ω
= = ΩP ΩS
cosh−1 (1.5) cosh−1 [1.5]
3.08 Figure 17: LPF specifications
= = 3.2 ' 4
0.96
N=4
When N is Even B1 B2
H(sn ) = × 2
N s 2 + b1 s + c1 s + b2 s + c2
2
Y Bk
H(sn ) =
k=1
s 2 + bk s + ck
1
(1/Kp2 ) − 1 2

=
N 4
N=4 k = 2
= 2
=2 1
(1/0.8912 ) − 1 2 = 0.51

=
——————————————————————————————————–
"
1 # N1 " 1 #− N1 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
yN = +1 + − +1 + 
2 2 2
"
1 # 41 " 1 #− 14 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= +1 + − +1 + 
2 0.512 0.51 0.512 0.51

1 h 1
i1 h 1
i− 1
4 4
= (4.84) 2 + 1.96 − (4.84) 2 + 1.96
2
1h 1 1
i 1
= [2.2 + 1.96] 4 − [2.2 + 1.96]− 4 = [1.428 − 0.7] ' 0.364
2 2
h i
(2k−1)π
C0 = yN = 0.364 k=1 bk = 2 × yN sin 2×N
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
b1 = 2 × 0.364sin 2×4 = 0.278
k=2 h i
(2×2−1)π
b2 = 2 × 0.364sin 2×4
= 0.672
h i
2 2 (2k−1)π
ck = yN + cos 2N
k=2
k=1

(2 × 2 − 1)π
c2 = 0.3642 + cos 2

(2 − 1)π
c1 = 0.3642 + cos 2 2×4
2×4
3π
2 π = 0.132 + cos 2
h i
= 0.132 + cos 8
8 " #
1 + cos( 6π )
" #
1 + cos( 2π
8
) = 0.132 + 8
= 0.132 + 2
2
= 0.132 + 0.853 = 0.132 + 0.146 = 0.278
= 0.132 + 0.853 = 0.985
B1 B2
H(sn ) = × 2
s 2 + b1 s + c1 s + b2 s + c2
B1 B2
H(sn ) = ×
s 2 + 0.278s + 0.985 s 2 + 0.672s + 0.278
are evaluated using
1 1
H(sn )|s=0 = = = 0.89
(1 + 2 )1/2 (1 + 0.512 )1/2
B1 B2
H(sn ) = = 0.89
0.985 × 0.278
B1 B2 = 0.244
B1 = B2
B12 = 0.244
√
B1 = 0.264 = 0.493
B1 B2 0.493 0.493
H(sn ) = × = 2 ×
s 2 + 0.278s + 0.985 s 2 + 0.672s + 0.278 s + 0.278s + 0.985 s 2 + 0.672s + 0.278
0.243
H(sn ) =
s 4 + 0.95s 3 + 1.45s 2 + 1.434s + 0.2738
Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωp = 1.0 rad/sec
0.243
Ha (s) = H4 (s)|s→ s = |s→ s
Ωp s 4 + 0.95s 3 + 1.45s 2 + 1.434s + 0.2738 1
0.263
=
s 4 + 0.95s 3 + 1.45s 2 + 1.434s + 0.2738
July 2014, Dec 2014 Design a Chebyshev IIR low pass filter that has to meet the following
specifications
i) passband ripple ≤2 dB and passband edge frequency 1 rad/sec
ii) Stopband attenuation ≥20 dB and Stopband edge frequency 1.3 rad/sec
Solution:
Passband ripple Kp =2 dB
or in normal value is Kp = 10Kp /20 = 10−2/20 = 0.7943
Stopband ripple Ks =12.395 dB
or in normal value is Ks = 10Ks /20 = 10−20/20 = 0.1
Passband edge frequency 1 rad/sec
Stopband edge frequency 1.3 rad/sec
" 1 #
(1/Ks2 )−1 2
cosh−1 (1/Kp2 )−1
N1 =
Ωs
cosh−1 Ωp
" #
i1
(1/0.12 )−1
h
2
cosh−1 (1/0.79432 )−1
=
cosh−1 1.3

1.0
−1 99.0
1
cosh 0.585
2
cosh−1 [13.00] 3.256
= 1.3
= = = 4.3 ' 5
cosh−1 [1.3]

cosh−1 1.0
0.756
N=5
When N is odd
B0 B1 B2
H(sn ) = × ×
s + c0 s 2 + b1 s + c1 s 2 + b2 s + c2
N−1
2
B0 Y Bk
H(sn ) =
s + c0 k=1 s 2 + bk s + ck
1
(1/Kp2 ) − 1

