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Cambridge International Examinations
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Cambridge Ordinary Level
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* 2 6 0 6 8 0 9 3 5 9 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
Paper 2 Theory May/June 2015
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
Section B
Answer both questions in this section.
Section C
Answer either question 8 or question 9.
You are advised to spend no longer than one hour on Section A.
Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 16 printed pages.
DC (AC/CGW) 93584/5
© UCLES 2015 [Turn over
2
Section A
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the effect of temperature on the rate at which yeast cells in a nutrient solution
produce bubbles of a gas.
50
40
number 30
of bubbles
produced
in two
minutes 20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature / °C
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name each of the following:
• the gas released
...................................................................................................................................................
• the metabolic process that releases it
...................................................................................................................................................
• the essential chemical constituents of the nutrient solution.
................................................................ and ................................................................ [3]
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(b) Use Fig. 1.1 to find the optimum temperature for the metabolic process.
.................................................... [1]
(c) Explain the shape of the curve after 60 oC.
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(d) Explain what would happen to the rate at which bubbles of the gas are produced by the yeast
if the temperature of the solution is then gradually reduced from 65 oC to 45 oC.
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[Total: 9]
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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a plant called the ghost plant and a magnified diagram of its flower. It is called a
ghost plant because it is often completely white in colour. Cells of the ghost plant do not contain
chloroplasts.
small, white,
scale-like leaves
Fig. 2.1
(a) From the appearance of the flower, suggest how it is pollinated. Give a reason for your answer.
how the flower is pollinated ....................................................
reason .......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
Question 2 continues on page 6
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Question 2 continues over the page

6
(b) The ghost plant has an unusual feeding relationship with an underground fungus and with a
nearby tree, as shown in Fig. 2.2 (opposite).
(i) From the information given in Fig. 2.2, name the producer.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The flow of nutrients in the feeding relationship is shown by the arrow on Fig. 2.2.
Suggest three nutrients that flow from the tree to the ghost plant.
1 ..............................................................
2 ..............................................................
3 .............................................................. [3]
(c) Suggest why the leaves of the ghost plant do not possess stomata or large intercellular
spaces.
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[Total: 11]
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part of fungus
root of part of
ghost plant tree root
flow of nutrients from tree to ghost plant
Fig. 2.2

8
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the blood supply to cells in the liver.
liver cell
capillary
C D
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Name the cells labelled C and D in Fig. 3.1.
C ..............................................................
D .............................................................. [2]
(ii) The arrow in Fig. 3.1 shows the movement of substances from the liver cells into the
capillary.
Name three substances that move in the direction shown.
1 ..............................................................
2 ..............................................................
3 .............................................................. [3]
(b) (i) Describe the effect of adrenaline on liver cells.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State a situation in which this might occur.
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(c) Sometimes the liver is unable to remove glucose from the blood. This condition is called
diabetes.
(i) State two symptoms of this condition.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State how this condition is treated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]

10
4 The dominant allele for the ability to smell the scent of a particular flower is represented by A. The
recessive allele, which does not allow a person to smell the scent of the flower, is represented by
a.
(a) Using these letters, indicate each of the following:
(i) the genotype of a woman who is unable to smell the flower
............................. [1]
(ii) the possible alleles found in the gametes of a woman who can smell the flower.
............................. and ............................. [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 represents some alleles on part of the sex chromosomes of a woman and of a man.
allele B
an
allele
woman man
Fig. 4.1
In the space below, draw these alleles as they might appear in a sperm cell that carries the Y
chromosome.
[2]
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11
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows how the alleles on one of the chromosomes might appear in a cell taken from
somewhere else in the man’s body. Allele B shows a mutation.
allele B
Fig. 4.2
Suggest two possible causes of the mutation.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................. ............................................................................. [2]
(d) Mutated alleles such as that shown in Fig. 4.2 are usually recessive.
Use your knowledge of genetics to explain why society discourages marriage between
closely-related people.
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[Total: 10]

12
5 Table 5.1 shows the mean daily water intake and loss by a person.
Table 5.1
water intake / dm3 water loss / dm3
faeces 0.10
drinks 1.50 sweat 0.52
food 0.75 urine 1.50
exhaled air ……..
Total 2.25 Total 2.50
(a) (i) Using the information in Table 5.1, calculate the daily loss of water in exhaled air.
........................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why exhaled air contains water.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why, even though 2.25 dm3 of water are taken in through the mouth, the faeces
contain only 0.10 dm3 of water.
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(c) Explain the importance of water in urine.
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(d) The difference between water intake and water loss by a person is accounted for by water
produced by a metabolic process in the body. Name this metabolic process.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
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13
Section B
6 (a) For a named fruit or seed, describe how it is adapted for animal dispersal.
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(b) A student planted seeds from different types of plant in the same area of soil.
(i) Suggest why some of the seeds did not germinate.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why several of the seedlings were unable to survive after a few weeks.
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[Total: 10]

14
7 (a) Describe each of the following processes:
(i) active transport
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(ii) osmosis.
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(b) Explain what happens to a red blood cell when it is placed in pure water.
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[Total: 10]
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Section C
8 (a) Outline the role of microorganisms in the production of yoghurt.
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(b) Explain how a slice of bread, if left exposed to the air, decomposes due to the growth of fungi.
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[Total: 10]

16
9 Syphilis and HIV are both spread by sexual contact.
(a) Describe the cause and symptoms of syphilis.
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(b) State how syphilis is treated.
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(c) Discuss how the spread of HIV may be controlled.
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[Total: 10]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
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be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

* 9 0 7 6 7 5 4 8 0 4 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (LK/SG) 109208/3
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a plant with a magnified transverse section (TS) of the root and an incomplete,
magnified transverse section (TS) of the stem.
incomplete, magnified
transverse section (TS)
of stem
magnified
transverse section (TS)
of root
Fig. 1.1
(a) The transverse section of the root in Fig. 1.1 shows the distribution of xylem and phloem
tissue.
(i) Using a labelling line and the letter X, show, on Fig. 1.1, the location of the xylem tissue
in the transverse section (TS) of the root. [1]
(ii) Complete the transverse section (TS) of the stem in Fig. 1.1 to show the distribution of
xylem and phloem tissue. [2]
(iii) Using a label line and the letter P, show the location of the phloem tissue that you have
drawn. [1]
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(b) State the functions of phloem tissue.
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[Total: 7]

4
2 Dry mass is the mass of all chemicals, excluding water, present in an organism.
Fig. 2.1 shows the stages of germination of a seed. Fig. 2.1 also shows the changes in dry mass of
the plant during these stages of germination.
stage A stage B stage C
change in
0
dry mass time
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the parts labelled D and E in Fig. 2.1.
D …………………………………………………..
E ………………………………………………….. [2]
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(b) Describe and explain the changes in dry mass shown during each of the stages A, B and C in
Fig. 2.1.
stage A .....................................................................................................................................
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stage B .....................................................................................................................................
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stage C .....................................................................................................................................
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(c) Water is needed for germination of seeds.
State two other conditions needed for germination. Explain why each condition is needed.
condition ...................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
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condition ...................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
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[Total: 12]

6
3 Digestion in the human alimentary canal is carried out by the action of enzymes. Each food group
is the substrate for a specific enzyme.
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows diagrams that each represent the action of a specific enzyme to break down a
substrate into one or more end products.
Diagram F in Fig. 3.1 has been completed for you.
Complete diagrams G and H in Fig. 3.1.
diagram F
protease
name of enzyme ...........................................
small intestine
where enzyme acts ...........................................
protein amino acids
....................... .......................
substrate end product
diagram G
name of enzyme ...........................................

starch maltose
....................... .......................
substrate end product
diagram H
name of enzyme
lipase
...........................................
....................... .......................
substrate
.......................
end products
Fig. 3.1
[6]
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7
(b) Amino acids are the end products of protein digestion. Describe what happens to these amino
acids from the point of digestion until they reach the liver.
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[Total: 10]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the stages in the process of genetic engineering to produce the hormone insulin.
human cell bacterium
DNA thread
DNA plasmid
stage K
isolated DNA with isolated
insulin gene plasmids
bacterial enzyme
cuts the plasmid
isolated
insulin gene
insulin gene inserted into
the plasmid
stage L
transformed plasmid
inserted into bacterium to
form transformed bacterium
reproduction of the bacterium
stage M
stage N production of insulin
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Describe how the location and organisation of genetic material in the human cell shown
in stage K of Fig. 4.1 is different from that in the bacterial cell shown.
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(ii) Use your knowledge of bacterial cells to name two structures that the transformed
plasmid must pass through to form a transformed bacterium in stage L of Fig. 4.1.
……………………………….………… and ………………………………….….. [2]
(iii) State the type of reproduction that takes place in stage M of Fig. 4.1. Use your knowledge
of the process of cell division to explain why it is important that this type of reproduction
occurs.
type of reproduction ..........................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
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(iv) Name the condition in humans that is treated using insulin produced by the bacteria in
stage N of Fig. 4.1.
.......................................................................... [1]
(v) Stage N of Fig. 4.1 may take place in a container similar to that used in the large-scale
production of antibiotics.
State the name of this type of container.
.......................................................................... [1]
(b) Genetic engineering can also be used to produce crop plants for humans to eat.
Discuss the potential advantages and dangers of using genetic engineering to produce crop
plants for humans to eat.
advantages ...............................................................................................................................
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dangers .....................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 14]

10
5 Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one person to another by a
vector.
(a) Name the vector of the parasite that causes malaria.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Spread of the vector may be controlled by using an insecticide.
State two other ways of controlling the spread of the vector.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Resistance to the insecticide can appear in the vector population.
Describe how the process of natural selection may bring about resistance of the vector
to insecticide.
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[Total: 7]
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Section B
6 Enzyme Q is active in the human alimentary canal. Fig. 6.1 shows the effect of pH on the rate of
reaction of enzyme Q.
100
80
60
rate of reaction
/ arbitrary units
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
pH
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) Use the information in Fig. 6.1 to name the region of the alimentary canal where enzyme
Q is active.
………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) Use your knowledge of the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis of enzyme action to explain why
enzyme Q is active only in this region of the alimentary canal and not in any other region.
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(b) All enzymes contain carbon. List three other chemical elements that must be present in each
molecule of an enzyme.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
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7 (a) Describe how the nitrogen cycle makes nitrogen in the air available for both plant and animal
protein.
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(b) Nitrogen can also be made available in the form of nitrogen-containing fertilisers. Describe
the possible effects of using nitrogen-containing fertilisers on each of the following:
the production of crops by farmers,
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the environment.
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[Total: 10]

