Problems from Chapter 3

MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 5th Ed. 3-23a-1

PROBLEM 3-23c
Statement: A beam is supported and loaded as shown in Figure P3-11a. Find the reactions, maximum shear,
and maximum moment for the data given in row a from Table P3-1.

Given: Beam length L  0.3 m L

Distance to distributed load a  0.1 m b
Distance to concentrated load b  0.2 m a
F
1 w
Distributed load magnitude w  500  N  m
Concentrated load F  450  N
R1 R2
Solution: See Figures 3-23 and Mathcad file P0323a-c.
FIGURE 3-23cA
Free Body Diagram for Problem 3-23

1. From inspection of Figure P3-11a, write the load function equation

q(x) = R1<x - 0>-1 - w<x - 0>0 + w<x - a>0 - F<x - b>-1 + R2<x - L>-1

2. Integrate this equation from - to x to obtain shear, V(x)

V(x) = R1<x - 0>0 - w<x - 0>1 + w<x - a>1 - F<x - b>0 + R2<x - L>0

3. Integrate this equation from - to x to obtain moment, M(x)

M(x) = R1<x - 0>1 - w<x - 0>2/2 + w<x - a>2/2 - F<x - b>1 + R2<x - L>1

4. Solve for the reactions by evaluating the shear and moment equations at a point just to the right of x =
L, where both are zero.

At x = L+, V = M = 0
V = R1  w ( L)  w ( L  a )  F  R2 = 0

w 2 w 2
M = R 1 L  L   ( L  a)  F  ( L  b) = 0
2 2

w F w 2
R1  L   ( L  b)   ( L  a) R1  191.667  N
2 L 2 L

R2  w a  F  R1 R2  308  N

5. Define the range for x x  0  m 0.005  L  L

6. For a Mathcad solution, define a step function S. This function will have a value of zero when x is less
than z, and a value of one when it is greater than or equal to z.

S ( x z)  if ( x  z 1 0 )

7. Write the shear and moment equations in Mathcad form, using the function S as a multiplying factor to
get the effect of the singularity functions.

V ( x)  R1 S ( x 0  m)  w S ( x 0  m)  ( x)  w S ( x a )  ( x  a )  F  S ( x b )  R2 S ( x L)

w 2 w 2
M ( x)  R1 S ( x 0  m)  x   S ( x 0  m)  x   S ( x a )  ( x  a )  F  S ( x b )  ( x  b )
2 2
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 5th Ed. 3-23a-2

8. Plot the shear and moment diagrams.

Shear 200
Diagram
100

0
V ( x)
 100
N
 200

 300

 400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
x
m

Moment 40
Diagram

30

20
M ( x)
Nm
10

 10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
x
m

FIGURE 3-23cB
Shear and Moment Diagrams for Problem 3-23c

9. Determine the maximum shear and maximum moment from inspection of the diagrams.

Maximum shear: Vmax  V ( b ) Vmax  308.333  N

Maximum moment occurs where V is zero, which is x = b:

Mmax  M ( b ) Mmax  30.833 N  m

MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 5th Ed. 3-24a-1
PROBLEM 3-24b
Statement: A beam is supported and loaded as shown in Figure P3-11b. Find the reactions, maximum shear,
and maximum moment for the data given in row a from Table P3-1.
Given: Beam length L  0.7 m L
Distance to distributed load a  0.2 m a
1
Distributed load magnitude w  80 N  m F
w
Concentrated load F  850  N

Solution: See Figures 3-24 and Mathcad file P0324a-b. M1

R1
1. From inspection of Figure P3-11b, write the load
function equation
FIGURE 3-24bA
Free Body Diagram for Problem 3-24

q(x) = -M1<x - 0>-2 + R1<x - 0>-1 - w<x - a>0 - F<x - L>-1

2. Integrate this equation from - to x to obtain shear, V(x)

V(x) = -M1<x - 0>-1 + R1<x - 0>0 - w<x - a>1 - F<x - L>0

3. Integrate this equation from - to x to obtain moment, M(x)

M(x) = -M1<x - 0>0 + R1<x - 0>1 - w<x - a>2/2 - F<x - L>1

4. Solve for the reactions by evaluating the shear and moment equations at a point just to the right of x = L,
where both are zero.

