Vocabulary

Vocabulary 1A: Countries and nationalities

Europe - European
The European Union / The EU - Communitarian / European
The United Kingdom / The UK - British
England - English
Spain - Spanish
France - French
Italy - Italian
Germany - German
Russia - Russian

America - American
The United States / The USA / The US / The States - American
Canada - Canadian
Mexico - Mexican
Argentina - Argentinean
Brazil - Brazilian

Africa - African
Egypt - Egyptian
South-Africa - South-African
Congo - Congolese

Asia - Asian
China - Chinese
Japan - Japanese
India - Indian

Oceania - Oceanian
Australia - Australian

Vocabulary 1B: Adjectives

Beautiful - ugly
Old - new
Hot - cold
old - young
big - small
cheap - expensive
thick - thin
empty - full
Vocabulary 2A: Jobs
Below we have a list of different Professions and an explanation of what each person does
in that profession.
Accountant - a person that works with the money and accounts of a company.
Actor /Actress - a person that acts in a play or a movie
Architect - a person that designs building and houses.
Astronomer - a person who studies the stars and the universe
Author - They write books or novels.
Baker - They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery.
Bricklayer - a person that helps to build houses using bricks.
Bus driver - a person that drives buses.
Butcher - a person that works with meat. They cut the meat and sell it in their shop.
Carpenter - a person that makes things from wood including houses and furniture.
Chef/Cook - a person that prepared food for others, often in a restaurant or café.
Cleaner - a person that cleans/tidies an area or place (such as in an office)
Dentist - a person that can fix problems you have with your teeth.
Designer - a person who has the job of designing things.
Doctor - a person you go to see when you are ill or have some type of health problem.
Dustman/Refuse collector - a person that collects trash/rubbish from bins in the street.
Electrician - a person that works with electric circuits.
Engineer - a person who develops solutions to technical problems. They sometimes
design, build, or maintain engines, machines, structures or public works.
Factory worker - a person that works in a factory.
Farmer - a person that works on a farm, usually with animals.
Fireman/Fire fighter - a person that puts out fires.
Fisherman - a person that catches fish
Florist - a person that works with flowers.
Gardener - a person that keeps gardens clean and tidy. They take care of the plants in the
garden.
Hairdresser - they cut your hair or give it a new style.
Journalist - a person that makes new reports in writing or through television.
Vocabulary 2B: Studying time
List of essential school stationery & supplies:

 Blackboard
 Desk
 Eraser
 Binder
 Book
 Pen
 Pencil
 Clip
 Marker
 Eraser/rubber
 Ruler
 Pencil case
 Glue
Additionally there are some electronic equipment, including:

 Computer
 Monitor
 Interactive whiteboard
 Speakers
 Projector
 Air conditioner
 Remote control
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Plug

Vocabulary 3A: Time expressions

Using Time Expressions in PRESENT Tense

Today
This week
This month
This year
At the moment
Now

Using Time Expressions in PAST Tense

Yesterday
Last week
Last month
Last year
A little while ago
An hour ago
This morning
In the past

Using Time Expressions in FUTURE Tense

Tomorrow
Next week
Next month
Next year
In an hour
Soon
In the near future
Later this evening
In the future
Way off in the future

Vocabulary 3B: Technology

File: A collection of data or information organized under a specific name and stored in a
computer’s folder.

Install: To set up or make a computer or application (software program) ready for use.

Log in: The process where a user enters certain information before receiving access to
access a website or application.

Monitor: The video screen used to display information on a computer.

Network: A system of connected computers and other devices such as printers that
exchange data with each other. Users call a private office network an intranet.

Performance: A term often used to describe how fast a computer processes information.