14
Section C
8 The brain is one component of the nervous system.
(a) State two other components of the nervous system.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 8.1 shows the human brain.
U
S
Fig. 8.1
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15
Name and describe the functions of parts R, S, T and U, labelled in Fig. 8.1, in terms of
coordinating and regulating bodily functions.
R ......................................................................
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S ......................................................................
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T ......................................................................
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U ......................................................................
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[Total: 10]

16
9 (a) Define the term drug.
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(b) (i) Describe the effects on health of smoking tobacco. In your answer, make reference to the
effects of named toxic components of tobacco smoke.
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(ii) Suggest why many people regard smoking tobacco as no longer socially acceptable.
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[Total: 10]
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* 6 3 8 3 0 0 8 6 9 5 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
DC (NH/AR) 107982/3
2
Section A
1 The grape plant has many flowers clustered together on each flowering head. Fig. 1.1 shows the
structure of one mature grape flower.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name two parts, normally found in other flowers, that are missing from this mature
flower.
1 ..............................................................
2 .............................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest the type of pollination found in the grape plant and give a reason for your choice.
type of pollination ..............................................................................................................
reason ................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a section through a fruit that develops from the same flower.
juicy pericarp
Fig. 1.2
(i) Name the structure labelled A in Fig. 1.2. .................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest how part A is dispersed and give reasons for your answer.
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4
(c) The outer skin of the ripe grape fruit is covered by a powdery microorganism that is responsible
for converting grape juice into wine (a drink that contains alcohol).
(i) Suggest the identity of this microorganism .................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain how this microorganism is involved in making wine.
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[Total: 12]
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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a fetus developing inside its mother.
E
F
Fig. 2.1
(a) Complete Table 2.1, using letters from Fig. 2.1, to identify each of the following:
Table 2.1
letter
a structure that contains urea released by the fetus

...............
a region that contains cells, almost all of which could be used for determining
the sex of the fetus ...............
a structure that is used to expel the fetus at birth

...............
a temporary structure that would have been expelled during menstruation if
pregnancy had not occurred ...............
[4]

6
(b) Every day, babies are born suffering from severe withdrawal symptoms as a result of their
mothers taking drugs during pregnancy.
(i) Name a drug which the mother may have taken during pregnancy that might cause these
withdrawal symptoms.
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(ii) Suggest how drugs taken by the mother have been able to affect her developing fetus.
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[Total: 9]
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3 Table 3.1 is a list of some of the constituents of a healthy human diet.
Table 3.1
constituent
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
mineral salts
fibre / roughage
(a) State one of these constituents that
(i) does not require digestion, ............................................................................................[1]
(ii) is the body’s main storage substance. ...........................................................................[1]
(b) Name two dietary constituents that are missing from the list in Table 3.1 and for each state
two reasons for its importance in the diet.
constituent: ...............................................................................................................................
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
constituent: ...............................................................................................................................
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(c) The chimpanzee is an animal whose metabolism is very similar to that of a human, but one
type of chimpanzee lacks the gene responsible for the manufacture of amylase.
Suggest how this will affect the diet of this type of chimpanzee.
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[Total: 10]
8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the leaves of the same plant during daylight and during the hours of darkness.
in daylight in darkness
Fig. 4.1(a) Fig. 4.1(b)
(a) Name a process that takes place in the plant in Fig. 4.1(a) only during daylight and explain
how the leaves help this process.
process ....................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The folding of the leaves at night, as seen in Fig. 4.1(b), is called a sleep movement.
Suggest and explain the effect of these sleep movements on the loss of water from one of
these plants.
effect ........................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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9
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows the uptake and loss of oxygen by a leaf during a 24-hour period.
+
uptake
uptake or
loss of 0
oxygen
loss
–
midnight 0400 0800 noon 1600 2000 midnight
time / hours
Fig. 4.2
Explain what is happening in the leaf at the following times:
(i) between 1800 hours and 2000 hours
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) after 2200 hours.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 11]

10
5 Table 5.1 shows a number of processes that occur in the lungs and thorax (chest cavity).
Table 5.1
process involved ✓
diffusion into red blood cells
diffusion into the alveoli
the diaphragm contracts
the diaphragm relaxes
the external intercostal muscles contract
the internal intercostal muscles relax
the ribs rise
the ribs fall
pressure in the thorax increases
pressure in the thorax decreases
(a) Carbon dioxide arrives at the lungs in capillaries. Place a tick (✓) in each box against a process
involved in removing carbon dioxide from the blood and expelling it to the atmosphere. [4]
(b) Table 5.2 shows the percentage of oxygen in inspired and expired air of three people, J, K
and L.
Table 5.2
% of oxygen in % of oxygen in
person
inspired air expired air
J 20.5 15.0
K 20.5 16.5
L 20.5 18.5
Describe the differences shown in Table 5.2 and suggest reasons for them.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/M/J/16
11
Section B
6 (a) Describe the differences in structure and function between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Explain, with examples, the relationship between cells, tissues and organs.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
12
7 (a) Seeds require certain conditions before they will germinate. List these conditions and, for
each condition you mention, suggest how it is important in the process of germination.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Explain how a seed obtains its food store from its parent plant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
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13
Section C
8 (a) Describe the industrial manufacture of single cell protein.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[8]
(b) Suggest problems of using viruses in biotechnology.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]
14
9 (a) With reference to the inheritance of blood groups, explain what is meant by each of the
following terms:
(i) dominance
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) codominance.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Explain the difference between the number of chromosomes in a gamete and in a body cell.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/M/J/16
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© UCLES 2016 5090/22/M/J/16

16
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© UCLES 2016 5090/22/M/J/16

* 0 0 9 1 8 6 1 3 8 8 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NH/FD) 129016/5
2
Section A
1 Spirulina is classified in the group bacteria. Spirulina is green in colour and is able to synthesise
its own food.
(a) List three characteristics of bacteria.
1 ......................................................................
2 ......................................................................
3 ...................................................................... [3]
(b) (i) Suggest the name of the chemical that gives Spirulina its green colour.
...................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write, in words or symbols, the equation for the process by which Spirulina synthesises
its own food.
................................................................ → ................................................................ [2]
(c) Spirulina can be eaten by humans.
The United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) made the following statement about
Spirulina:
‘For WHO Spirulina represents an interesting food for multiple reasons. Rich in iron and
protein, it can be given to children without any risk. We at WHO consider it to be a very
suitable food.’
Use your knowledge of animal nutrition to suggest and explain why WHO considers Spirulina
to be a ‘very suitable food’.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
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3
2 A potometer is used to measure water uptake by a plant. Fig. 2.1 shows the stem and flower of a
plant in a potometer. As water is taken up, the bubble moves in the direction shown.
B
C
water reservoir
water
bubble moves this bubble

way as water is taken
up by the plant
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the parts A, B, C and D in Fig. 2.1.
A ......................................................................
B ......................................................................
C ......................................................................
D ...................................................................... [4]
(b) Describe the pathway taken by water as it moves from the potometer, through the plant stem
and into the surrounding air.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

4
(c) (i) In an experiment, the bubble moved a distance of 60 mm in 10 minutes.

Calculate the average rate at which the bubble moved in mm per min.
............................................ mm per min

[1]
(ii) The experiment was repeated in an area of lower light intensity.
Predict and explain what would happen to the rate at which the bubble moved.
prediction ............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 11]
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5
3 Fig. 3.1 shows an organ, X, and its associated blood vessels P, Q and R.
from heart
to heart
X
R
P
small intestine
Fig. 3.1
Organ X is involved in the following processes:
• the metabolism of amino acids,

• the breakdown of chemical substances, including alcohol.
(a) Name organ X and each of its associated blood vessels.
organ X ......................................................................
blood vessel P ......................................................................
blood vessel Q ......................................................................
blood vessel R ...................................................................... [4]
(b) Compare the structure of the blood vessels P and R in Fig. 3.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

6
(c) (i) Oestrogen is an example of a type of chemical substance, produced by a gland, that
alters the activity of one or more specific target organs before being destroyed by
organ X. Name this type of chemical substance.
...................................................................... [1]
(ii) With reference to oestrogen, complete Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
gland where produced
target organ
effect on target organ
[3]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/M/J/17

7
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a Bengal tiger.
Fig. 4.1
Fur colour in the Bengal tiger is controlled by a single gene. The dominant allele of the gene
results in orange fur. A single change in this gene produces a recessive allele, which results in
white fur in tigers with the homozygous recessive genotype.
(a) (i) Define the term gene.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) State the term used to describe a change in a gene.
...................................................................... [1]

8
(b) Using the letters T (orange) and t (white) to represent the alleles that control fur colour, draw
a labelled genetic diagram to show how two tigers with orange fur may give rise to offspring
with white fur.
[5]
(c) Bengal tigers have dark stripes on their fur.
Suggest why each of the following is true for the pattern of dark stripes:
it is not affected by whether the fur is orange or white
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
it is unique to each individual
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/M/J/17

9
5 The statements E to K relate to the process of reproduction.
E produces genetically identical offspring
F produces more individuals of the same species
G involves only one parent
H involves fusion of nuclei
I requires gametes
J forms a diploid zygote
K involves only cell division by mitosis
Table 5.1 shows a comparison of sexual and asexual reproduction.
Table 5.1
sexual reproduction asexual reproduction both sexual and

only only asexual reproduction
Complete Table 5.1 by writing each letter in the correct box to match it to sexual reproduction only,
asexual reproduction only, or to both.
The first letter has been written in the correct box for you. Use each letter once only. [6]
[Total: 6]

10
Section B
6 (a) Describe the role of the cilia in the trachea.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows components of the human gas exchange surface and an associated blood
vessel.
Fig. 6.1
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11
State the characteristics, and describe the roles, of each of the components shown in Fig. 6.1.
You should make reference to named structures in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[7]
[Total: 10]

