Designation: A451/A451M – 06

Standard Specification for

Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-
Temperature Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A451/A451M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-

1.1 This specification2 covers austenitic alloy steel pipe for in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
use in high-temperature, corrosive, or nuclear pressure service. E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to
1.2 Several grades of austenitic stainless steel are covered as 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
indicated in Table 1. E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are provided [51 mm] in Thickness
when additional testing may be required. 2.2 ANSI Standard:
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units B46.1 Surface Texture4
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the 3. Ordering Information
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exactly equivalents; therefore, each system must 3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the
be used independently of each other. Combining values from following, as required, to describe the desired material ad-
the two systems may result in nonconformance with the equately:
specification. 3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
3.1.2 Name of material (centrifugally cast pipe),
NOTE 1—This specification is not intended to cover centrifugal pipe 3.1.3 Grade (Table 1),
made from alloys containing more than 0.20 % carbon, such as are
3.1.4 Size (outside or inside diameter and minimum wall
covered by Specification A297/A297M.
thickness in inches or millimetres),
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 Length (specific or random, Specification A999/
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 A999M),
A297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron- 3.1.6 End Finish of Specification A999/A999M,
Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for 3.1.7 Optional Requirements (9.4 and Supplementary Re-
General Application quirements S1 through S7),
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing 3.1.8 Test Report Required (Section 14), and
of Steel Products 3.1.9 Special Requirements or Additions to Specification.
A999/A999M Specification for General Requirements for 4. Materials and Manufacture
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
4.1 Heat-Treatment—The pipe shall receive a heat-
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
treatment at the temperature and time specified in Table 2,
Determine Conformance with Specifications
followed by a quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
4.2 Machining—The pipe shall be machined on the inner
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
and outer surfaces to a roughness value no greater than
Industry
250-µin. [6.35-µm] arithmetical average deviation (AA) from
the mean line, as defined in American National Standard
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, B46.1.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.18 on Castings. 5. Chemical Analysis
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originally
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A451/A451M – 02. 5.1 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made
DOI: 10.1520/A0451_A0451M-06. by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of elements
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related specifica- specified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made on a test
tion SA-451 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 A451/A451M – 06
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Car- Man- Phos- Sul- Sili- Tan-
bon, ga- pho- fur, con, Molybde- ta-
Grade Nickel Chromium Columbium Nitrogen
max nese, rus, max max num lum,
max max max
CPF3 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.0–12.0 17.0–21.0 ... ... ... ...
CPF3A 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.0–12.0 17.0–21.0 ... ... ... ...
CPF8 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.0–11.0 18.0–21.0 ... ... ... ...
CPF8A 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.0–11.0 18.0–21.0 ... ... ... ...
CPF3M 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.0–13.0 17.0–21.0 2.0–3.0 ... ... ...
CPF8M 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.0–12.0 18.0–21.0 2.0–3.0 ... ... ...
CPF10MCA 0.10 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 13.0–16.0 15.0–18.0 1.75–2.25 1.2 max, 10 3 C min ... ...
CPF8CA 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.0–12.0 18.0–21.0 ... 1 max, 8 3 C min ... ...
CPF8C(Ta max)B 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.0–12.0 18.0–21.0 ... 1 max, 8 3 C min 0.10 ...
CPH8 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 12.0–15.0 22.0–26.0 ... ... ... ...
CPH20 or CPH10 0.20C 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 12.0–15.0 22.0–26.0 ... ... ... ...
CPK20 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.75 19.0–22.0 23.0–27.0 ... ... ... ...
CPE20N 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 8.0–11.0 23.0–26.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.20
A
Grades CPF10MC and CPF8C may have a columbium plus tantalum content maximum of 1.35 %.
B
No designation as yet assigned by ASTM International or Steel Founders’ Society of America.
C
By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the carbon content of Grade CPH20 may be restricted to 0.10 % max. When so agreed, the grade
designation shall be CPH10.