Upgrade/Update: Bringing a computer or server up to date with the latest hardware and

software

Vocabulary 4A: Food

Beverages / Drinkssoda coffee water tea wine beer juice
Dairy milk cheese butter cream yogurt quarkhalf and half
Dessert cake cookieschocolateice-creambrownies pie creams
Fruit apple orange banana grapes pineapple kiwi lemon
Grains / Starches wheat rye cereal toast bread roll potato
Meat / Fish beef chickenpork salmon trout lamb buffalo
Vegetables beanslettuce carrots broccoli cauliflowerpeas egg plan

Vocabulary 4B: Talking about food

Preparing FoodCooking FoodUtensils
chop bake blender
peel fry frying pan
mix steam colander
slice boil kettle
measure simmer pot

Vocabulary 5A: Places in a city

airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.
bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here.
bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque.
bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines.
bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city.
butcher's - they sell fresh meat.
café - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.
church - a religious place of worship.
court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here.
craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a
region/country.
department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections.
cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while
they're here.
fire station - the building where firefighers keep their equipment including the fire engine.
gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car.
gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.
hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair.
hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.
hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city.
gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art.
jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.
laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated
machines.
library - a place where you can read and borrow books.
museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)
pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine here.
police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested
pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks
park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest,
play or walk your dog. Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame
here.
restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for
you.
school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5.
square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the
city.
supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items
zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.

Vocabulary 5B: Furniture

Cabinet
Most kitchens and bathrooms have cabinets where you can store pots, pans, dishes, and
non-perishable foods.
Drawer
A drawer is another place to store things. Many houses have a “junk drawer” where you
put random items that don’t fit anywhere else.
Carpet
A carpet is a floor covering that is made of fabric. A carpet covers a large area (usually the
whole room), differently from a rug, which covers a smaller area.
Curtains
This type of window covering is called curtains.
Chair
A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface supported by legs, commonly used to
seat a single person.
Bed
A bed is a piece of furniture which is used as a place to sleep or relax.

Vocabulary 6A: Family, Years and dates

my relatives relationship to I usually call

male female me him... her...

parent relative of whom I Father, Mother, Mummy,

am the child Daddy, Dad, Mum, Mommy,
Papa Mom, Mama, Ma

father mother

sibling we have the first name; first name;

same father and sometimes sometimes Sis
mother Bro

brother sister

uncle aunt sibling of my Uncle [first Aunt/Auntie [first

parent name] name]

grandparent parent of my Grandfather, Grandmother,

parent Grandpa Grandma

grand- grand-
father mother

cousin child of my uncle first name

or aunt

spouse relative to whom I first name

am married

husband wife
child relative of whom I first name
am the parent

son daughter

nephew niece child of my sibling first name

grandchild child of my child first name

grandson grand-
daughter

great great parent of my Great Great Grandma

grand- grand- grandparent Grandpa
father mother

father-in- mother in- parent of my first name; first name; Mum,

law law spouse Dad Mom

brother-in- sister in- sibling of my first name

law law spouse; spouse
of my sibling

son-in-law daughter- spouse of my first name

in-law daughter/son

ex- ex-wife my previous first name

husband spouse (we
divorced)
 half- half-sister my sibling born to first name
brother my father or
mother but not
both

step-parent new spouse of first name

one of my parents

step- step-
father mother

step-child child of my first name

spouse but not of
me

step-son step-
daughter

UNIT 7 VOCABULARY TRANSPORT

Motorbike - small motorcycle with a low frame and small wheels and elevated handlebars.

Bus - a vehicle carrying many passengers.

Train - public transport provided by a line of railway cars.

Tram - a vehicle that runs on rails and is propelled by electricity.

Taxi - a car that is hired to take passengers where they want to go.

Cab - a car whose driver is paid to take you to a particular place

Plane - a fixed-wing aircraft that is powered by propellers or jets.

Car - a motor vehicle with four wheels.

Ship - a vessel that carries passengers or freight.

Scooter - a wheeled vehicle with small wheels and a low-powered gasoline engine geared to the
rear wheel.
Ferry - a boat transporting people or vehicles over a body of water.

Bicycle - a vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals.

Underground - an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city).

Subway - a rail system operating below the surface of the ground.

Wait - stay in one place and anticipate or expect something.