12
7 Fig. 7.1 shows bacteria growing on the surface of a dish containing nutrient jelly. Paper discs,
such as M and N, were soaked in solutions of different antibiotics and placed on top of the growing
bacteria. A clear area on the jelly indicates that bacteria in that area have been killed.
clear area
Fig. 7.1
(a) Use the information above, and your knowledge of the process of natural selection, to
describe and explain the difference in appearance of the jelly surrounding discs M and N.
...................................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2017 5090/21/M/J/17

13
(b) Describe how the process of artificial selection differs from that of natural selection. Include
reference to the production of one named economically important plant or animal in your
answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 10]

14
Section C
8 (a) With reference to named components, describe how the structure of one animal cell (for
example from fresh liver) would appear different from a plant cell (for example from an onion
epidermis).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) State the relationship between structure and function for both of the following:
xylem vessels
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
red blood cells
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]
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15
9 Compare each of the following processes:
(a) aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) anaerobic respiration in muscles and anaerobic respiration in yeast
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) diffusion and active transport
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/M/J/17

16
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/M/J/17

* 5 7 6 1 7 1 1 9 8 4 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NH/FD) 129017/3
2
Section A
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the front view of a person’s chest and abdomen.
Fig. 1.1
On Fig. 1.1 draw:
• the diaphragm as it would appear immediately after breathing in,
• a circle (O) to show the position of the heart,
• a cross (X) to show the position of the liver. [3]
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/M/J/17

3
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a person about to lift the handle of a bucket from position A to position B.
bucket handle
B
moved by
the finger
Fig. 1.2
The movement of the bucket handle, as shown, illustrates some features of the movement of
a person’s chest while breathing in.
(i) State two similarities between the movement of a person’s chest while breathing in and
the movement of the handle.
1 ....................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain the differences between the movement of a person’s chest and the movement
of the handle.
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 10]

4
2 Four of the stages associated with human nutrition are:
absorption digestion egestion ingestion
(a) (i) State the stage in nutrition that has not been included in the list above.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
Fig. 2.1 shows the human alimentary canal.
Fig. 2.1
(ii) On Fig. 2.1, use lines labelled A and B to indicate where egestion (A) and ingestion (B)
occur. [2]
(b) State a component of the diet that is digested in region C in Fig. 2.1, and where the products
are then absorbed into the blood.
component ................................................................................................................................
where products absorbed .........................................................................................................

[2]
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/M/J/17

5
(c) Suggest the likely effect on digestion of removing a person’s gall bladder.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 10]

6
3 Fig. 3.1 shows flowers from the same species of plant at different stages, D and E, in their
development.
actual
size
25 mm
nectary
D E
Fig. 3.1
(a) On Fig. 3.1, use lines labelled S and C to label a sepal (S) and a carpel (C). [2]
(b) The flowers are cross-pollinated by an insect. Explain why the insect must visit flower D
before visiting flower E.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Suggest how flowers of this species are adapted to be pollinated by an insect such as a bee.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
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7
4 Table 4.1 shows the loss of water vapour by two similarly-sized potted plants, F and G, grown in
the same environment over a period of 14 hours.
Table 4.1
water vapour loss / arbitrary units

time of day / hours plant F plant G
06.00 – 08.00 1.0 5.2
08.00 – 10.00 2.0 13.8
10.00 – 12.00 5.8 14.8
12.00 – 14.00 4.8 9.2
14.00 – 16.00 3.6 6.8
16.00 – 18.00 3.0 4.4
18.00 – 20.00 2.0 1.0
(a) State the time of day at which the combined loss of water vapour from the two plants is at its
greatest.
............................................................[1]
(b) Suggest reasons for each of the following:
(i) the difference between the total amount of water vapour lost by plants F and G during
the 14-hour period,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) the change in rate of water vapour loss by plant F from 06.00 hours to 12.00 hours.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

8
(c) The leaves of plant G have their lowest temperature at 12.00 hours. Suggest reasons for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
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9
5 Fig. 5.1 shows cells with some of their structures missing.
H
J
K
not to scale
Fig. 5.1
(a) On the cells in Fig. 5.1, draw and label nuclei and chloroplasts in their appropriate positions.
[4]
(b) State which cell has been produced by meiosis and name the organ in which it has been
produced.
cell ......................................................................
organ .................................................................. [2]
(c) Explain how energy plays an important part in the function of each of these cells.
cell H
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
cell J
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
cell K
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 12]
10
Section B
6 (a) Describe the journey made by a molecule of carbon dioxide after its production by respiration
in a body cell, to the moment it enters the air in the lungs.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[7]
(b) Explain how blood is kept flowing from the foot to the heart.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
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11
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a section through a fruit.
fruit wall
(pericarp)
stone
containing
the seed
Fig. 7.1
The seed and the fruit wall are genetically different. Explain how this difference is produced.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe and explain the differences between wind-dispersed and animal-dispersed fruits.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]

12
Section C
8 This is a simple food chain:
tree → insect → bird → fox
(a) Draw and label a pyramid of biomass for this food chain.
[2]
(b) Explain why only a small proportion of the energy in the insects passes to the birds.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
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13
(c) The foxes are infested with fleas (small, blood-sucking insects).
Draw and label a pyramid of numbers for the complete food chain including the fleas.
[4]
[Total: 10]

14
9 (a) Explain the measures taken, excluding the use of drugs, to reduce the spread of malaria.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Quinine was the only drug that was successfully used to protect against malaria until the
1920s.
Suggest why quinine has largely been replaced by more recently-discovered drugs.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
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15
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16
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© UCLES 2017 5090/22/M/J/17

* 7 2 2 1 6 7 6 9 9 2 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (LK/JG) 145251/6
2
Section A
1 The diagram shows a food web in a pond.
kingfisher
small fish frog
tadpole water beetle snail
water plant
(a) (i) Complete the table by writing the correct number of organisms for each statement about
the food web. The first number has been written for you.
statement number
the number of producers 1
the number of consumers
the number of herbivores
the number of carnivores
the number of food chains
[4]
(ii) Draw and label a pyramid of biomass for one food chain from the food web.
[2]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

3
(b) The pond may become polluted by fertilisers containing nitrogen.
Explain how this pollution might affect the population of frogs in the pond.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]

4
2 The diagram shows a male human gamete.
nucleus
(a) (i) State the name of the male human gamete.
.............................................. [1]
The diagram below shows the male reproductive system and associated organs.
(ii) Label with a letter X on the diagram where the male gametes are produced.
[1]
(iii) The nucleus of the male gamete is different from the nuclei of other types of cell found at
location X.
State the cause of this difference and explain its importance in reproduction.
cause of difference ............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

5
(b) Describe the differences in size and mobility between the male human gamete and the female
human gamete.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Complete the paragraph by writing the most appropriate word in each of the spaces.
The fusion of a male human gamete and a female human gamete to form a
.................................... is called .................................... . A ball of cells is then formed that
becomes implanted in the wall of the .................................... .

[3]
[Total: 10]

6
3 The diagram shows the fruit of a plant.
(a) Suggest why this fruit is most likely to be wind-dispersed.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

7
(b) An investigation was carried out to find the time taken for several of these fruits to reach the
ground when dropped from the same height. The horizontal distance travelled by each fruit in
that time was also measured.
The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.
250
200
150
distance
travelled
by fruit
/ cm
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time taken for fruit to reach ground / s
(i) Describe the pattern shown by the results in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the number of fruits in the investigation that took between 4 and 10 seconds to
reach the ground.
............................................. [1]

8
(iii) Suggest and explain advantages to the plant of its fruits taking a longer time to reach the
ground.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) When a fruit of the plant reaches the ground, the process of germination to form a new plant
may take place.
State one environmental condition that affects germination and explain the importance of this
condition.
environmental condition ............................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

9
4 The diagram shows a human heart and associated blood vessels.
F A
E B
D C
(a) Complete the table to show which of the parts A to F contain oxygenated blood and which
contain deoxygenated blood.
Write each of the letters A to F in either the right or the left side of the table.
contain oxygenated blood contain deoxygenated blood
[2]
(b) (i) Complete the table below to show which of A to F are involved in the circulation of blood
to or from each of the following locations:
• the lungs,
• the body tissues.
Write each of the letters A to F in either the right or the left side of the table.
blood to or from the lungs blood to or from the body tissues
[4]

10
(ii) Compare the pressure of blood in the circulation to the body tissues and the pressure of
blood in the circulation to the lungs.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain how the structure of the heart produces this difference in blood pressure.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

11
5 (a) (i) Describe the main characteristics of a virus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reproduces inside white blood cells and
destroys them.
Use your knowledge of the functions of white blood cells to suggest why the virus is
named the immunodeficiency virus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) HIV causes a disease called AIDS. The virus may be transmitted during sexual
intercourse.
State two methods by which the spread of HIV by sexual intercourse may be controlled.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) HIV may be transmitted in other ways.
State two ways, other than during sexual intercourse, by which HIV may be transmitted.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]

12
Section B
6 The diagram shows a magnified transverse section through a leaf.
Name each of J, K, L and M and explain the importance of each in the process of transpiration.
J .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
K .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
L .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18
13
M ......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
[10]
[Total: 10]

14
7 (a) Define the term allele.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) In mice, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant to the allele for white fur (b).
Two mice with black fur were mated to produce offspring, all of which were black.
One of these black offspring was then mated with a mouse with white fur. Equal numbers of
mice with black fur and with white fur were produced.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the pattern of inheritance in each cross.
phenotypes of first parents black fur × black fur
genotypes of first parents ....................... × .......................
gametes ............. ............. ............. .............
genotypes ....................... .......................
phenotype all have black fur
phenotypes of second parents black fur × white fur
genotypes of second parents ....................... × .......................
gametes ............. ............. ............. .............
genotypes ....................... .......................
phenotypes black fur white fur

[8]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18
15
Section C
8 (a) Describe one example of a simple reflex action and explain the importance to the body of this
action.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe how named components of the nervous system are involved in producing a reflex
action.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]

16
9 (a) Explain the concept of control by negative feedback.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe how two named components of the skin are involved in regulating body temperature
in hot conditions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/M/J/18

* 8 8 9 5 0 8 6 4 0 6 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NH/FC) 145250/6
2
Section A
1 The diagrams show the bud of an insect-pollinated flower and a magnified transverse section
through the same flower bud. The transverse section was taken at the position shown by the
dotted line.
A
stem
(a) Complete the table to show the name of each of structures A to D and to state one function of
each structure.
letter name of structure function
[8]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