= 2
N−1 5−1 1
N=5 k = = =2 2 = (1/0.79432 ) − 1 2 = 0.7648
2

——————————————————————————————————–
"
1 # N1 " 1 #− N1 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
yN = +1 + − +1 + 
2 2 2
"
1 # 51 " 1 #− 51 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= +1 + − +1 + 
2 0.76482 0.7648 0.76482 0.7648

1 h 1
i1 h 1
i− 1
5 5
= (2.71) 2 + 1.307 − (2.71) 2 + 1.307
2
1h 1 1
i 1
= [1.646 + 1.307] 5 − [1.646 + 1.307]− 5 = [1.241 − 0.805] ' 0.218
2 2
h i h i
(2k−1)π (2−1)π
C0 = yN = 0.218 bk = 2 × yN sin 2×N
k=1 b1 = 2 × 0.218sin 2×5
= 0.134
k=2 h i
(4−1)π
b2 = 2 × 0.218sin 2×5 = 0.352
h
(2k−1)π
i k=2
ck = yN2 + cos 2 2N
(4 − 1)π
k=1 c2 = 0.2182 + cos 2
2×5

(2 − 1)π
3π
c1 = 0.2182 + cos 2 = 0.047 + cos 2
2×5 10
" #
2 π 1 + cos( 2×3π )
h i
= 0.047 + cos = 0.047 + 10
10 2
" #
1 + cos( 2π
10
) = 0.047 + 0.345 = 0.392
= 0.047 +
2
= 0.047 + 0.904 = 0.951
————————————————————–
B0 B1 B2
H(sn ) = × 2 × 2
s + c0 s + b1 s + c1 s + b2 s + c2
B0 B1 B2
H(sn ) = × 2 × 2
s + 0.218 s + 0.134s + 0.951 s + 0.352s + 0.392
H(sn )|s=0 = 1
H(sn )|s=0 = 1
B0 B1 B2
H(sn ) = = 12.3B0 B1 B2 = 1
0.218 × 0.951 × 0.392
1
B0 B1 B2 = = 0.081
12.3
√
3 1
B0 = B1 = B2 Then B03 = 0.081 B0 = 0.081 = 0.081 3 = 0.432
0.432 0.432 0.432
H(sn ) = × 2 × 2
s + 0.218 s + 0.134s + 0.951 s + 0.352s + 0.392
0.081
H(sn ) =
s 5 + 0.7048s 4 + 1.496s 3 + 0.689s 2 + 0.456s + 0.081
Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωp = 1 rad/sec
Hence
0.081
H(sn ) = 5
s + 0.7048s 4 + 1.496s 3 + 0.689s 2 + 0.456s + 0.081
Dec 2014: Design A Chebyshev I low pass filter that has to meet the following specifications
i) passband ripple ≤2 dB and passband edge frequency 1 rad/sec
ii) Stopband attenuation ≥20 dB and Stopband edge frequency 1.3 rad/sec
Solution:
Ωp =1 rad/sec, Ωs =1.3 rad/sec,
Kp =–2 dB, Ks =–20 dB,
H ( jω )
Gain

1
Kp = 20 log √ = −2 1
1 + 2 1 δp
=0.76478 1+ ε 2
1
δp = 1 − √ = 0.20567
1 + 2 δs
Ω
ΩP ΩS
Ks = 20 log δs = −20
δs =0.1 Figure 18: LPF specifications
s
(1 − δp )−2 − 1 The order of the filter is
d= = 0.077
δs−2 − 1
1
cosh−1