Passenger - a traveler riding in a vehicle but not operating it.

Rush hour - the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are
traveling to or from work.

Pedestrian - a person who travels by foot.

Crowded - overfilled or compacted or concentrated.

Fast - acting or moving or capable of acting or moving quickly.

Slowly - without speed.

Traffic - vehicles or pedestrians traveling in a particular locality.

Traffic jam - a number of vehicles blocking one another until they can scarcely move.

UNIT 7B VOCABULARY TRANSPORT ADJECTIVES

Unreliable - Not able to be trusted or believed.

Empty - Not containing any things or people.

Comfortable -  Provide a pleasant feeling and do not give you any physical problems.

Dangerous - A dangerous person, animal, thing, or activity could harm you.

Reliable - Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he, she, or

it works or behaves well in the way you expect.

Crowded - If a place is crowded, it is full of people.

Safe - Not in danger or likely to be harmed.

Fast - Moving or happening quickly, or able to move or happen quickly.

Slow - Moving, happening, or doing something without much speed.

Uncomfortable - not feeling comfortable and pleasant, or not making
you feel comfortable and pleasant.

UNIT 8 VOCABULARY SPORT AND EXERCISE

Wrestling - A sport in which two people fight and try to throw each other to the ground.

Windsurfing- A sport in which you sail across water by standing on a board and holding onto

a large sail.

Weightlifting- The activity of lifting heavy objects either as a sport or for exercise.

Water polo - A game played in water in which two teams of swimmers try to get the ball into the

other team's goal.

Volleyball - A game which two teams use their hands to hit a large ball backwards and forwards
over a high net without allowing the ball to touch the ground.

Track and field – The general name for a particular group of sports in which people compete,
including running, jumping and throwing.

Tennis - A game played between two or four people on

a special playing area that involves hitting a small ball across a central net using a racket.

Tae kwon do - A sport originally from Korea, in which people fight with arms, legs, and feet. It

is similar to karate.

Swimming - To move through water by moving the body or parts of the body.

Softball - A game similar to baseball but played with a larger, softer ball.

Soccer - A game played between two teams of eleven people, where

each team tries to win by kicking a ball into the other team's goal.

Snowboarding - The activity or sport of moving over snow using a snowboard.

Skateboarding - The activity or sport of riding a skateboard.

Scuba diving – The sport of swimming underwater with special breathing equipment.

Gymnastics - Physical exercises and activities performed inside, often using equipment such

as bars and ropes, intended to increase the body's strength and
the ability to move and bend easily.

Cycling - the sport of riding a bicycle.

Bowling – A  game played inside, in which you roll a heavy ball down a track to try to knock down

a group of pins (= tall, thin wooden objects).
Basketball – A  game played by two teams of
five players who score points by throwing a large ball through an open net hanging from
a metal ring.

Baseball - A game played especially in North America by two teams of nine players, in which

a player hits a ball with a bat (= stick) and tries to run around four bases on a large field before the
other team returns the ball.

Athletics - The general name for a particular group of sports in

which people compete, including running, jumping, and throwing.

Walk - To move along by putting one foot in front of the

other, allowing each foot to touch the ground before lifting the next.

Run - To move along, faster than walking, by taking quick steps in which each foot is lifted before

the next foot touches the ground.

Jump - To push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs.

Boxing - a sport in which two competitors fight by hitting each other with their hands.

Unit 8B VOCABULARY PARTS OF THE BODY; APPEARANCE.

ADJECTIVES FOR BODY SHAPES

Overweight – Fat.

Obese - Extremely fat in a way that is dangerous for health.

Stout - (especially of older people) fat and solid-looking, especially around the waist.

Stocky - A stocky person, especially a man, is fairly short and has a body that

is wide across the shoulders and chest.

Paunchy - (especially of a man) having a fat stomach.

Big-boned - With a large body structure.

Chubby - A little bit fat. Slightly overweight. But only a bit.

WORDS FOR THIN OR SMALL

Slender - Thin and delicate, often in a way that is attractive.