3
(b) The diagram shows an incomplete transverse section through the stem of this plant.
(i) Complete the diagram by drawing and labelling the positions of each of the following
tissues:
• xylem,
• phloem. [2]
(ii) State one function of xylem tissue.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 11]

4
2 The diagram shows the human heart.
The blood vessel labelled F may become narrowed as shown.
narrowing of
blood vessel F
(a) (i) Name blood vessel F.
............................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Name the disease caused by the narrowing of this blood vessel.
............................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State three factors that may lead to the narrowing of this blood vessel.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) Suggest and explain how a person might be affected by the disease caused by the
narrowing of blood vessel F.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[5]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

5
(b) It is possible to treat the disease caused by the narrowing of blood vessel F, by carrying out
an operation.
In the operation:
• a balloon surrounded by a metal mesh is inserted into the blood vessel and inflated,
• the balloon is then deflated and removed, leaving the metal mesh in place.
blood
vessel
balloon
hollow metal
mesh
Suggest the purpose of each of the following:
inflating the balloon,
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
leaving the hollow metal mesh in the blood vessel.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 13]

6
3 The table shows how the thickness of the lens of the eye changes when focussing on an object at
different distances from the front of the eye.
distance from eye / cm thickness of lens / mm

10 4.0
20 3.6
30 3.2
50 2.9
100 2.7
150 2.6
200 2.6
(a) (i) Describe the pattern shown by the data in the table.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain how named components of the eye change the thickness of the lens when
focussing on an object as it moves further from the front of the eye.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

7
(b) As a person becomes older, the lens of the eye becomes harder and less elastic. This results
in the person seeing an image of a close object that is out of focus.
image
object
The diagram below shows how light is refracted by two types of artificial lens that may be
used to manufacture spectacles (glasses).
convex lens concave lens
Suggest and explain which type of lens would be most suitable for this older person.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]

8
4 The graph shows the effect on crop yield (amount harvested) of using fertilisers that contain
nitrogen.
6000
4000
crop yield
in kg / hectare
2000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
mass of fertiliser in kg / hectare
(a) (i) Use the information in the graph to describe the effect on crop yield of using an increasing
mass of fertiliser.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) The nitrogen in the fertiliser is in the form of nitrates.
Describe how the nitrogen in the fertiliser is absorbed by crop plants and used to give an
increased yield.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(iii) Suggest and explain why a farmer may decide to use a mass of fertiliser per hectare
which is less than that needed for a maximum crop yield.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18
9
(b) Name one type of mineral ion, other than nitrate, that is required by a plant and state its
importance to the plant.
type of mineral ion .....................................................................................................................
importance to plant ....................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 11]

10
5 The diagram shows a section through the human body divided into regions P, Q, R and S.
Complete the table below by matching the letters from the diagram to the statements in the table.
There may be one or more than one letter for each statement.
contains an organ which region or regions
… produces an acidic secretion R
… contains villi
… digests protein
… produces insulin
… contains bronchi
… secretes amylase
… ingests food
[6]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

11
Question 6 starts on the next page.

12
Section B
6 The diagram shows a magnified transverse section through a leaf.
Name each of T, U, V and W and explain the importance of each in the process of photosynthesis.
T .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
U .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
V .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

13
W ......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
[10]
[Total: 10]

14
7 (a) Describe the cause of each of the following:
Down’s syndrome,
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
sickle cell anaemia.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) (i) Parents, one with blood group B and the other with blood group A, have a child with
blood group O.
The parents decide to have another child.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible blood groups for the second child of
these parents.
genotypes of parents ..................... x .....................
gametes ............. ............. ............. .............
possible genotypes of child ..................... ..................... ..................... .....................
possible blood groups of child ..................... ..................... ..................... .....................

[4]
(ii) State the probability of each of the following for the second child of these parents:
being the same sex as the first child ..................................................
having the same blood group as the first child .................................................. [2]
(iii) Name the type of inheritance shown by the alleles that produce the blood group AB.
.................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18
15
Section C
8 (a) Outline the role of a named type of microorganism in the production of each of the following
products:
yoghurt ......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
bread ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[6]
(b) Describe how a named type of microorganism can be used to produce human insulin on a
commercial scale.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]

16
9 (a) Explain why most foods eaten by a human must be digested.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe, with reference to the function(s) of named substances produced, the importance of
each of the following organs in the process of digestion:
liver ...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
pancreas ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 5090/22/M/J/18

* 1 9 0 0 0 7 6 2 9 4 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
Paper 2 Theory October/November 2015
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NF/SW) 90468/4
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a plant cell before and after being placed in a concentrated salt solution.
before after
Fig. 1.1
(a) With reference to named parts of the cell, describe changes in the appearance of the cell
after being placed in the concentrated salt solution.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Explain how the changes you have described in (a) have occurred.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

3
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a vertical section through a human heart viewed from the front.
Two chambers, X and Y, are labelled.
X Y
Fig. 2.1
(a) Use Fig. 2.1, and your knowledge of the circulatory system, to complete Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
name of blood vessel carrying

chamber name of chamber
blood from chamber
[4]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15 [Turn over

4
(b) Fig. 2.2(a) shows how the mean blood pressure changes as blood flows through different
types of blood vessel after leaving the heart.
mean blood diameter of

pressure blood vessel
/ arbitrary / arbitrary
units units
arteries capillaries veins arteries capillaries veins

type of blood vessel type of blood vessel
Fig. 2.2(a) Fig. 2.2(b)
(i) Draw a line on Fig. 2.2(b) to show how the diameters of the vessels that blood flows
through vary.
[2]
(ii) Use the line you have drawn on Fig. 2.2(b), and your biological knowledge, to explain
why the mean blood pressure is higher in an artery than in a vein.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

5
(c) Fig. 2.3 shows blood returning to the heart at low pressure through a vein in a leg.
E
direction
of blood
flow back
to heart
Fig. 2.3
Name part D in Fig. 2.3.
Explain how this part enables blood to return to the heart.
(i) name of part D .........................................................
function ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest how the parts labelled E in Fig. 2.3 help blood to return to the heart.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 14]

6
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the distribution of blood groups in the population of a country.
50
45
40
percentage of 35
population
30
with each
blood group 25
(%) 20
15
10
5
0
A B AB O
blood group
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the type of variation shown in Fig. 3.1.
............................................................ [1]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (a)(i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The population of this country is approximately 63 million people. Use the information in
Fig. 3.1 to calculate the approximate number of people in the country that have blood
group B.
Show your working in the space below.
........................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

7
(b) Table 3.1 shows the distribution of blood groups in the populations of four countries.
Table 3.1
percentage of population with each blood group (%)

country
A B AB O
S 23 38 10 29
T 42 10 4 44
U 26 18 ............... 52
V 36 14 4 46
(i) Calculate the percentage of the population of country U that has blood group AB.
Write your answer in the space provided in Table 3.1. [1]
(ii) Suggest why the percentage of the population with each blood group varies between the
countries listed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Suggest why it might be necessary to know a person’s blood group.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

8
(d) A child’s mother has blood group AB and the child’s father has blood group O.
Draw a ring around each possible genotype and blood group of the child.
genotypes IAIA IAIo IBIB IBIo IAIB IoIo
blood groups A B AB O
You may use the space below to work out your answer.
[2]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

9
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows changes in the thickness of the uterus lining and in the concentration of
progesterone in the blood during the menstrual cycle.
thickness of
uterus lining
concentration of
progesterone in
the blood
0 7 14 21 28
time / days
menstruation
begins
Fig. 4.1
(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to state the time at which each of the following occurs:
the uterus lining reaches maximum thickness
........................................................
the concentration of progesterone begins to increase.
........................................................ [2]
(ii) Draw a ring around the day from Fig. 4.1 on which ovulation is most likely to occur.
day 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28
[1]
(iii) Explain how it can be concluded from Fig. 4.1 that the person did not become pregnant
during the 28 days shown, even though ovulation occurred.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

10
(b) The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones. Name two hormones, other than
progesterone, that control the menstrual cycle. State one role of each hormone.
name of hormone
…………………………………………………
role in the menstrual cycle
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
name of hormone
…………………………………………………
role in the menstrual cycle
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

11
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a plant growing in an area of well-watered soil.
Fig. 5.1
(a) The plant was held by the stem and pulled from the ground before being re-planted in another
area of well-watered soil.
It was observed that the plant wilted for several days after being re-planted and then recovered
its original appearance.
Suggest an explanation for this observation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

12
(b) Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of the plant.
Complete the equation below for photosynthesis using either words or symbols.
.......................... + .......................... .......................... + Glucose

(C6H12O6)
[1]
(c) Fig. 5.2 shows one leaf taken from the plant and the appearance of part of the lower side of
the leaf when viewed using a microscope.
Fig. 5.2
(i) Name the parts labelled P, Q and R in Fig. 5.2.
P .........................................................
Q .........................................................
R ......................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest how the upper surface of the same leaf would appear different from the lower
surface shown in Fig. 5.2 when viewed using a microscope. Explain the reason for this
difference.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

13
Section B
6 (a) Explain why most foods must be digested.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe the digestion of fats.
You should include reference to the following in your answer:
• named regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs

• named chemicals, including the end products of fat digestion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [7]
[Total: 10]
14
7 (a) A person looks up from focusing on a near object to focus on an object further away.
Describe how changes that take place in named components of the person’s eye produce a
focused image of the distant object.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(b) Suggest why these changes that take place in the eye are controlled by the nervous system,
rather than by a hormone.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

15
Section C
8 Name the components of human blood and explain how each component carries out its function.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [10]
[Total: 10]

16
9 (a) Define the term excretion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Explain how a kidney machine carries out the functions of a kidney for a person with kidney
disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [7]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/O/N/15

* 0 4 8 4 9 4 0 1 5 8 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (ST/CGW) 93588/4
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a carpel of a flower with two pollen grains on top.
pollen grain pollen grain

A B
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name each of the following:
(i) the process that has brought the pollen grains to the carpel
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the part of the carpel to which the pollen grains are attached.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) On Fig. 1.1, draw a line to show the route taken by the pollen tube up to the point at which
male and female gametes fuse. [3]
(c) Name each of the following:
(i) a part of the carpel where the nuclei are all diploid
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a part of the carpel that contains haploid nuclei.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

3
(d) Suggest why pollen grain A has not developed a pollen tube.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a sloth. The sloth is a mammal that lives in the trees of the South American
rainforests.
Fig. 2.1
Sloths have the following features:
• They are extremely slow moving.