d
N= = 4.3 ' 5
Ωp 1 cosh−1 1
K = = = 0.769 K
Ωs 1.3
√ !1
N
√ !− 1
N
1 1+ 1 + 2 1 1+ 1 + 2
a= − = 0.21830398
2 2
√ !1
N
√ !− 1
N
1 1+ 1 + 2 1 1+ 1 + 2
b= + = 1.0235520
2 2
h π i h πi
Ωk = b cos (2k − 1) = b cos (2k − 1)
2N 10
h π i h πi
σk = −a sin (2k − 1) = −a sin (2k − 1)
2N 10
where k = 1, 2, . . . 2N i.e., k = 1, 2, . . . 10
The poles those are lie on left half of the s plane is
k σk Ωk
1 -0.0674610 0.9734557
2 -0.1766151 0.6016287
3 -0.2183083 0
4 -0.1766151 -0.6016287
5 -0.0674610 -0.9734557
KN KN
H5 (s) = Q =
(s − sk ) (s − s1 )(s − s2 )(s − s3 )(s − s4 )
LHPonly
KN
=
(s + 0.067461 − j0.9734557)(s + 0.067461 + j0.9734557)
(s + 0.1766151 − j0.6016287)(s + 0.1766151 + j0.6016287)(s + 0.2180383)
KN
=
(s 2 + 0.134922s + 0.95215)(s 2 + 0.35323s + 0.393115)(s + 0.2183083)
KN
=
s 5 + 0.70646s 4 + 1.4995s 3 + 0.6934s 2 + 0.459349s + 0.08172
N is odd KN = bo =0.08172
0.08172
H5 (s) =
s 5 + 0.70646s 4 + 1.4995s 3 + 0.6934s 2 + 0.459349s + 0.08172
Verification
0.08172
Ha (jΩ) =
(jΩ)5 + 0.70646(jΩ)4 − 1.49(jΩ)3 − 0.693(jΩ)2 + 0.4593(jΩ) + 0.08172
0.08172
|Ha (jΩ)| = p
(.7064Ω4 − .693Ω2 + .0817)2 + j(Ω5 − 1.499Ω3 + .4593Ω)2
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|1 = −2 dB
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|1 .3 = −24.5 dB
Analog Filter Design Analog to analog frequency transformations
Analog to analog frequency transformations
Design steps for highpass filter:

Ωp
1 Determine stopband frequency of the normalized lowpass filter by Ωs = 0
Ωs
2 Determine the order of the Filter using
−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1
N= h i
Ω
2log Ωp
S
3 Determine the cutoff frequency ΩC using

Ωs Ωp
ΩC = 1 OR ΩC = 1
−Ks 2N −Kp 2N
10 10 − 1 10 10 −1
4 Determine the transfer function of normalized Butterworth filter by

1 1
HN (s) = Q =
(s − sk ) BN (s)
LHP
5 From analog lowpass to high frequency transformation, find the desired transfer function
by substituting the following
Ha (s) = HN (s)| Ωp
s→ Ω S
c
Design a Butterworth analog highpass filter that will meet the following specifications
i) Maximum passband attenuation gain 2 dB
ii) Passband edge frequency=200 rad/sec
iii) Minimum stopband attenuation =20 dB
iv) Stopband edge frequency=100 rad/sec
Determine the transfer function Ha (s) of the lowest order Butterworth filter to meet the above
the specifications
Solution:
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
0
0 K P = −2dB
K P = −2 dB
K s = −20dB
K s = −20 dB Ω
Ω ΩP = 1 ΩS = 2
ΩP = 100 rad/sec Ωu = 200 rad/sec
Figure 20: normalized LPF

Figure 19: HPF specifications specifications
Ωp 200 The order of the filter is

ΩS = = =2
Ω0 S 100 " −Kp
#
10 10 −1
log −KS
ΩS = 2 Ωp = 1 10 10 −1
N= h i
Ω
= 3.7 ' 4
2log Ωp
S
For Even N=4

