PM 2.

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14 March 2020 PM 01:19

 OVERVIEW
particulate matter (PM) also known as atmospheric aerosol
particles, atmospheric particulate matter, , or suspended
particulate matter (SPM) – aremicrosopic particle of solider liquid
matter suspended in the air. The term aerosolcommonly refers to
the particulate/air mixture as opposed to the particulate matter
alone.[3] Sources of particulate matter can be natural or They
have impacts on climate that adversely affect human health in
addition to direct inhalation.
Subtypes of atmostpheric particles include suspended particulate
matter (SPM), thoracic and respirable particles, [5] inhalable coarse
particles, which areparticle with a diametre between 2.5 and 10micrometer (μm) (PM10), fine particles with a
diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5),[6] ultrafine particles, and soot.
The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates a Group 1 carcinogen.[7] Particulates are the most harmful
form of air pollution[8] due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered,
causing heart attacks, respiratory disease, and premature death.[9] In 2013, a study involving 312,944 people in
nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of
10 μg/m3 in PM10, the lung cancer rate rose 22%. The smaller PM2.5 were particularly deadly, with a 36% increase
in lung cancer per 10 μg/m3 as it can penetrate deeper into the lungs.[10] Worldwide exposure to
PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and
respiratory infections in 2016.[11]Overall, ambient particulate matter ranks as the sixth leading risk factor for
premature death globally.

 EFFECT ON HEALTH
The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals include
1. asthma,
2. lung cancer,
3. respiratory diseases,
4. cardiovascular disease,
5. premature delivery,
6. birth defects,
7. low birth weight,
8. premature death.

 MOST EFFECTED AREAS BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

(1) Australia
PM10 pollution in coal mining areas in Australia such as the Latrobe Valley in Victoria and the Hunter Region in
New South Wales significantly increased during 2004 to 2014. Although the increase did not significantly add to
non-attainment statistics the rate of increase has risen each year during 2010 to 2014.
(2) China
Some cities in Northern China and South Asia have had concentrations above 200 μg/m3 up to a few years
agoThe PM levels in Chinese cities have been extreme in recent years, reaching an all-time high in Beijing on 12
January 2013, of 993 μg/m3.To monitor the air quality of south China, the U.S. Consulate Guangzhou set a PM 2.5
monitor in Guangzhou and displays readings on its official website and social platforms.
(3) Ulaanbaatar
Mongolia's capital city Ulaanbaatar has an annual average mean temperature of about 0 °C, making it the world's
coldest capital city. About 40% of the population lives in apartments, 80% of which are supplied with central
heating systems from 3 combined heat and power plants. In 2007, the power plants consumed almost 3.4 million
tons of coal. The pollution control technology is in poor condition. [citation needed]
The other 60% of the population reside in shantytowns (Ger districts), which have developed due to the country's
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 The other 60% of the population reside in shantytowns (Ger districts), which have developed due to the country's
new market economy and the very cold winter seasons. The poor in these districts cook and heat their wood
houses with indoor stoves fueled by wood or coal. The resulting air pollution is characterized by raised sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels and very high concentrations of airborne particles and particulate
matter (PM).] Annual seasonal average particulate matter concentrations have been recorded as high as
279 μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter)] The World Health Organization's recommended annual mean
PM10 level is 20 μg/m3 which means that Ulaanbaatar's PM10 annual mean levels are 14 times higher than
recommended.During the winter months, in particular, the air pollution obscures the air, affecting the visibility in
the city to such an extent that airplanes on some occasions are prevented from landing at the airport.

 EFFECT ON INDIA
 Satellite view

 According to data released by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in May this year, 14 Indian cities -- including
Delhi -- were in a list of the world's most polluted in terms of PM 2.5 levels in 2016.
The EPA says several studies "have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including
premature death in people with heart or lung disease, nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, aggravated
asthma, decreased lung function, decreased lung function [and] increased respiratory symptoms, such as
irritation of the airways, coughing or difficulty breathing".
In May, the WHO said it estimated that "around 7 million people die every year from exposure to fine particles in
polluted air that penetrate deep into the lungs and cardiovascular system, causing diseases including stroke,
heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections, including
pneumonia".