Slim - (especially of people) attractively thin.

Lanky - Tall and thin and often moving awkwardly as a result.

Skinny – Very thin.

Slight – Small in amount or degree.

Petite – If a woman or girl is petite, she is small and thin in an attractive way.

WORDS FOR MUSCULAR

Beefy – A beefy person looks strong, heavy and powerful.

Buff - In good physical shape. Probably with visible muscle action going on.

Burly - Strong, heavy.

Well-built – A well-built person is large and strong.

Ripped - Having strong, well-developed muscles that can be seen through the skin.

BODY SHAPE ADJECTIVES.

Gangly - A person, usually a boy or young man, who is very tall and thin and moves awkwardly.

Stooped - with the the top half of the body bent forward and down.

Pigeon-toed - People who are pigeon-toed bend their feet in towards each other when they walk.

WORDS FOR BEAUTIFUL

Attractive - Nice to look at.

Handsome - It’s like beautiful but usually for men.

Pretty - Not as strong as beautiful, but still positive. Usually used for women.

Stunning- Extremely attractive. Even stronger than “beautiful.”

Gorgeous - A more informal way of saying “beautiful” or “handsome.”

Cute - We actually often use this for things like kittens.

ADJECTIVES FOR HAIR

Curly – Having curls or a curved shape.

Wavy – Having a series of curves.

Straight – Continuing in one direction without bending or curving.

Bleach - To remove the color from something or make it lighter, with the use of chemicals or by

the effect of light from the sun; to become lighter in this way.

Highlighted - A narrow strip of hair on a person's head that has been made a lighter color than

the surrounding hair.

Ginger - A person who has red or orange-brown hair.

Strawberry blonde - Light red.

Mousy brown - A sort of brown, but a sort of pale brown.

Unit 9 VOCABULARY SHOPPING; MONEY AND PRICES.

Note - This is British English, and it basically means “a piece of paper money.” It’s short for “bank
note.”

Bill - A request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is written.

Coin - A small, round piece of metal, usually silver or copper colored, that is used as money.

Shrapnel - A small amount of money in the form of coins.

Change - To get or give money in exchange for money, either because you want it in smaller units,

or because you want the same value in foreign money.

Cash - Money in the form of notes and coins, rather than cheques or credit cards.

Pound - The standard unit of money used in the UK and some other countries.

ATM - Abbreviation for automated teller machine: a machine, usually in

a wall outside a bank, shop, etc. from which you can take money out of your bank account using
a special card.

Cash machine - A machine, usually in a wall outside a bank, from which you can take money out
of your bank account using a special card.

Salary - A fixed amount of money paid to someone for the work the person is employed to do, esp.

The amount paid every year.

Wage - A particular amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to

an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than
a job needing a college education.

Discount - A reduction in the usual price.

Sales - The number of items sold.

Skint - This is British English and basically means “without money — at least for now.”

Broke - Without money.

Bargain - something on sale at a lower price than its true value.

Income - The amount of money a person earns per month or per year. A person can earn an
income through work, collecting rent or by investing in other companies (also called an investor).
Budget - The amount of money available to spend on something is called a budget. It can also
mean a plan where you decide how and where you will spend the money you have over a specific
time period, like a monthly or weekly budget.

Credit - When you buy something or enjoy a service with the promise of paying in the future, it is
called “credit.” This is where “credit cards” get their name, and it is a common practice almost
anywhere in the world.

Debt - You are said to be in debt when you owe money to someone. Both individuals and
companies can be in debt, and the word is used for more formal occasions such as taking a loan
from a bank or a company.

UNIT 9B VOCABULARY CLOTHES

Anorak - A short coat that protects the wearer against wind, rain, and cold weather, usually with
a part for covering the head.

Belt - A strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration.

Beret - A round, flat hat made of soft material.

Blouse - A shirt for a woman or girl.

Boots - A type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg.

Bra - A piece of women's underwear that supports the breasts.