N
2
Y 1
H(sn ) =
k=1
s 2 + bk s + 1
h i
(2k−1)π
where bk = 2sin 2N
N=4
k = N2 = 42 = 2
k=1 h i
(2−1)π
bk = b1 = 2sin 2×4 =0.7654
k=2 h i
(4−1)π
bk = b2 = 2sin 2×4 =1.8478
1
H(sn ) =
(s 2 + 0.7654s + 1)(s 2 + 1.8478s + 1)
1
=
s 4 + 2.6118s 3 + 3.4117s 2 + 2.6118s + 1
Ωs
Ωc = −ks 1
(10 10 − 1) 2N
2 2
= 20 1
=
(10 10 − 1) 8 1.776
= 1.126 rad/sec
1
Ha (s) =
(s 2 + 0.7654s + 1)(s 2 + 1.8478s + 1)
Ha (s) = Hp (s)| Ωp
s→ Ω s
c
= H4 (s)|s→ 200
1.126s
= H4 (s)|s→ 177.62
s
s4
=
(s 2 + 135.95s + 31548.86)(s 4 + 328.206s + 31548.86)
Verification
Ω4
Ha (jΩ) =
[(34980.7521 − Ω2 )
+ j1431.1464Ω]
[(34980.7521 − Ω2 ) + j1431.1464Ω]
Ω4
|Ha (jΩ)| = p
[(34980.7521 − Ω2 )2 + (1431.1464Ω)2 ]
p
[(34980.7521 − Ω2 )2 + (1431.1464Ω)2 ]
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|Ω=200 = −2 dB
20 log |Ha (jΩ)|Ω=100 = −21.83 dB
Design a Butterworth analog bandpass filter that will meet the following specifications
i) a -3.0103 dB upper and lower cutoff frequency of 50 Hz and 20 KHz
ii) a Stopband attenuation of atleast 20 dB at 20 Hz and 45 KHz and
iii) Monotonic frequency response.
Solution:
Gain in dB
20 log H a ( jω )
20 log H a ( jΩ)
Gain in dB
0 0
K P = −2dB
KP
K s = −20dB
Ω
ΩP = 1 ΩS = 2
Ks
Ω
Figure 22: normalized LPF
Ω1 Ωl Ωu Ω2 specifications
Figure 21: HPF specifications
−Ω2 l + Ωl Ωu
A= = 2.51
Ωl (Ωu − Ωl )
Ω1 = 2π × 20 = 125.663rad/sec
Ω2 = 2π × 45 × 103 = 2.827 × 105 rad/sec −Ω2 2 − Ωl Ωu
B= = 2.25
Ωu = 2π × 20 × 103 = 1.257 × 105 rad/sec Ω2 (Ωu − Ωl )
Ωl = 2π × 50 × 103 = 314.159 × rad/sec ΩS = Min[|A|, |B|] = 2.25

−Kp
" #
10 10 −1
log −KS
10 10 −1 jΩ
N= h i
Ω
= 2.83 ' 3
S-plane
2log Ωp s2
S Unit circle s1
For odd N=3 s3 s0

σ
N−1
2
1 Y 1 s5
H(sn ) =
(s + 1) k=1 s 2 + bk s + 1 s4
Left half poles of H3(s) Right half poles of H3(-s)
h i
(2k−1)π
where bk = 2sin 2N
N=3
k = N−1
2
= 3−1
2
=1
k=1 h i Ha (s) = H3 (s)| s 2 +Ω Ω
u l
(2−1)π s→ s(Ω −Ω
bk = b1 = 2sin 2×3 =1 u l)
= H3 (s)| 2 7
s→ s +3.949×105
s(1.2538×10 )
1
H(sn ) =
(s + 1)(s 2 + s + 1)
1
=
s 3 + 2s 2 + 2s + 1
1
Let H(s) = s 2 +s+1 represent the transfer function of LPF with passband of 1 rad/sec. Use
frequency transformation to find the transfer functions of the following analog filters
i) A lowpass filter with a passband of 10 rad/sec
ii) A highpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 rad/sec
iii) A highpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 rad/sec
iv) A bandpass filter with a passband of 10 rad/sec and a center frequency of 100
rad/sed
v) A bandstop filter with a stopband of 2 rad/sec and a center frequency of 10
rad/sed
Solution: Lowpass to highpass transformation
1
H(s) =
(s 2 + s + 1)
Ha (s) = H3 (s)|s→ s
10
1 100
= =
s 2 s s 2 + 10s + 100

10
+ 10
+1
Lowpass to highpass transformation
10
Ha (s) = H3 (s)| Ω =
s→ Ω ps 1s
c
1 s2
= =
10 2 10 s 2 + 10s + 100

5
+ s
+1
Lowpass to bandpass transformation
s 2 + Ωu Ωl s + Ω20
s→ =
s(Ωu − Ωl ) s + B0
√
where Ω0 = Ωu Ωl and B0 = Ωu Ωl
Ha (s) = H(s)| 2 4
s→ s +10×10
10s
100s 2
= =
s4 + 10s 3 + 20100s 2 + 104 s + 108
Lowpass to bandstop transformation
s(Ωu − Ωl ) sB0
s→ = 2
s 2 + Ωu Ωl s + Ω2
Ha (s) = H(s)|s→ 2s
s 2 +100
(s 2 + 100)2
= =
s4 + 2s 3 + 204s 2 + 200s + 104
Table 2: Comparison between Butterworth and Chebyshev Filter