 INDIA , home of festivals , diwali among one of the most famous festival in India , where almost every citizen
approx for 3 days burnt fire crackers Levels of ambient air pollution are reported to be very high during the
Diwali festival in India. In this study, we aimed to measure and compare the personal exposure levels to
particulate matter <2.5 μm in mass median aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) during burning of six of the most
commonly used firecracker types in India. Methods: Sparklers, ground spinners, flower pots, pulpuls, a garland
of 1000 sounding crackers, and snake tablets were burnt outdoors in an open area during the late evening hours.
Minute by minute PM2.5levels were measured at a distance and height from where they are normally burnt using
Thermo pDR 1200, USA, and a set of five such experiments were conducted to examine the variability between
the firecrackers. Results: When measured at a distance and height from where they are normally burnt, the
burning of snake tablets produced the highest peak level of PM 2.5 (64,500 mcg/m3), followed by a garland of
1000 sounding crackers (38,540 mcg/m3), pulpuls (28,950 mcg/m3), sparklers (10,390 mcg/m3), ground spinners
(9490 mcg/m3) and flower pots (4860 mcg/m3). Conclusion: Burning of firecrackers produce extremely high
levels of personal exposure to PM levels that are likely to have significant short-term and long-term adverse
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 levels of personal exposure to PM2.5 levels that are likely to have significant short-term and long-term adverse
health effects. The initiative taken by the Supreme Court of India in 2017 to ban the sale of firecrackers seems to
be a step in the right direction to reduce the adverse health impacts in the community.

GLOBAL LEVEL MEASURES

 PM2.5, the fine particulate matter our drone sensor will measure, falls into this category. PM2.5 refers to all
particles under 2.5 micrometers in diameter (0.00025 mm).HealthLink British Columbia contains medically-
approved information on more than 5,000 health topics, including particulate matter’s impact on our bodies.
The thought of tiny particles lodging deep into the lungs and causing major health problems is frightening, but
there are ways you can reduce the amount of particulate matter produced by smoke and vehicle emissions.
Here are five things to keep in mind:

1) STOP SMOKING =>

In 2014, a research paper was published on Tobacco
Control, an international journal covering the nature and
consequences of tobacco use worldwide. Many non-smokers
living with a smoker inhale a similar mass of PM2.5 as a non-
smoker living in a heavily polluted city such as Beijing.

2) Mulch garden waste instead of burning it =>

According to Recycle Spot, a site developed by the MARC Solid
Waste Management District (MARC SWMD) and the Mid-
America Regional Council, food and yard waste account for
about 30% of a household’s waste stream. When these materials
end up in the trash (landfill), valuable space is used and air
pollution is created.

3) Limit the use of fireplaces and wood stoves.

The EPA’s plan to incorporate cleaner wood burning technology
into wood stoves sold in the US was detailed by the Chimney Sweep
Company, a full-service Hearth Product sales and service business.
Wood stoves must comply with current emissions standards. As the
old-technology wood stoves are replaced with new-technology
models, air quality is automatically improved.

4) Take action to reduce wildfires.

The components of wood and cigarette smoke are similar, and many
are carcinogenic. The Environment and Human Health, Inc.
(EHHI) strives to protect the population’s health from environmental
ills. The site details the health effects of wood smoke, which contains
fine particulate matter that can scar the lungs.

5. Reduce diesel emissions by replacing older engines with newer

and cleaner ones.
In an online journal found on HealthyAir, a British site that supports
action on air pollution, the Black Carbon Campaign raises awareness
for the need to reduce black carbon emissions. A significant
proportion of particulate matter is made up of black carbon which, in
addition to its health impact, also affects our climate. In the most
polluted locations, diesel vehicles are usually the main source of
particulate pollution.
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 particulate pollution.

 Estimation of future PM2.5



Future air quality results predict that the annual mean PM2.5 concentration in continental U.S.
decreases nationwide, especially in the Eastern U.S. and west coast. However, the ozone concentration
is projected to decrease in the Eastern U.S. but increase in the Western U.S. Future mortality is
evaluated under two scenarios (1) holding future population and baseline incidence rate at the present
level and (2) using the projected baseline incidence rate and population in 2050. For PM2.5, the entire
continental U.S. presents a decreasing trend of PM2.5-related mortality by the 2050s in Scenario (1),
>
primarily resulting from the emissions reduction. While in Scenario (2), almost half of the continental
states show a rising tendency of PM2.5-related mortality, due to the dominant influence of population
growth. In particular, the highest PM2.5-related deaths and the biggest discrepancy between present
and future PM2.5-related deaths both occur in California in 2050s. For the ozone-related premature
mortality, the simulation shows nation-wide rising tendency in 2050s under both scenarios, mainly due
to the increase of ozone concentration and population in the future. Furthermore, the uncertainty
analysis shows that the confidence interval of all causes mortality is much larger than that for specific
causes, probably due to the accumulated uncertainty of generating datasets and sample size. The
confidence interval of ozone-related all cause premature mortality is narrower than the PM2.5-related
all cause mortality, due to its smaller standard deviation of the concentration-mortality response factor.

 The health impact of PM2.5 is more linearly proportional to the emission reductions than ozone. The reduction
of anthropogenic PM2.5 precursor emissions is likely to lead to the decrease of PM2.5concentrations and
PM2.5 related mortality. However, the future ozone concentrations could increase due to increase of the
greenhouse gas emissions of methane. Thus, to reduce the impact of ozone related mortality, anthropogenic
emissions including criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas (i.e. methane) need to be controlled.

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