Braces - A set of wires attached to a

person’s teeth to move them gradually in order to straighten them.

Button - A small, usually circular object used to fasten something, for example a shirt or coat.

Cap - a soft flat hat that has a curved part sticking out at the front, often worn as part of a uniform.

Coat - An outer piece of clothing with sleeves that is worn over other clothes, usually for warmth.

Dress - A piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top half of the body and hangs down

over the legs.

Dressing-gown – A loose piece of clothing like a coat, worn informally inside

the house, especially before getting dressed in the morning or after getting undressed in
the evening.

Gloves - A piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection,

with separate parts for each finger.

Hat - A covering for the head that is not part of a piece of clothing.

High heels - women's shoes in which the heels are raised high off the ground.

Jacket - A short coat.

Jeans - Trousers made of denim (= strong blue cotton cloth) that are worn informally.

Jersey - A shirt that is worn by a member of a sports team.

Knickers - A piece of underwear worn by women and girls covering the area between

the waist and the tops of the legs.

Raincoat - A coat that protects the wearer against rain.

Sandals - A light shoe, especially worn in warm weather, consisting of a bottom part held onto

the foot by straps.

Scarf - A strip, square, or triangle of cloth, worn around the neck, head,

or shoulders to keep you warm or to make you look attractive.

Shirt - A piece of clothing worn, especially by men, on the upper part of the body, made

of light cloth like cotton and usually having a collar and buttons at the front.

Shoes - One of a pair of coverings for your feet, usually made of a strong material such as leather,

with a thick leather or plastic sole (= base) and usually a heel.

Shorts - Trousers that end above the knee or reach the knee, often worn in hot weather or

when playing a sport.

Skirt - A piece of clothing for women and girls that hangs from the waist and does not have legs.

Slippers - A type of soft, comfortable shoe for wearing inside the house.

Socks - A piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and

the lower part of your leg.

Suit - A jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material.

Sweater - A piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves and made from wool, that is worn on

the upper part of the body.

T-shirt - A simple piece of clothing, usually with short sleeves and no collar,

that covers the top part of the body.

Tie - A long, thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and tied in

a knot at the front.

Trousers - A piece of clothing that covers the lower part of the body from the waist to the feet,

consisting of two cylinder-shaped parts, one for each leg, that are joined at the top.

UNIT 10 VOCABULARY IT COLLOCATIONS

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right"
to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may
be unnatural and just sound "wrong".
Types of collocation

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective
etc. Some of the most common types are:

 adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)

 adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
 noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
 noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
 verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
 verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
 verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)
Sample Collocations

There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be adjective + adverb, noun +
noun, verb + noun and so on. Below you can see seven main types of collocation in sample
sentences.

1. adverb + adjective

 Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.

 We entered a richly decorated room.
 Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2. adjective + noun

 The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

 The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.
 He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

 Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause.

 The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.
 I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4. noun + verb

 The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.

 Snow was falling as our plane took off.
 The bomb went off when he started the car engine.
5. verb + noun

 The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.

 I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.
 He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

 We had to return home because we had run out of money.

 At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.
 Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

 She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.

 Mary whispered softly in John's ear.
 I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

UNIT 10B VOCABULARY HIGH NUMBERS

1 - ONE 11 – ELEVEN 21 – TWENTY 31 – THIRTY ONE 1,000,000 – ONE
ONE MILLION
2 - TWO 12 – TWELVE 22 – TWENTY (ETC) 1,000,000,000 –
TWO ONE BILLION
3 – THREE 13 – THIRTEEN 23 – TWENTY 40 – FORTY 1,000,000,000,000
THREE – ONE TRILLION
4 - FOUR 14 – FOURTEEN 24 – TWENTY 50 – FIFTY
FOUR
5 – FIVE 15 – FIFTEEN 25 – TWENTY 60 – SIXTY
FIVE
6 – SIX 16 – SIXTEEN 26 – TWENTY 70 – SEVENTY
SIX
7 – SEVEN 17 – SEVENTEEN 27 – TWENTY 80 – EIGHTY
SEVEN
8 –EIGHT 18 – EIGHTEEN 28 – TWENTY 90 – NINETY
EIGHT
9 – NINE 19 – NINETEEN 29 – TWENTY 100 – ONE
NINE HUNDRED
 10 -TEN 20 - TWENTY 30 -THIRTY 1,000 – ONE
THOUSAND