At x = L+, V = M = 0
V = R1  [ w  ( L  a )  F ] = 0

w 2
M = M1  R1 L   ( L  a) = 0
2

R1  w ( L  a )  F R1  890  N

w 2
M1   ( L  a )  R1 L M1  613  N  m
2

5. Define the range for x x  0  m 0.0005 L  L

6. For a Mathcad solution, define a step function S. This function will have a value of zero when x is less
than z, and a value of one when it is greater than or equal to z.

S ( x z)  if ( x  z 1 0 )

7. Write the shear and moment equations in Mathcad form, using the function S as a multiplying factor to
get the effect of the singularity functions.

V ( x)  R1 S ( x 0  m)  w S ( x a )  ( x  a )  F  S ( x L)

w 2
M ( x)  M1  R1 S ( x 0  m)  x   S ( x a )  ( x  a )  F  S ( x L)  ( x  L)
2
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 5th Ed. 3-24a-2

8. Plot the shear and moment diagrams.

Shear
Diagram
800

V ( x) 600
N
400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
x
m

Moment 0
Diagram

 200

M ( x)
 400
Nm

 600

 800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
x
m

FIGURE 3-24bB
Shear and Moment Diagrams for Problem 3-24b

9. Determine the maximum shear and maximum moment from inspection of the diagrams.

Maximum shear: Vmax  V ( 0  m) Vmax  890  N

Maximum moment occurs where V is zero, which is x = 0:

Mmax  M ( 0  m) Mmax  613  N  m

 PROBLEM 4-50, row c

Statement: A hollow, round column has the dimensions and properties below. Determine if it is a Johnson
or an Euler column and find the critical load:
(a) If its boundary conditions are pinned-pinned.
(b) If its boundary conditions are fixed-pinned.
(c) If its boundary conditions are fixed-fixed.
(d) If its boundary conditions are fixed-free.

Given: Length of column L  1500 mm Material Steel

Outside diameter od  25 mm Yield strength S y  300  MPa
Inside diameter id  17 mm Modulus of elasticity E  207  GPa
Solution: See Mathcad file P0450c.
1. Calculate the slenderness ratio that divides the unit load vs slenderness ratio graph into Johnson and Euler
regions.

2 E
S rD   S rD  116.7
Sy

2. Calculate the cross-section area, moment of inertia, and the radius of gyration.

Area A 

4
 2
 od  id
2 A  263.89 mm
2

 
 4 4 4
Moment of inertia I   od  id I  15075  mm
64

I
Radius of gyration k  k  7.558  mm
A

3. Define functions to determine column type and critical load.

Type type S r  "Euler" if S r  S rD

"Johnson" otherwise

2
E
Critical load Pcr S r  return A  if type S r = "Euler"
2
Sr

 2
 1  S y S r  
A  Sy     otherwise
 E  2  
(a) pinned-pinned ends

4. Using Table 4-7, calculate the effective column length.

Leff  1  L Leff  1500 mm

5. Calculate the slenderness ratio for the column.

Leff
Slenderness ratio S r  S r  198.46
k
6. Determine the type and critical load using the functions defined above.

type S r  "Euler" Pcr S r  13.69  kN

MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 5th Ed. 4-50a-2

(b) fixed-pinned ends

7. Using Table 4-7, calculate the effective column length.

Leff  0.8 L Leff  1200 mm

8. Calculate the slenderness ratio for the column.

Leff
Slenderness ratio S r  S r  158.77
k

9. Determine the type and critical load using the functions defined above.

type S r  "Euler" Pcr S r  21.39  kN

(c) fixed-fixed ends

10. Using Table 4-7, calculate the effective column length.

Leff  0.65 L Leff  975  mm

11. Calculate the slenderness ratio for the column.

Leff
Slenderness ratio S r  S r  129
k
12. Determine the type and critical load using the functions defined above.

type S r  "Euler" Pcr S r  32.4 kN

(d) fixed-free ends

13. Using Table 4-7, calculate the effective column length.

Leff  2.1 L Leff  3150 mm

14. Calculate the slenderness ratio for the column.

Leff
Slenderness ratio S r  S r  416.77
k

15. Determine the type and critical load using the functions defined above.

type S r  "Euler" Pcr S r  3.10 kN