Impacts From Three-Dimensional Effect On The Wall Deflection Induced by A Deep Excavation in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Impacts From Three-Dimensional Effect On The Wall Deflection Induced by A Deep Excavation in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Impacts From Three-Dimensional Effect On The Wall Deflection Induced by A Deep Excavation in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Impacts from three-dimensional effect on the wall deflection induced by a deep excavation in
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
i) Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415Chien-Kung Road,
Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
ii) PhD Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415Chien-Kung Road,
Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, it aims to examine impacts from three-dimensional effect on the wall deflection induced by a deep
excavation in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The commercial software PLAXIS 3D was used as a numerical tool for 3D
finite element analyses in this study. First, a benchmark analysis was performed to simulate a case history of deep
excavation in thick layers of sand (Case A) to verify the performance of 3D numerical analysis model in predicting
the wall displacements. It is aware that there is a little limitation in prediction of the wall movements by using a
constitutive soil model having single elastic modulus. Next, a series of parametric studies that uses the same input
parameters as the benchmark analysis was conducted to model the excavation of Case A with various values of
excavation length (L) and width (B). From these parametric studies, plane strain ratio (PSR), which is the ratio of the
maximum wall deflection of a certain section to the maximum wall deflection of the section under the plane strain
condition, was determined with various values of distance from evaluated section to the excavation corner (d), length
(L) and width (B) of excavation. A relationship between PSR, d and ratio of B/L was thus interpreted. It is
summarized that PSR is smaller than in sand rather than in clay for B/L more than 1.0, but it is larger than in sand
rather than in clay for B/L less than 0.5. Further verification may have to be delivered later in order to explore the
reason for the difference.
Keywords: deep excavation, wall deflection, three-dimensional effect, plane strain ratio, PLAXIS 3D.
http://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.TWN-15 1602
later numerical analyses. Case A was located in the dominantly affect the excavation behavior.
central area of Kaohsiung city, next to the O7 station, According to previous researches, such as Hsieh et
which is on the Orange line of Kaohsiung MRT system. al. (2003), Ou (2006), Kung et al. (2007) and
The shape of Case A was rectangular with 70 m in Schweiger (2009), the constitutive soil model adopted
length and 20 m in width. The excavation was carried in numerical analysis has a very little influence on
out by the bottom-up construction method and was predicting the wall deflection induced by deep
retained by a diaphragm wall that is 0.9 m thick and 32 excavations. As a result, the linear elastic-perfectly
m deep. It was excavated by five-stage excavation with plastic Mohr-Coulomb model (MC model), a basic
the maximum excavation depth of 16.8 m. The model of soil, was adopted to simulate soils in the
retaining wall was propped by steel struts at four levels, model of benchmark analysis. The distance from the
and the horizontal spacing of the struts was average lateral boundaries of this model to the retaining wall
about 5.5 m. Fig. 1 below shows the cross section and was taken to be four times excavation depth. This
ground condition of Case A. distance is considered because the maximum length of
influence zone of settlement behind the retaining wall
Ground level: 0.0 m SID was four times excavation depth according to previous
CL, Su = 28MPa 1.50 m (1H400x400x13x21)
studies of Clough and O'Rourke (1990), Kung et al.
2.0 m
1 2.50 m (2007), Wang et al. (2010), and Ou and Hsieh (2011).
In the benchmark analysis, the soil layers of CL type
SM, N = 5-11 (clayey soils) were simulated with MC model in a total
6.5 m 6.30 m (2H400x400x13x21)
CL, Su = 21MPa 2 7.30 m
8.0 m stress undrained analysis, and the soil layers of SM type
9.65 m (2H400x400x13x21)
3 10.65 m
(sandy soils) were modeled with MC model in an
effective stress drained analysis. The strength
13.00 m (2H400x400x13x21) parameters of soils were directly taken from laboratory
4 14.00 m
tests. Poisson's ratio was assumed as 0.35 for sand
SM, N = 5-17 5 16.80 m
17.0 m layers and 0.495 ( 0.5) for clay layers. For stiffness
parameters, as reported by Hsiung (2009), effective
Young's modulus of sandy silts and silty sands could be
23.5 m
SM, N = 5-17 obtained by the following equation:
0.9 m diaphram wall
E ' 2000 N (kPa) (1)
SM, N = 5-17
28.5 m in which, N is blow counts in Standard Penetration
CL, Su = 84MPa
30.5 m
32.0 m
Tests (SPT).
According to the studies of Bowles (1996), Lim et al.
(2010), Likitlersuang et al. (2013), and Khoiri and Ou
(2013), undrained Young's modulas of clayey silts and
42.0 m
SM, N = 18-26 silty clays could be estimated as follows:
Eu 500 Su (2)
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repeated uses and improper installation of steel struts The main reason can be possibly related to this fact that
(see Ou, 2006). the MC model dose not consider the strain-dependent
Fig. 2 below shows results obtained from the stiffness behavior or the small train characteristics that
benchmark analysis. The field measurements are also invole high stiffness modulus at small strain levels of soil.
shown in this figure for comparison, and only wall Only a single Young’s modulus of soil can be used for
deflection is demonstrated in this paper. MC model and such model also dose not distinguish
As can be noted from Fig. 2, the walls behave as a between loading and unloading/reloading stiffness. It is
cantilever at the first stage of excavation because the thus concluded that Young's modulus of sand adopted in
the MC model was thus underestimated at the earlier
struts at the first level have not yet installed and
stages of excavation due to wider range of small strain soil
preloaded. The walls then become prop-mode at the
area at these stages, and it thus leads to over-prediction of
subsequent stages of excavation. wall displacements herein.