UNIT 11 VOCABULARY IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

INFINITIVE – PAST - PARTICIPLE

ABIDE- ABOVE – ABODE

ARISE – AROSE – ARISEN

AWAKE – AWOKE – AWOKEN

BE – WAS/WER – BEEN

BEAR – BORE – BORNE

BECOME – BECAME – BECOME

BITE – BIT – BITTEN

BUY – BOUGHT – BOUGHT

BREAK – BROKE – BROKEN

BUILD – BUILT – BUILT

BURN – BURNED – BURNT

CUT – CUT -CUT

CATCH – CAUGHT – CAUGHT

CHOOSE – CHOSE – CHOSEN

COST – COST – COST

DIVE – DOVE – DIVED

DRAW – DREW – DRAWN

DRINK – DRANK –DRUNK

DRIVE – DROVE – DRIVEN

EAT –ATE – EATEN

FALL – FELL –FALLEN

FELL – FELT – FELT

FIGHT – FOUGHT – FOUGHT

FIND – FOUND – FOUND

FORBID – FORBADE – FORBIDDEN

FLY – FLEW – FLOWN

FORGET –FORGOT – FORGOTTEN

FORGIVE – FORGAVE – FORGIVEN

FREEZE – FROZE – FROZEN

GET – GOT – GOT

GIVE – GAVE –GIVEN

GO – WENT GONE

HAVE – HAD –HAD

HEAR – HEARD – HEARD

HIT – HIT – HIT

HURT – HURT –HURT

INPUT – INPUT – INPUT

KEEP – KEPT – KEPT

KNOW – KNEW – KNOWN

LEARN – LEARNED – LEARNT

MAKE – MADE – MADE

MEET – MET – MET

MISTAKE – MISTOOK – MISTAKEN

PROVE – PROVED – PROVEN

PUT – PUT – PUT

UNIT 11B VOCABULARY MUSIC

Live - Played at a concert in front of an audience - You don't hear live music in dance clubs
anymore, only recorded music.

Recordings - A piece of music that's recorded in a studio or at a concert - Recordings used to be

made on tape recorders, but they're usually digital now.

Artist - A professional singer, musician or songwriter - Taylor Swift has become one of music's
best-selling artists.

Lyrics - The words of a song - If you don't listen to the lyrics, you won't know what a song is about.
Classical musical - European orchestral and keyboard music that's written by composers - Sayoko
loves listening to classical music, especially the music of Mozart and Beethoven.

Rhythms - A pattern of beats and sounds that musicians play in time to and dancers move to.

Beat - The regular pulse in music that dancers move to and audiences clap to - Dance music always
has a strong beat.

Country music – A genre of American music with origins in the rural folk music of Europe.

Folk music - Traditional music from a particular region or country.

Genre - A kind or style of music, movie, TV show, painting, etc.

Harmony - The combining of musical notes that sound good when played or sung together.

Hip hop - A musical genre in which artists rap over beats and sampled sounds.

Jazz – A genre in which artists improvise within a rhythmic and harmonic framework.

Latin music – A genre of popular music in Latin America and Spain that has complex rhythms.

Melody – A tune, or the notes of a song.

Pop music – A popular music genre with short, melodic songs that are easy to remember.

Popular music - Music that many people like and buy, like rock music and heavy metal, hip hop
and rap, pop songs, etc.

Rhythm – A pattern of beats and sounds that musicians play in time to and dancers move to.

Rock music - Rhythmic blues-based music played on guitar, bass, drums, etc.

Traditional music - Music that developed over a very long time, like traditional African drumming
and Chinese folk songs.