• Some tear leaves from trees using their lips and the teeth at the back of their mouths.
• They have no front teeth.
• They climb down the tree to deposit their faeces in a hole they dig near the foot of the tree.
• They lose over a quarter of their body weight when they defaecate, which may be once every
6–8 days.
• Their fur is often green since it contains single-celled, plant-like organisms (algae).
• Their fur also contains blood-sucking mosquitoes and many small animals such as adult
moths that feed on the algae and on the hair of the sloth.
• Moths lay their eggs in the faeces of the sloth on which the moth larvae feed.
• The major predators of the sloth are jungle cats and the harpy eagle.
(a) The structure and functions of the regions of the sloth’s alimentary canal are generally similar
to those of a human.
(i) Suggest which type of front teeth are likely to be absent in the mouth of the sloth.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) One region of the sloth’s alimentary canal is proportionally much larger than the same
part in humans. Suggest which part and give a reason for your answer.
part ....................................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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5
(b) Complete the food web in Fig. 2.2 to show the feeding relationships of the organisms
mentioned on page 4.
tree
Fig. 2.2
[4]
(c) Suggest and explain an advantage to the sloths of each of the following:
(i) the algae that live in their fur
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) burying their faeces at the foot of the trees in which they live.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 12]

6
3 Fig. 3.1 shows blood pressure changes as blood flows through part of the circulatory system,
beginning at the right atrium, travelling to the lungs, and ending in the pulmonary vein.
blood
pressure
right C D E pulmonary vein

atrium
region of circulatory system
Fig. 3.1
(a) State which chamber of the heart is represented by C. Explain your answer.
chamber C ................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Explain the reasons for the regular changes in blood pressure in region D.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

7
(c) Important chemical changes occur in the blood as it passes through region E.
(i) Identify region E.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe and explain the chemical changes that occur.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Describe and explain how the shape of a graph drawn to show blood pressure changes as
blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body and back again would differ from Fig. 3.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 11]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a section through the leaf of a plant.
air space
Fig. 4.1
(a) State the letters that identify each of the following:
(i) the region containing cells with the greatest number of chloroplasts
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) two regions that contain cells with no chloroplasts.
................................................................. and .............................................................[1]
(b) Explain why Fig. 4.1 shows the leaf during daylight hours.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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9
(c) (i) Identify the tissues labelled H and I.
H ........................................................................................................................................
I .....................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the functions of these two tissues.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(d) Name a gas that gradually increases in concentration in the air space during the hours of
darkness. Give an explanation for your answer.
gas ............................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 12]

10
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some human activities that have an effect on the environment.
town forest
R
T
S R
Fig. 5.1
(a) Name two gases, other than carbon dioxide, released at R that are harmful to the environment.
For each gas, state the harm that it causes.
gas 1 .........................................................................................................................................
harm caused .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
gas 2 .........................................................................................................................................
harm caused .............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Explain how recycling could prevent the damage caused to the environment at S and T.
at S ...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
at T ............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

11
Section B
6 (a) Describe the digestive processes that take place in the mouth (buccal) cavity of a human.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Explain how food moves from the mouth (buccal) cavity to the stomach.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
12
7 (a) (i) Explain how wilting occurs in a plant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Explain why mature plants do not wilt as much as newly-transplanted seedlings, even
when both are exposed to similar conditions.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Suggest an explanation for what would happen to a plant if it is accidentally ‘watered’ with a
concentrated salt solution.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

13
Section C
8 (a) Describe how a bacterial cell differs from a typical animal cell.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Describe the role of bacteria in nitrogen fixation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Describe the part played by bacteria after a river has been polluted by sewage.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
14
9 (a) Outline the processes of mitosis and meiosis, including references to where they occur.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[7]
(b) Describe the advantages of asexual reproduction in plants with reference to a named
commercially important application.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

15
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

16
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2015 5090/22/O/N/15

* 2 0 1 1 8 4 4 8 6 2 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (LK/SG) 109209/3
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a model that a student made to represent the human breathing system.
clay drinking straw
rubber band
balloon
rigid plastic cup

rubber band
rubber sheet
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the part of the model shown in Fig. 1.1 that represents each of the following structures.
the trachea ................................................................................................................................
the diaphragm ...................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe how this model does not accurately represent the human breathing system.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
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3
(c) (i) The model can be used to demonstrate the action of breathing.
Describe what the student must do to the model to demonstrate the action of breathing in.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State what the student would observe as the model is used to demonstrate the action of
breathing in.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The model becomes damaged by a hole being made in the side of the rigid plastic cup.
Describe and explain how this damage will change what the student would observe as
the model is used to demonstrate the action of breathing in.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a magnified pollen grain from each of two plant species, A and B.
magnification ×830 magnification ×200
pollen grain from plant species A pollen grain from plant species B
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Use the information in Fig. 2.1 and your biological knowledge to describe three
differences between the pollen grains from species A and species B.
Write your answers in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
pollen grain from species A pollen grain from species B
[3]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16

5
(ii) Cross-pollination takes place in both species A and species B.
Describe what is meant by the term cross-pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Using the information provided by Fig. 2.1, describe how cross-pollination is most likely
to occur in species A and in species B.
species A
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
species B
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

6
(b) Fig. 2.2 is a photograph of the flowers of species A.
Fig. 2.2
List two features that would be present in the flowers of species B that are not present in
those of species A.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16

7
3 Fig. 3.1a is a diagram of the human skeleton. Fig. 3.1b is an X-ray that shows damage to part of a
person’s skeleton.
Fig. 3.1a Fig. 3.1b
(a) (i) Draw the letter X on Fig. 3.1a to show the location of the damage to the person’s skeleton
that is shown in Fig. 3.1b.
[1]
(ii) Describe the damage to the person’s skeleton shown in Fig. 3.1b.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

8
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows the arrangement of bones and muscles in part of a person’s body.
Fig. 3.2
(i) Name the muscle labelled B in Fig. 3.2.
………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) Draw an arrow on Fig. 3.2 to show the direction of movement that will be caused when
the muscle labelled B contracts.
[1]
(iii) When the muscle labelled B contracts, the muscle labelled A relaxes. State the term that
refers to a pair of muscles that act in this way.
…………………………………………………. [1]
(c) Fig. 3.3 shows the approximate percentage of body mass that is due to the skeleton in birds
and in humans.
15
approximate
percentage of 10
body mass due
to the skeleton
0
birds humans
Fig. 3.3
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16

9
(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.3 to compare the approximate percentage of body mass
that is due to the skeleton in birds and in humans.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) One reason for this difference is that the bones of a bird contain air spaces. These air
spaces are connected to the lungs of the bird.
The blood of birds contains more haemoglobin per unit volume than that of humans.
Suggest how these adaptations, and that shown in Fig. 3.3, help a bird to move by flying.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 11]

10
4 Table 4.1a shows some of the recommended dietary allowances for a child under the age of six
months.
Table 4.1b shows part of the composition of bottle milk that may be fed to a child under the age of
six months.
Table 4.1a Table 4.1b
recommended amount per

component
dietary allowance component 100 cm3 of
bottle milk
energy 2770 kJ
energy 277 kJ
protein 13 g
fat 3.6 g
vitamin C 30 mg
carbohydrate 7.3 g
iron 6 mg
protein 1.3 g
vitamin C 3.0 mg
iron 0.6 mg
(a) (i) Calculate the volume of bottle milk that a child under the age of six months should be
fed each day to obtain the recommended dietary allowance of each component listed in
Table 4.1a.
You may use the space below to work out your answer.
........................................................... [2]
(ii) State and explain the health risks to a child who is fed less bottle milk each day than the
volume you have calculated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16
11
(b) (i) Many mothers choose to feed their child breast milk rather than bottle milk.
Describe some advantages of breast milk compared with bottle milk.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Suggest one reason why a mother may choose to feed her child bottle milk.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
5 Complete the paragraph below by writing the most appropriate word in each of the spaces.
A ……………………….……. includes a long molecule of DNA that is divided into
sections called genes. Genes may be copied and passed on to the next generation.
Each gene may have two or more alternative forms called ……………….……………. . One of
these forms may be ………………….…………. and the other recessive. A change in the structure
of a gene or in the number of chromosomes is called a ……………………….……. . Chemicals
and ………………………….…. may increase the rate at which these changes take place.
[5]
[Total: 5]

12
Section B
6 Syphilis is an infectious disease.
(a) Describe how syphilis is transmitted.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe the symptoms, signs and effects of syphilis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Describe the treatment of syphilis and suggest why it is not possible to treat the infection that
leads to AIDS in the same way.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16
13
7 (a) Define the term hormone.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) (i) State the role of the hormone insulin in controlling blood sugar concentration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Name the condition caused if a person is unable to produce sufficient amounts of the
hormone insulin.
Describe the signs of the condition that you have named, and its treatment.
name of condition
………………………………………………….
description of signs and treatment
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]

14
Section C
8 (a) Describe the double circulation of blood in the human circulatory system and the different
functions of the two circuits.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(b) Describe the structure of a capillary and the transfer of a named material between capillaries
and tissue fluid.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16
15
9 (a) Discuss reasons for the conservation of species with reference to the management of
fisheries.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Describe the consequences of deforestation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16

16
BLANk pAGE
© UCLES 2016 5090/21/O/N/16

* 6 6 2 4 1 9 5 2 2 5 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NH/AR) 107981/7
2
Section A
1 Two separate strains, A and B, of the same species of microorganism are used in the making of
bread and beer (a drink that contains alcohol).
(a) (i) Name this type of microorganism ..................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the gas released by this microorganism during the production of bread and beer.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the volume of gas released by the strains while they are being used.
NH\
VWUDLQ$
VWUDLQ%

YROXPH
RIJDV
UHOHDVHG
DUELWUDU\
XQLWV

WLPHGD\V
Fig. 1.1
(i) Fig. 1.1 shows the gas released by strain B at a temperature of 18 °C.
Draw a curve on Fig. 1.1 to show the effect on strain B of increasing the temperature by
10 °C. [3]
(ii) Name two other external factors that would change the shape of the curves shown in
Fig. 1.1.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16
3
(c) Strain A has a sweet taste and strain B has a bitter taste.
Suggest which strain is used for making bread. Give reasons for your answer.
strain used in making bread ..................................................
reasons .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows part of the flowering head of a small tree that grows in tropical rainforests.
D
C E
gas K
gas L
F
gas H
gas J
Fig. 2.1
(a) Identify the structures C, D, E and F shown on Fig. 2.1.
C ........................................................................
D ........................................................................
E ........................................................................
F ........................................................................ [4]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16

5
(b) (i) Structure D contains stomata similar to those found in the leaves.
H, J, K and L represent gases that pass into and out of the leaves and flowers during
daylight hours.
Identify the gases H and J.
H ........................................................................
J ......................................................................... [2]
(ii) The flowers are very pale pink in colour. Suggest the identity of gases K and L.
Give an explanation for your answer.
K ........................................................................
L ........................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Extracts from the tree have many uses in medicine. Some of the extracts are alkaline and
have anti-bacterial properties.
Some stomach problems are caused by excess acid production.

