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 P-Block Elements
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Group-15 (Nitrogen . i family)
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a g e m i s
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Group-16
he m i (Oxygen
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 Group-15 (Nitrogen Family)

Anomalous properties of nitrogen

N Non-metals
1. Small size
P Non-metals
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2. High electronegativity,
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As Metalloids
a g e i
3. High ionization enthalpy
m s
t r y p c h e
Sb Metalloids
m i s 4.
tom
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Non-availability of d orbitals.

h e e . c o
5. Ability form p π -p π multiple bonds with itself and with

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Bi Metals
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N–N bond is weaker than the single P–P bond

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 Hydrides of Group 15 Elements

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 Oxides of Group 15 Elements

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 Acidic

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 g e
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a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
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 Formation of Nitrogen gas

Ammonium dichromate Sodium Azide Barium azide

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Formation of Ammonia gas
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Haber Process
a g e m i s
t r y p c h
Detection e
of metal ions such as Cu2+, Ag+:

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Low temperature
High pressure w . y
Catalyst w
w Iron Oxide. K O , Al O are used
2 (s) 2 3(s)

Mo used as promoter
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 OXIDES OF NITROGEN

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Formation of Nitric Acid (Ostwald process)

Reactions with cupper

Some metals (e.g., Cr, Al) do not dissolve in concentrated nitric acid because of the formation of a passive
film of oxide on the surface.
 Brown Ring Test
(for detection of nitrate ion)

Reactions

Pentaaqua nitroso Iron(II) sulphate

[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
 Allotropes of Phosphorus
White phosphorus, red phosphorus and black phosphorus.

Red Phosphorus
White Phosphorus
bond angle in a
P4 particle is 60°.

It is poisonous non-poisonous

Its highly unstable and reactive. Its stable and non-reactive.

it catch fire in the air. doesn’t catch fire in the air.

It react with caustic soda It doesn’t react with caustic soda

It displays chemiluminescence. Not displays chemiluminescence.

It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in not dissolve in water and also in

carbon disulphide or carbon tetrachloride. carbon tetrachloride.
 Black Phosphorus
They are alpha black phosphorus and beta black phosphorus.

beta black phosphorus.

Phosphine
Formation

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 Phosphorus halides

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a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
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u ‘ˆbŽ
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w . y it exists as an ionic solid, [Žସ ሿା

[Ž ଺ ሿି

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in which ା
the cation, [Žସ ሿ is tetrahedral
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and the anion, [Ž଺ ሿ octahedral

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 Oxoacids Phosphorus

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a g e m i s
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 Oxoacids Phosphorus

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. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
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Only those H atoms which are attached
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with oxygen in P–OH form are ionisable and cause the basicity

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The acids which contain P–H t
bond have strong reducing properties

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These acids in +3 oxidation state of phosphorus tend to
disproportionate to higher and lower oxidation states.
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 Oxides Phosphorus

It form two oxide P2O3 (+3) and P2O5 (+5).

These oxide of phosphorus exist as dimer in form of P4O6 (+3) and P4O5

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. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
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 Group-16 (Oxygen Family)

Sulphates Sulphides

Galena PbS
Gypsum —ସ . ʹଶ 
Zinc blende ZnS
Epsom salt ‰ସ . ͹ଶ  Copper pyrites — ‡ଶ
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Baryte ƒସ

e . i n s t r y
Sep a g m i
Electron Gain Enthalpy: S > O >y
t r > Te > Po
c h e
m i s m /
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Oxygen and.cSulphur: Non-metalsbe
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o
wSelenium and.Tellurium:
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w
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Metalloids

Polonium: Metal (radioactive, Half-life 13.8 days)

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 Hydrides of Group 16 Elements
Acidic strength
Reducing nature ଶ 

Thermal stability ଶ 
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‘‹Ž‹‰ ’‘‹–
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Bond angle a g e ଶ ‡
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‘‹Ž‹‰ ’‘‹–ǣ   ൐  Te >  ‡ ൐  
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ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
 Oxides of Group 16 Elements

Acidic strength: acidic property of dioxide decreases

ଶ
Reducing nature: Reducing property of dioxide decreases
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 Halides of Group 16 Elements

F ൐ Ž > ” ൐ 

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Amongst hexahalides, hexafluorides are the only stable halides.
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p a g m i
t r y c h e
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 Ozone Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen.
Stratosphere, This ozone layer protects the earth’s surface
from an excessive concentration of ultraviolet (UV)
radiations.

Formation of ozone from oxygen is an endothermic process

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. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
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It is diamagnetic in nature
m i s m /
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oxidising agent. e . co
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It acts as a powerful
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NO and CFCs (Freons) y deplet ozone layer
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w is thermodynamically unstable with respect to oxygen,
Ozone
large negative Gibbs energy change (∆G) for its conversion into oxygen.

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 Allotropes of Sulphur
Yellow rhombic (α-sulphur) and monoclinic (β -sulphur)

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. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e Transition temperature.

m i s m /
h e e . c o
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rhombic and monoclinic sulphur have S8 molecules.

Sluphur is diamagnetic in nature (S2)

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 Oxoacids of Sulphur

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a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
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w. c u b
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 Oxoacids of Sulphur

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w. c u b
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 Sulphuric Acid
Formation of Sulphuric Acid
The Contact Process

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. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . c o
w. c u b Low temperature

w w o u t High pressure

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(96-98% pure)

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 Properties of Sulphuric Acid

Strong acidic character:

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a g e m i s
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Strong oxidising agent: mis m /
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Strong dehydrating agent:
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