Unit 12 VOCABULARY GEOGRAPHY

Mountain – A raised part of the earth's surface, much larger than a hill, the top of which might

be covered in snow.

River – A  natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river.

Island - A piece of land completely surrounded by water.

Coast - The land next to or close to the sea.

Sea - The salty water that covers a large part of the surface of the earth, or
a large area of salty water, smaller than an ocean, that is partly or completely surrounded by land.

Ocean - A very large area of sea.

Lake - A large area of water surrounded by land and not connected to the sea except

by rivers or streams.

Beach - An area of sand or small stones near the sea or another area of water such as a lake.

Valley - An area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.

Land -The surface of the earth that is not covered by water.

Bay - A part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on

three sides.

Atoll - A ring-shaped island formed of coral (= rock-

like natural substance) that surrounds a lagoon (= area of sea water).

Headland - A piece of land that sticks out from the coast into the sea.

Peninsula - A long piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land into the sea or into a lake.

Isthmus - A narrow piece of land with water on each side that joins two larger areas of land.

Stream - Water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by

a channel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level.

Rivulet - A very small stream or flow of liquid.

Creek - A narrow area of water that flows into the land from the sea, a lake, etc.

Torrent - A sudden large or too large amount, especially one that seems to be uncontrolled.

Geyser - A hole in the ground from which hot water and steam come out.

Cascade - A small waterfall, often one of a group.

Iceberg - A very large mass of ice that floats in the sea.

Glacier - A large mass of ice that moves slowly.

Volcano - A mountain with a large, circular hole at the top through

which lava (= hot liquid rock) gases, steam, and dust are or have been forced out.

Hill - An area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.

Dune - A hill of sand near a beach or in a desert.

Canyon - A large valley with very steep sides and usually a river flowing along the bottom.

Desert -An area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not

many plants.

Forest - A large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or

the trees and plants themselves.

Crater - The round hole at the top of a volcano, or a hole in the ground similar to this.

Cave - A large hole in the side of a hill, cliff, or mountain, or one that is underground.

Cliff - A high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast.

Reef - A line of rocks or sand just above or just below the surface of the sea,

often dangerous to ships.

Unit 12B VOCABULARY TRAVEL COLLOCATIONS

Travel noun

ADJ.

Air, bus, car, coach, rail, sea, train | foreign, international, overseas, world | long-distance |
business | leisure | cheap, concessionary, free | first-class | high-speed | return | frequent
The job involves frequent travel.
| space, time
TRAVEL + NOUN

Agency, business, company, firm, industry | arrangements, plans | allowance, costs, expenses |
insurance | document, documentation | itinerary | time
The new bypass will reduce travel time to the airport.
| sickness | book, brochure, guide, writer
PREP.

~ From, ~ to
The price includes return rail travel from London Victoria to Dover.
 

Travel verb
ADV.

Fast
News travels fast these days.
| Slowly | regularly
Business people who travel regularly to the US
| Widely
She travels widely in her job.
| Freely
The dissidents were unable to hold meetings or travel freely.
| Independently
I prefer travelling independently to going on a package holiday.
| Together | separately
We had to travel separately as we couldn’t get seats on the same flight.
| Economy class, first class, etc.
I always travel first class.
| Far, further (afield)
For the holidaymaker who wants to travel further afield
| Abroad
The job gives her the opportunity to travel abroad.
| Home | back, back and forth, down, downstream
Travelling back and forth across the Channel
| North, northwards, etc.
VERB + TRAVEL

Be able/unable to | be free to | want to, wish to | be forced to, have to

Hundreds of hospital patients may have to travel long distances for treatment.
| Refuse to
PREP.

Across, along, around/round, between, by, from, into, through, to

We decided to travel by car. We travelled through France and into Germany.
PHRASES

Freedom to travel, go travelling

When I finished college I went travelling for six months  (= spent time visiting different places).
|Travel light
She travels light, choosing to use as little equipment as possible.