Suggest why these tree extracts are sometimes used to treat such stomach problems.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 12]

6
3 Table 3.1 shows the percentage of smokers in a particular country and the number of deaths from
lung cancer in that country during the years 1920 to 2010.
Table 3.1
year percentage of the deaths from lung

population that cancer per 100,000
were smokers people
1920 30 100
1930 35 150
1940 45 200
1950 60 250
1960 40 550
1970 30 700
1980 25 800
1990 20 700
2000 20 525
2010 18 500
(a) (i) Name the drug in tobacco smoke responsible for addiction.
...................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name a substance in tobacco smoke known to cause cancer.
...................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name a substance in tobacco smoke that affects the carriage of respiratory gases.
...................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16

7
(iv) Explain why a pregnant woman is advised not to smoke.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Describe and explain the relationship between the number of smokers and the number of
deaths from lung cancer shown in Table 3.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a section through a heart connected to what is described as an LV Assist Device.
tube N
tube M
wire to power
source
LV Assist Device
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Use Fig. 4.1 to suggest why the device is called an LV Assist Device.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the type of tissue through which tube M passes.
........................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the blood vessel into which tube N is inserted.
........................................................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16

9
(b) Draw arrows on Fig. 4.1 to show
(i) the direction of blood flow in the blood vessels that carry blood into the heart. [2]
(ii) the direction of blood flow through the LV Assist Device. [1]
(c) Name the valve that is bypassed by blood flowing through the LV Assist Device.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Sometimes the pulmonary circulation requires artificial assistance. Suggest and describe
where, under these circumstances, an Assist Device would be fitted.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]

10
5 Sweet clover is a member of the pea and bean family (leguminous plants) that grows amongst
grass in fields used for cattle feed.
(a) Explain how sweet clover can improve the soil in which it grows.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) As sweet clover dries, fungi that grow on it produce a chemical (dicoumarol) that prevents
blood from clotting.
Suggest a protein that cattle which eat sweet clover affected by such fungi might be unable to
produce.
.................................................... [1]
(c) Dicoumarol has been used for many years as a constituent in a form of rat poison.
Fig. 5.1 shows the change in the LD50 for dicoumarol in rats from 2000 to 2015.
The LD50 is a measure of the amount of poison that will kill 50% of the rats that consume it.
LD50
/ arbitrary
units
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

year
Fig. 5.1
© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16

11
(i) Describe the change in the LD50 for dicoumarol in rats from 2000 to 2015.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the change you have described.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]

12
Section B
6 (a) As a person gets older, the lens of the eye loses its elasticity.
Describe and explain how light rays from a near object pass through the eye but may not form
a sharply focused image for an older person.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[7]
(b) Suggest how reading glasses may bring the image into focus.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
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13
7 (a) Describe and explain the benefits to a person of the changes that occur in the body during a
physical activity such as a 400 m running race.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[8]
(b) Explain why, after this type of physical activity, a person remains out of breath for several
minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]
14
Section C
8 (a) Describe the similarities and differences between the absorption of ions in plants and the
uptake of glucose in humans.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Explain why humans absorb amino acids but plants do not.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
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15
9 (a) Describe the role of the mosquito in the spread of disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Describe the symptoms of named diseases that may result from deficiencies in a balanced
diet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 10]
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16
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© UCLES 2016 5090/22/O/N/16

* 3 9 4 5 8 3 2 3 5 0 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NH/FD) 129018/3
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows four types of human teeth A, B, C and D.
A B C D
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 below shows the arrangement of teeth in the lower jaw of a human.
(a) Complete Fig. 1.2 to show the following for each of the two types of teeth indicated:
• the identity of each type of tooth by writing the correct letter A, B, C or D from
Fig. 1.1
• the name of each type of tooth
• one function of each type of tooth. [6]
letter from Fig. 1.1 .............................
name of type of tooth .............................
one function .................................................................
.................................................................
letter from Fig. 1.1 .............................
name of type of tooth .............................
one function ............................................
.................................................................
Fig. 1.2
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3
(b) (i) State the causes of dental decay.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the proper care of teeth.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a section through a human kidney and its associated structures.
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name the blood vessels P and Q in Fig. 2.1.
P ......................................................................
Q ...................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the fluid R in Fig. 2.1 and describe the route taken by this fluid from leaving the
kidney to being removed from the body.
name of fluid ......................................................................................................................
route taken by fluid ............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
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5
(b) A person with kidney damage requires the process of dialysis to take place several times
each week.
Before dialysis begins, a surgical procedure is used to create a connection, called an

AV fistula, between two blood vessels in the arm.
Fig. 2.2 shows the AV fistula and the connections between the blood vessels and a kidney
machine.
from
kidney
machine
vein
to kidney artery
machine
AV fistula
Fig. 2.2
(i) Suggest why the connection made between blood vessels is called an AV fistula.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State one way in which blood returning from the kidney machine will differ from blood
leaving the body to enter the kidney machine.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Describe the role in dialysis of each of these components of a kidney machine:
artificial membrane
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
dialysis fluid
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 13]
6
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the flow of energy within a biological system.
Sun
95%
lost
5%
10% 10% 10%
tree caterpillar songbird hawk
90% 90% 90%

lost lost lost
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Name the type of chart shown in Fig. 3.1.
...................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name one example, shown in Fig. 3.1, of each of the following types of organism.
producer .............................................................................................................................
carnivore ............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) (i) Suggest why only 5% of the energy from the Sun passes to the tree.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe how energy is lost between the songbird and the hawk.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
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7
(c) Fig. 3.2 shows two possible uses of the same area of land to produce food.
1 hectare of land
when farmed
produces produces
or 7.5 tonnes of
0.3 tonnes of lamb wheat grain to
to produce 1200 produce 12 000
portions of meat loaves of bread
Fig. 3.2
Use the information in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2, and your own knowledge, to explain why it is
possible to feed a greater number of people if the area of land is used to farm crops rather
than to farm animals.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 13]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a human cell.
cell membrane
cytoplasm containing
haemoglobin
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name and state the main function of the type of cell shown in Fig. 4.1.
name ......................................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Suggest and explain what symptoms might be experienced by a person with an unusually low
number of this type of cell.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Explain what would happen to the cell shown in Fig. 4.1 if placed in pure water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
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9
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the fruits of two plants, A and B. Both fruits are animal-dispersed.
fruit A fruit B
Fig. 5.1
With reference to the features shown in Fig. 5.1, describe how these fruits are dispersed.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 5]

10
Section B
6 Fig. 6.1a shows the right eye of a person before moving into an area of bright light.
Fig. 6.1a Fig. 6.1b
(a) (i) Complete Fig. 6.1b to show the appearance of the right eye of the person shortly after
moving into an area of bright light. [1]
(ii) With reference to named structures within the eye, describe the changes that take place
when a person moves into an area of bright light.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Name the type of action that occurs to make the changes that you have described and
suggest why it is important that these changes take place.
type of action ......................................................................
why the changes take place .....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 10]
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11
7 Fig. 7.1 shows a fermenter used for the production of an antibiotic.
motor
W X
water out
pH and
temperature
sensors stirring
paddles
water in
Z Y
Fig. 7.1
(a) (i) Identify what enters or leaves through each of W, X, Y and Z in Fig. 7.1.
W ......................................................................
X ......................................................................
Y ......................................................................
Z ...................................................................... [4]
(ii) Explain the importance of the substance entering through Y in the production of the
antibiotic.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

12
(b) Explain why it is important to detect and to control the pH and temperature of the contents of
the fermenter.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Suggest one advantage of the motor being located outside, rather than inside, the reaction
vessel of the fermenter.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/O/N/17

13
Section C
8 (a) With reference to specific examples, explain how and why diet should be related to the age
and activity of an individual.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe digestion in the human stomach.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]

14
9 (a) Describe how the nervous system is involved in the maintenance of a constant body
temperature.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Describe the role of the hormone adrenaline and give one example of a situation in which
adrenaline may be released.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/O/N/17

15
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© UCLES 2017 5090/21/O/N/17

16
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2017 5090/21/O/N/17

* 7 0 2 7 7 1 1 4 3 2 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NH/FD) 129019/5
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows stages in the development of human twins.
structure
P
child child
A B
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, label and name each of the following:
• a gamete,
• a zygote. [2]
(b) Name the part of the female reproductive system that structure P enters.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

3
(c) If the sex chromosome in the sperm is a Y chromosome, and in the ovum (egg) is an
X chromosome, state the sex of child A and of child B. Explain your answer.
child A ........................................
child B ........................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(d) Explain how a woman’s body prevents further ova (eggs) from being released until the end of
her pregnancy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 11]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows changes in the body temperature of a person.
body normal body

temperature temperature (37 °C)
E F
time
Fig. 2.1
(a) State the term for maintaining constant conditions, such as temperature, in the body.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Suggest three things that could happen to account for the shape of the curve during time E.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Explain what is happening in the body to cause the change in body temperature at time F.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

5
(d) Name each of the following:
(i) the process by which the return to a set point, as illustrated by Fig. 2.1, is achieved,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the part of the brain that controls this process.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]