TABLE 2 Heat-Treatment Requirements TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements

Temperature, min Hold Time, Tensile Yield Elongation
Grade h/in. of Strength, Strength, in 2 in.
°F °C Grade
Thickness min, ksi [MPa] min, ksi or 50 mm,
[MPa] min
CPF3, CPF3A, CPF8, CPF8A, CPF3M, 1900 1040 1 CPF3 70 [485] 30 [205] 35
CPF8M CPF3AA 77 [535] 35 [240] 35
CPF10MC, CPF8C, CPF8C (Ta max) 1950 1065 2 CPF3M 70 [485] 30 [205] 30
CPH8, CPH10, CPH20, CPK20 2100 1150 1 CPF8 70 [485] 30 [205] 35
CPE20N 2225 1220 1 CPF8AA 77 [535] 35 [240] 35
CPF8M 70 [485] 30 [205] 30
CPF10MC 70 [485] 30 [205] 20
CPH10 70 [485] 30 [205] 30
CPF8C (Ta max), CPF8C 70 [485] 30 [205] 30
sample taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. The CPH8 65 [448] 28 [195] 30
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the CPK20 65 [448] 28 [195] 30
requirements specified in Table 1. CPH20 70 [485] 30 [205] 30
CPE20N 80 [550] 40 [275] 30
5.2 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by A
The properties shown are obtained by adjusting the composition within the
the purchaser. The sample for analysis shall be selected so as to limits shown in Table 1 to obtain a ferrite-austenite ratio that will result in the higher
be thoroughly representative of the pipe being analyzed. The ultimate and yield strengths indicated. A lowering of impact values may develop in
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the these materials when exposed to service temperature above 800°F [425°C].
requirements specified in Table 1.
5.3 To determine conformance with the chemical analysis
requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be 6.2.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. The bar
rounded in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest unit in from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat-treated in
the last right-hand place of values listed in Table 1. the same manner as the castings represented.
6.2.2 If a specimen is machined improperly or flaws are
6. Tensile Requirements revealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may be
6.1 Test Specimens: discarded and another substituted from the same heat.
6.1.1 Test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with 6.3 Retests—If the results of the mechanical tests for any
Test Methods and Definitions A370. Test bars shall be poured heat do not conform to the requirements specified, the castings
in special blocks from the same heat as the castings repre- may be reheat-treated and retested, but may not be solution-
sented. Test bars shall be supplied in sufficient number to treated more than twice.
furnish all specimens required in 6.2 and 6.3 (see Table 3).
6.1.2 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings 7. Hydrostatic Test
instead of from test bars when agreed upon between the 7.1 Each length of pipe shall be hydrostatically tested in
manufacturer and the purchaser. accordance with Specification A999/A999M.
6.1.3 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form 7.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to perform
and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. [50-mm] gage the hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser may
length specimens shown in Fig. 6 of Test Methods and wish to defer testing until additional work has been performed
Definitions A370. on the casting. In such cases, the foundry is responsible for the
6.2 Number of Tests: satisfactory performance of the casting when it is tested.