Butterworth Filter Chebyshev Filter
1 The magnitude frequency response is The magnitude frequency response
montonically decreasing has ripples in passband or stopband
2 The poles lie on a circle in the s plane The poles lie on an ellipse in the s
plane
3 For a given frequency specifications For a given frequency specifications
the number of poles are more the number of poles are less
4 For a given order N the width of the For a given order N the width of the
transition band is more transition band is less
5 Only few parameters has to be calcu- A large number of parameters has to
lated to determine the transfer func- be calculated to determine the transfer
tion function
Table 3: Comparison between IIR and FIR Filter

IIR Filter FIR Filter
1 Linear characteristic cannot be Linear characteristic can be achieved
achieved
2 The impulse response cannot be di- The impulse response can be di-
rectly converted to digital filter trans- rectly converted to digital filter trans-
fer function fer function
3 It is recursive filter and may be stable It may be recursive or non recursive
or unstable filter and recursive filter are stable
4 The specifications include the desired The specifications include the desired
characteristics for magnitude response characteristics for both magnitude and
only phase response
5 The design involves design of analog The digital filter can be directly de-
filter and then transforming analog to signed to achieve the desired specifi-
digital filter cations.
References
J. G. Proakis and D. G. Monalakis, Digital signal processing Principles Algorithms &

Applications, 4th ed. Pearson education, 2007.
Oppenheim and Schaffer, Discrete Time Signal Processing. Pearson education, Prentice
Hall, 2003.
S. K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing. Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2004.
L. Tan, Digital Signal Processing. Elsivier publications, 2007.

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UNIT - 5: Analog Filter Design

J.N.N. College of Engineering, Shimoga

November 11, 2016

Analog Filter Design:[1, 2, 3, 4]

Slides are prepared to use in class room purpose, may be used as a

Unit 5: Analog Filter Design:

PART - B-Unit 5: Analog Filter Design:

Characteristics of commonly used analog filters

Magnitude Characteristic of filters

Figure 1: Magnitude response of a LPF,HPF,BPF,BSF,

Magnitude Characteristic of lowpass filter

Figure 2: Magnitude response of a LPF

Butterworth Filter Design

The magnitude frequency re-

Figure 3: Frequency response of

|HN (jΩ)|2 = HN (jΩ)HN (−jΩ) =   1  

The poles of are determined by equating the denominator to zero

The poles lying on left half of s plane is

The poles lying on left half of s plane is s2 s3

Figure 6: Poles of H3 (s)H3 (−s)

The poles lying on left half of s plane is

The poles are distributed on unit circle in the s plane

Table 1: Normalized Butterworth Polynomial

Design of Lowpass Butterworth Filter

where BN (s) is nth order normalized Butterworth polynomial

Kp ≤ 20log |H(jΩ)| ≤ 0 for all Ω ≤ Ωp

Figure 7: LPF specifications

where N is the order of the filter

Design steps for Butterworth Lowpass Filter

2 Determine the cutoff frequency ΩC using

3 Determine the transfer function of normalized Butterworth filter by

0.707 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.3π

The poles lying on left half of s plane

Figure 9: Poles of H2 (s)H2 (−s)

Unnomalized transfer function, H(s)

0.9 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.35π

Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωc = 1.45 rad/sec

0.8 = ≤ |H(e jω )| ≤ 1; for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

For Even N=4

Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωc = 0.676 rad/sec

For Even N=4

Unnomalized transfer function, H(s) and Ωc = 22.795 rad/sec

A Butterworth low pass filter has to meet the following specifications

Chebyshev Filter Design

The magnitude frequency response of Chebyshev filter is

Properties of Chebyshev filter

(a) N Odd (b) N Even

Figure 15: Magnitude frequency response of LPF for Chebyshev

Order of the Filter

Kp Gain or Magnitude at passband in normal value(without dB) for frequency Ωp

Kp Gain or Magnitude at passband in dB for frequency Ωp

Chose the order of the filter N > N1

Normalized Chebyshev lowpass filter transfer function

When N is Even When N is odd

When N is Even the values of parameter Bk are evaluated using

Design steps for Chebyshev filter:

From the given specifications

 When N is odd the values of parameter Bk

When N is odd the values of parameter Bk are evaluated using

|HN (jΩ)|2 = HN (jΩ)HN (−jΩ) = 1

When N is odd the values of parameter Bk