6
3 An experiment was carried out to investigate the inheritance of flower colour.
In cross 1, a plant with blue flowers (plant G) was pollinated by another plant with blue flowers
(plant H). The resulting seeds were collected and labelled ‘batch 1’.
In cross 2, plant G was pollinated by a plant with white flowers (plant J). The resulting seeds were
collected and labelled ‘batch 2’.
All the plants were of the same species.
Fifty seeds from each of batch 1 and batch 2 were grown and the number of plants with white
flowers was counted.
The results are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
batch number of plants with white flowers

1 (from cross 1) 12
2 (from cross 2) 27
(a) Name the dominant phenotype in this experiment ...............................................................[1]
The alleles controlling flower colour in this plant are B (dominant) and b (recessive).
(b) (i) State the genotypes of
plant G ........................................
plant H ........................................
plant J ........................................ [3]
(ii) State which of these plants is heterozygous .................................................................[1]
Question 3 continues on page 7.
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

7
(c) In the box below, draw a genetic diagram for cross 1 (between plants G and H).
[5]
[Total: 10]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the relationships between a number of organisms living together in a South
American rainforest.
nectar from an orchid the bumble bee is the only

gives male bumble bees insect strong enough to push
the necessary scent to past the coiled petal and reach
attract females the nectar
coiled petal
orchid bumble flower of nut collectors

bee Brazil nut tree harvest and sell
anthers the nuts
Brazil nut tree

grows only as an
uncultivated plant
fruit of the
in the Amazon
Brazil nut tree
rainforest
with an extremely
hard pericarp
agouti – the only animal

jaguar capable of opening the fruit.
feeds on It stores nuts (seeds) by burying
agoutis seeds (nuts) them, but often then forgets
inside fruit about them.
not to scale
Fig. 4.1
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

9
(a) Fig. 4.2 is an incomplete food web for these organisms. Complete Fig. 4.2 by:
• writing the name of an organism in each box,

• completing the arrows to show the flow of energy.
[4]
Fig. 4.2
(b) Name the type of seed dispersal found in the Brazil nut tree. Give a reason for your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Suggest the possible effects on the community in the rainforest if the orchids were killed by
disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 12]

10
5 Muscles are arranged around joints in pairs. One muscle contracts to bend a limb at a joint, and
the other contracts to straighten it.
(a) (i) State the term for muscles that act in this way ..............................................................[1]
(ii) Name the muscle in your arm that contracts to move your hand away from your nose
after smelling a flower.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows how muscles are arranged in the human leg and pelvis, and also shows the
leg in two different positions, R and S.
X
W
V Y
leg in position R leg in position S
Fig. 5.1
(i) Using the letters in Fig. 5.1, identify the two muscles that contract to move the leg off the
ground from position R to position S.
........................................ and ........................................ [2]
(ii) State what happens to the other muscles in Fig. 5.1 during this action.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

11
(c) Describe how a similar arrangement of muscles in the eye helps vision in dim light.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]

12
Section B
6 (a) Explain why most living organisms depend on photosynthesis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) Explain why increasing the light intensity in which a plant is growing does not necessarily
increase its rate of photosynthesis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
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13
7 (a) Describe the causes and symptoms of each of the following:
(i) rickets,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) scurvy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Suggest why the alimentary canal does not produce any enzymes to work on vitamins.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]

14
Section C
8 (a) Explain how water is taken into a plant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Suggest and explain why plants that absorb a toxic chemical from the soil that slows down
the rate of respiration, do not grow as well as those growing in toxin-free soils.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
[Total: 10]
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15
9 (a) Describe and explain the features of a gas exchange surface.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Explain the effect of exercise on the breathing rate of a person.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Living at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells in a person’s blood.
Suggest why athletes sometimes train at high altitude.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]
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16
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© UCLES 2017 5090/22/O/N/17

* 0 9 2 1 9 0 5 6 0 0 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NF/SW) 145249/3
2
Section A
1 The diagram shows the parts of a plant growing above ground.
brightly coloured
flower
plantlets fruit
(a) (i) State the type of reproduction that takes place using the flower shown in the diagram.
............................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the events that must take place for the flower to develop into a fruit.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [5]
(b) The plant may also reproduce without using a flower, to produce new plants from plantlets.
State the type of reproduction that produces the plantlets.
............................................................................................. [1]
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3
(c) Suggest the advantages to the plant of reproducing by each of the following methods:
using flowers, ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
using plantlets. ..........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 10]

4
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5
2 The diagram shows a seed (Fig. 1) and a plant developing from this seed (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
(a) (i) Name two structures visible in Fig. 2 that are not visible in Fig. 1.
1 ..............................................
2 .............................................. [2]
(ii) Name the process represented by the arrow drawn between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
Describe the use of enzymes in this process.
name of process ..............................................
use of enzymes ..................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) In an experiment, the growth of a plant from a seed is found to be faster as temperatures
increase up to 35 °C.
Explain how the development of a plant from a seed would be affected by a temperature
much higher than 35 °C.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]

6
3 The diagram shows the arrangement of bones and muscles in the arm.
B
A
(a) (i) Name each of the following:
A ..............................................
B ..............................................
C .............................................. [3]
(ii) Identify the hinge joint on the diagram, by using a label line and the letter H. [1]
(iii) Describe how the type of movement of a ball and socket joint differs from that of a hinge
joint.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The contraction of muscle A to raise the lower part of the arm requires energy. This energy
may be provided by aerobic respiration.
(i) State the equation, in words or symbols, for aerobic respiration.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why a person may feel pain in muscle A if the arm is raised and lowered a
number of times quickly.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 5090/21/O/N/18

7
(iii) Suggest and explain what would happen to the time taken for the person to feel pain in
muscle A if the arm was raised and lowered while holding a heavy object in the hand.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]

8
4 The diagram shows the human thorax.
rib
internal and external

intercostal muscles
diaphragm
(a) (i) Describe how each of the structures named in the diagram is involved when a person
takes a single breath in.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
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9
(ii) The diagrams below show two magnified structures, D and E, from the thorax.
mucus-
producing capillary
cell
red blood
cell
structure D structure E
Draw lines labelled D and E on the diagram of the thorax on page 8 to indicate the
positions of structure D and structure E. [2]
(b) Describe how structure is related to function for each of the following:
a capillary, .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
a red blood cell. ........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 10]

10
5 Fig. 1 shows cells from a plant tissue which have been mounted on a slide with distilled water and
viewed using a microscope.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2 shows cells taken from the same plant tissue when mounted on a slide with concentrated
salt solution.
P
Q
Fig. 2
(a) Explain the appearance of the cells in Fig. 2.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) Identify structures P and Q in Fig. 2.
P ..............................................
Q .............................................. [2]
(ii) State the contents of location R in Fig. 2.
.............................................. [1]
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11
(iii) The concentrations of substances in structure Q are different from those in location R.
Explain how the properties of structure P result in differences in concentrations of

substances in Q and R.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

12
Section B
6 The diagram shows the location of several features close to a river that runs from mountains into
the ocean.
mountains
agricultural town
land
power station
burning coal
ocean
(a) Describe and explain the possible harmful effects of human activity on the environment at
each of the following locations:
the agricultural land, .................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
the power station. .....................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
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13
(b) Suggest ways in which people in the town could make changes to their activities in order to
reduce the harmful impact that they have on the environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 10]

14
7 The diagram shows a region of the alimentary canal and the associated organs.
S
diaphragm
(a) (i) Identify part S.
.............................................. [1]
(ii) Name and describe the process which moves food through part S.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) (i) Draw a ring around the correct words to complete the sentence below.
higher than the same as lower than
The pH at location U is ......................................... that at location T. [1]
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15
(ii) Explain how the pH at location U results from secretions produced by organs shown in
the diagram. Name these organs.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]

16
Section C
8 (a) Describe and explain how each of the following affects enzyme activity:
pH, ............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
temperature. .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [7]
(b) Name one enzyme that acts in a named part of the alimentary canal and describe the role of
this enzyme in digestion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
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17
9 (a) Describe and explain how each of the following affects the rate of photosynthesis:
light intensity, ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
temperature. .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [7]
(b) Explain how animals are dependent on the process of photosynthesis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
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* 4 0 3 1 9 5 2 5 2 0 *
BIOLOGY 5090/22
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (SC/SG) 145248/3
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show transverse sections of two types of blood vessel.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
(a) (i) Name the type of blood vessel shown in:
Fig. 1 .............................................
Fig. 2 ............................................. [2]
(ii) Describe the differences in the structures shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 that helped you to
identify these blood vessels.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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3
(b) The diagram below is of a simplified, incomplete longitudinal section from the type of blood
vessel shown in Fig. 2. The direction of blood flow is shown.
direction of blood flow
(i) Complete the diagram by drawing one set of valves.