2
 A451/A451M – 06
8. Quality 12. Rejection
8.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visually 12.1 Each length of pipe received from the manufacturer
and shall be free from cracks and hot tears. Other surface may be inspected by the purchaser and, if it does not meet the
defects shall be judged in accordance with visual acceptance requirements of the specification based on the inspection and
criteria which may be specified in the order. test method as outlined in the specification, the pipe may be
9. Rework and Retreatment rejected and the manufacturer shall be notified. Disposition of
9.1 Defects as defined in Section 8 shall be removed and rejected pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the
their removal verified by visual inspection of the resultant manufacturer and the purchaser.
cavities. Defects which are located by inspecting with Supple-
mentary Requirement S6 or S7, or both, shall be removed or 13. Rehearing
reduced to an acceptable size. 13.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be pre-
9.2 If removal of the defect does not infringe upon the served for 2 weeks from the date of transmission of the test
minimum wall thickness, the depression may be blended report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the
uniformly into the surrounding surface. manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.
9.3 If the cavity resulting from defect removal infringes
upon the minimum wall thickness, weld repair is permitted 14. Certification
subject to the purchasers’ approval. The composition of the
weld rod used shall be suitable for the composition of the metal 14.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
being welded. a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-
9.3.1 Only operators and procedures qualified in accordance tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together
with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, shall with a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the time
be used. All repair welds will be inspected to the same quality of shipment.
standards used to inspect the casting.
9.4 Postweld heat-treatment of the repaired casting is nei- 15. Product Marking
ther required nor prohibited.
15.1 Each length of pipe shall be legibly marked with the
10. Permissible Variations in Dimensions manufacturer’s name or brand, the letters ASTM, the specifi-
10.1 Thickness—The wall thickness shall not vary over that cation number, and grade. In addition, heat numbers, or serial
specified by more than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm). There shall be no numbers that are traceable to heat numbers, shall be marked on
variation under the specified wall thickness. each length of pipe.
11. General Requirements 16. Keywords
11.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-
form to the applicable requirements of the current edition of 16.1 austenitic; centrifugally cast; height; high-temperature
Specification A999/A999M, unless otherwise provided herein. service; stainless steel; steel castings

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

Supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by the purchaser. Details of the
supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The specified
tests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the castings.

S1. Additional Tension Tests S3. Photomicrographs

S1.1 Additional tension tests shall be made at a temperature S3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish one photomicrograph
to be specified by the customer, and the properties to be met are at 100 diameters from one specimen of as-finished pipe from
a matter of agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. each heat in each heat-treatment lot. Such photomicrographs
S2. Flattening Test shall be suitably identified as to pipe size, wall thickness, and
heat. Such photomicrographs are for information only, to show
S2.1 The flattening test shall be made on specimens from
the actual metal structure of the pipe as furnished. No photo-
one or both ends of each length of pipe. If the specimen from
micrographs for the individual pieces purchased shall be
any end of any length fails to conform to the requirements of
required except as specified in Supplementary Requirement S4.
Specification A999/A999M, that length shall be rejected.

3
 A451/A451M – 06
S4. Photomicrographs for Individual Pieces S6. Radiographic Examination
S4.1 The manufacturer shall furnish photomicrographs from S6.1 The castings shall be examined for internal defects by
one or both ends of each pipe. All photomicrographs required means of X rays or gamma rays. The inspection procedure shall
shall be properly identified as to heat number, size, and wall be in accordance with Guide E94 and the types and degrees of
thickness of pipe from which the section was taken. Photomi- discontinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Radio-
crographs shall be further identified to permit association of graphs E446, E186, or E280. The extent of examination and
each photomicrograph with the individual length of pipe it the basis for acceptance shall be subject to agreement between
represents. the manufacturer and the purchaser.
S5. Metal Structure and Etching Tests
S7. Liquid Penetrant Examination
S5.1 Etching tests (Note S1) shall be made on transverse
S7.1 The castings shall be examined for surface disconti-
sections from the pipe and shall reveal the macrostructure of
nuities by means of liquid penetrant inspection. The method of
the material. Such tests are for information only.
performing the liquid penetrant test shall be in accordance with
NOTE S1—Pending development of etching methods applicable to the Test Method E165. The areas to be inspected, the methods and
product covered by this specification, it is recommended that the Recom- types of liquid penetrants to be used, the developing procedure,
mended Practice for a Standard Macroetch Test for Routine Inspection of
and the basis for acceptance shall be as specified on the inquiry
Iron and Steel be followed.5
or invitation to bid and on the purchase order or contract or
both, or as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
5
Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Vol 8, 8th ed., 1973, pp. 70-77. purchaser.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A451/A451M (2002)) that may impact the use of this standard (Approved Sept. 1, 2006).

(1) Replaced reference to A530/A530M with reference to (2) In sections 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 7.1, and 11.1, replaced reference to
A999/A999M in Section 2. A530/A530M with reference to A999/A999M.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).