[2]
(ii) Describe the function of these valves.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

4
2 The diagram shows the human male reproductive organs and associated structures.
fluid from
organ G
organ F
tube H
tube E
(a) (i) Identify each of the following:
tube E .............................................
organ F .............................................
organ G .............................................
tube H ............................................. [4]
(ii) State one difference between the fluids carried by tube E and tube H.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) State one way in which the fluid from organ G may be different in a person with diabetes
compared to a person without diabetes.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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5
(ii) A person with diabetes may be treated with insulin produced by genetically modified
bacteria.
Outline how such genetically modified bacteria may be produced and used to
manufacture human insulin on a commercial scale.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]

6
3 The diagram shows a pollen grain with a pollen tube growing from it.
Pollen grains from the same type of plant were placed in sucrose solutions of different
concentrations for a fixed amount of time. After this time, the pollen grains and tubes were
examined using a microscope. The following observations were made for each concentration of
sucrose:
• the number of pollen grains that had germinated to produce a pollen tube,
• the length of each pollen tube.
The table shows the results of the investigation.
% sucrose % of pollen grains mean pollen tube

concentration germinated length / mm
1 6 0.005
2 13 0.008
4 25 0.015
8 56 0.040
10 31 0.030
20 25 0.018
40 13 0.006
(a) (i) A total of 12 pollen grains were placed in the 20% sucrose solution.
Use the information in the table to calculate the number of pollen grains that germinated
to produce a pollen tube in the 20% sucrose solution.
........................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the mean pollen tube length was calculated for each sucrose concentration.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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7
(iii) Use the information in the table to suggest the optimum (best) concentration of sucrose
solution for pollen tube germination and growth.
............................................................ %
Explain how the information in the table enabled you to reach this conclusion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) The germination of a pollen grain to form a pollen tube requires the movement of water
into the pollen grain from its surroundings.
Suggest why placing a pollen grain in a solution with a higher sucrose concentration
than in your answer to (a)(iii) may result in a lower percentage of germination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Describe the route taken by a growing pollen tube in a plant and explain its importance in
plant reproduction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 12]

8
4 The graph shows the variation in the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water of a
pond over a period of 24 hours.
night day night
carbon
dioxide
concentration
of gas
time
(a) (i) Explain how plants that live in the water contribute to the changes in concentration of
dissolved carbon dioxide shown in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Draw a line on the graph above to show how the concentration of dissolved oxygen in
the water of the same pond is likely to change over the same period of time. [2]
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9
(b) Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. The higher the concentration of
dissolved carbon dioxide, the lower the pH.
Ammonia is a toxic chemical found in ponds, that may harm fish.
The graph shows how the concentration of dissolved ammonia in the water of a pond changes
as the pH changes.
100
90
80
70
60
% ammonia 50
40
30
20
10
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Use this graph and the graph on page 8 to suggest and explain at which time of day fish that
live in the pond are most likely to be affected by the toxic effects of ammonia.
Draw a ring around the correct time of day.
time of day sunrise midday sunset
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 10]

10
5 (a) Describe the role of each of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle:
FSH, ..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
progesterone. ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) The chart shows the timing and duration of events that take place during part of a menstrual
cycle.
day in cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
event in cycle
phase of cycle fertile phase
key: menstruation
ovulation
(i) Suggest why pregnancy may occur if sexual intercourse takes place several days before
ovulation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name the method of birth control that makes use of the information in a chart like this.
Explain how this method of birth control is used to prevent pregnancy.
name of method ...............................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
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11
(iii) Suggest why the method of birth control that you have named in (b)(ii) is considered to
be unreliable.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]

12
Section B
6 The graph shows how the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed since the
year 1700.
0.040
0.038
0.036
% carbon dioxide
0.034
0.032
0.030
0.028
0
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
year
(a) Explain how human activity is likely to have contributed to the change in the percentage of
carbon dioxide.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
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13
(b) Describe and evaluate the effects of this change in the percentage of carbon dioxide.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 10]

14
7 Fig. 1 shows a leaf immediately after falling from a growing plant. Fig. 2 shows a leaf from the
same plant several months after falling from the plant onto the soil below.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
(a) (i) Name the process that has taken place to cause the leaf in Fig. 2 to appear different
from that in Fig. 1.
....................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain how named types of microorganism have carried out this process.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[5]
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15
(b) Explain how the plant benefits from this process taking place in the large number of leaves
that fall from the plant onto the soil below.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 10]

16
Section C
8 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms and describe one example of each:
discontinuous variation, ............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
continuous variation. .................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[7]
(b) Name the molecule that controls production of proteins in each body cell of a human and
describe its importance in inheritance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
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17
9 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms and describe one example of each in
either a plant or an animal:
diffusion, ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
active transport. ........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[7]
(b) Starch is a carbohydrate stored inside plant cells.
Explain why starch is a more suitable storage substance than glucose.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
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18
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19
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20
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w
w
w
.X
tr
me
eP
ap
er
s
.c
om
* 2 3 5 8 7 7 2 8 5 3 *
BIOLOGY 5090/21
1 hour 45 minutes
Section A
Section B
Section C

DC (NF/SW) 90466/5
2
Section A
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through the skin in two different environmental conditions, A and
B.
skin in environmental skin in environmental

condition A condition B
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, label each of the following:
• a sweat gland
• a capillary. [2]
(b) Use the information in Fig. 1.1 to suggest how environmental condition B is different from
environmental condition A.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) State two differences between the skin in environmental condition A and the skin in
environmental condition B.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
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3
(ii) Explain the advantages to a person in environmental condition B of the two differences
you have stated in your answer to (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]

4
2 Table 2.1 shows the volume of blood supplied to parts of the body at rest and during strenuous
exercise.
Table 2.1
volume of blood supplied in cm3 / min

part of body during strenuous
at rest
exercise
brain 750 750
heart 250 750
skeletal muscle 1200 12500
skin 500 1900
kidneys 1100 ....................
digestive organs 1400 600
other 600 400
Total 5800 17500
(a) (i) Calculate the volume of blood that is supplied to the brain at rest as a percentage of the
total supplied to the whole body.
Show your working in the space below.
...................................................... % [2]
(ii) Name the blood vessels that supply each kidney with blood.
............................................................ [1]
(iii) Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the volume of blood supplied to the kidneys
during strenuous exercise.
Write your answer in the space provided in Table 2.1. [1]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/M/J/15

5
(b) Use the information in Table 2.1 to name two parts of the body that have an increased supply
of blood during strenuous exercise.
Explain the advantage to the body of increasing the supply of blood to each of the parts you
name.
name of part .........................................................
advantage ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
name of part .........................................................
advantage ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Using the information in Table 2.1, suggest why eating immediately before exercise is not
recommended.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

6
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a fetus developing in the uterus of a mother. The fluid labelled C contains cells from
the fetus.
A long, hollow needle may be used to withdraw some of the fluid into a syringe. The DNA from the
cells in this fluid can then be analysed to find the sex of the fetus and to detect mutations.
fluid C
uterus
long-needled
syringe used to
remove some of
fluid C
Fig. 3.1
(a) Name fluid C and state its function.
name of fluid .............................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) Label the placenta on Fig. 3.1 using a line and the letter P. [1]
(ii) State two functions of the placenta.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/M/J/15

7
(c) Fig. 3.2 shows the chromosomes found in the nucleus of one cell of a developing fetus.
Fig. 3.2
State the sex of this fetus and explain your answer.
sex ............................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) This fetus has a mutation.
(i) Describe the mutation shown in Fig. 3.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest the condition that this child could be born with as a result of this mutation.
............................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]

8
4 (a) Define the term drug.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows some of the organs of a person that can be affected by the use of drugs.
lung
Fig. 4.1
Complete Table 4.1 by naming organs D and E and by giving one effect of each drug on the
named organ.
Table 4.1
organ label name of

drug one effect of drug
on Fig. 4.1 organ
heroin D
alcohol E
[4]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/M/J/15

9
(c) (i) Name two toxic components of tobacco smoke.
1 ...........................................................
2 ........................................................... [2]
(ii) State the likely effect on her baby if a mother smokes tobacco throughout pregnancy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

10
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some of the interactions that take place in an aquatic ecosystem.
animal waste food
uneaten food
ammonium
ions
nitrate
ions
nitrite
Y ions Y
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Use the information in Fig. 5.1 to state each of the following:
the trophic level of the aquatic plant
............................................................
the trophic level of the fish
............................................................
the chemical element being cycled in this ecosystem.
............................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain one way, other than for food, that the fish may depend on the aquatic plant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) Name each of the processes represented by the letters X and Y.
process X .........................................................
process Y ......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 5090/21/M/J/15

11
(ii) Name one type of microorganism that will carry out both process X and process Y.
......................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain how aquatic plants take up nitrate ions from their surroundings.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Suggest what effect pollution by nitrogen-containing fertilisers might have on this ecosystem.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 13]

12
Section B
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a structure found in part of the alimentary canal.
Fig. 6.1
(a) Name the structure shown in Fig. 6.1 and state the part of the alimentary canal in which it is
found.
name of structure .......................................................................................................................
location in alimentary canal .................................................................................................. [2]
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13
(b) Explain the ways in which this structure is adapted to enable it to carry out its function.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [8]
[Total: 10]

14
7 (a) Describe the significance of each of the following features of a dicotyledonous leaf in terms of
the process named:
(i) the distribution of chloroplasts in the process of photosynthesis
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) stomata and mesophyll cells in the process of gas exchange.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Transverse sections were taken from the root and stem of a dicotyledonous plant.
Describe differences in how two named tissues involved in transport are arranged in each of
these sections.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
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15
Section C
8 (a) Describe the external features of one named example of a wind-dispersed fruit or seed. State
the importance to the plant of this method of dispersal.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(b) State two environmental conditions that affect the germination of seeds. Describe the
importance of each condition.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 10]
16
9 (a) Describe and explain how an increase in each of the following factors surrounding a plant
affects the rate of transpiration:
• temperature
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
• light intensity
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
• humidity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [7]
(b) Suggest the importance of transpiration to a plant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
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READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

You are advised to spend no longer than one hour on Section A.

Electronic calculators may be used.

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

Answer all questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

(a) Name each of the following:

• the gas released

• the metabolic process that releases it

• the essential chemical constituents of the nutrient solution.

................................................................ and ................................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

(c) Explain the shape of the curve after 60 oC.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

how the flower is pollinated ....................................................

Question 2 continues on page 6

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

Question 2 continues over the page

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

flow of nutrients from tree to ghost plant

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the blood supply to cells in the liver.

(a) (i) Name the cells labelled C and D in Fig. 3.1.

Name three substances that move in the direction shown.

(b) (i) Describe the effect of adrenaline on liver cells.

(ii) State a situation in which this might occur.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

(i) State two symptoms of this condition.

(ii) State how this condition is treated.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

(a) Using these letters, indicate each of the following:

(i) the genotype of a woman who is unable to smell the flower

............................. and ............................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

Suggest two possible causes of the mutation.

2 .............................................................. ............................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

water intake / dm3 water loss / dm3

Total 2.25 Total 2.50

(ii) Explain why exhaled air contains water.

(c) Explain the importance of water in urine.

Answer both questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

(i) Suggest why some of the seeds did not germinate.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

7 (a) Describe each of the following processes:

(i) active transport

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15

Answer either question 8 or question 9.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

8 (a) Outline the role of microorganisms in the production of yoghurt.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

9 Syphilis and HIV are both spread by sexual contact.

(a) Describe the cause and symptoms of syphilis.

(b) State how syphilis is treated.

(c) Discuss how the spread of HIV may be controlled.

© UCLES 2015 5090/22/M/J/15