The predicted wall deflections at the earlier stages of
Furthermore, it is aware that the heave of excavation
excavation (Stages 1, 2 and 3) in general are all slightly
bottom is significantly over-predicted because the MC
larger than the field measurements, respectively, no matter
model does not consider the higher stiffness of ground
in long side or short side. Once excavation goes deeper,
below the excavation level that is unloaded during
the predicted wall deflections at the later stages (Stages 4
excavation process. The over-prediction of the heave of
and 5) are slightly smaller than the field measurements at
excavation bottom then causes larger displacements at the
upper parts of the wall but comparatively larger than the
lower wall parts and smaller displacements at the upper
field measurements at lower parts of the wall, respectively.
wall parts.
However, the maximum lateral wall displcamenets from
both prediction and measurements are close to each other.
-30 0 30 60 90 -30 0 30 60 90
0 0
The 1st strut: The 1st strut:
1.5m 1.5m
5 5
10 10
Depth (m)
The 5th
Depth (m)
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to obtain 2D results for comparison with 3D results. is defined to further evaluate three-dimensional effect
The excavation length (L) was varied in values of 20 m, on wall deflection as follows:
40 m, 60 m, 80 m and 100 m. The excavation width (B)
A
was varied in values of 10 m, 20 m, 40 m, 60 m, 80 m PSR (4)
and 100 m. plane
In order to ignore influences from complex
characteristics of structure and soil, input parameters of in which, δ is the maximum wall deflection at a certain
structure and ground of said parametric studies were the section along the wall, and plane is the maximum wall
same as those used in the benchmark analysis. Thus, deflection of the section under plane strain condition.
only geometries of excavation (width and length) were Fig. 3 below presents results obtained from the
varied in the parametric studies. parametric studies.
As indicated previously, the Plane Strain Ratio (PSR)
Distance from the corner (m) Distance from the corner (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 0
L=20 m L=20 m
Plane strain ratio (PSR)
0.8 0.8
B=10 m B=20 m
1 1
Distance from the corner (m) Distance from the corner (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 0
L=20 m L=20 m
Plane strain ratio (PSR)
0.8 0.8
B=40 m B=60 m
1 1
Distance from the corner (m) Distance from the corner (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 0
L=20 m L=20 m
Plane strain ratio (PSR)
0.8 0.8
B=80 m B=100 m
1 1
Fig. 3. Variation of the PSR with distance from the corner for constant excavation widths and various excavation lengths of Case A.
As shown in Fig. 3, PSR values corresponding to for the case having L of 20 m. For case having B of
various values of distance from the corner (d), length (L) 20 m, wall displacements are under plane strain
and width (B) of excavation are plotted. Once PSR condition for the place at 25 m from the corner, except
value is greater, it means displacement at such location cases of L of 20 m and 40 m. However, the maximum
is closer to plane strain condition. For the case of B of PSR value cannot reach 1.0 for B larger than 20 m. It
10 m, wall deformations all reach plane strain condition can only be 0.78 for case of B of 100 m. It is because
once it is approximately 20 m from the corner, except the arching effect on the wall displacements is inversely
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proportional to B/L. For case of B of 100 m, the wall 4 APPLICATION OF PSR
deflections cannot reach the plane strain condition
The relationship of Fig. 4 can to be used to estimate
because the minimum ratio of B/L is equal to 1.0.
3D maximum wall deflections by using 2D finite
Considering results shown from Fig. 3 above, a
element analyses for the excavation of Case A and
relationship between B/L and distance from the corner
other similar cases. Fig. 6 below shows comparison of
(d) for various PSR values is established by the linear
the maximum wall deflections at the section on the long
regression method as presented in Fig. 4. Results made
side of Case A that is 10 m away from the corner.
by Ou et al. (1996) based on excavations in clay are
It is clear that the 2D finite element analysis (2D
shown in Fig. 5 for comparison purpose.
FEA) is not able to accurately predict the maximum
The PSR values interpreted from the same d and
wall deflections at the section on the long side of Case
B/L in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are compared. It is clearly seen
A that is 10 m away from the corner, which are heavily
that for B/L more than 1.0, PSR is smaller than in sand
influenced from the three-dimensional effect. The PSR
rather than in clay with the same value of d. For
value (Ou et al., 1996), which is based on excavations
example, for B/L of 2.0 and d of 10 m, PSR is equal to
in clays, is also not able to well estimate the maximum
0.28 for sand and 0.33 for clay. In contract, for B/L less
wall deflections. The maximum wall deflections
than 0.5, PSR is larger than in sand rather than in clay
predicted from the PSR value (this study) are very close
with the same value of d. For example, for B/L of 0.25
to those obtained from 3D finite element analysis (3D
and d of 10 m, PSR is equal to 0.77 for sand and 0.53
FEA).
for clay. Further verification may have to be delivered
later in order to explore the reason for the difference.
120
5.0 2D FEA
PSR=0.1 100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Max. wall deflection (mm)
4.5
PSR=0.2
4.0 80 3D FEA
PSR=0.3
3.5
PSR=0.4 60
3.0 0.6
PSR=0.5 PSR value
B/L
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3) The PSR at a certain d value increases 10) Lin, D. G. and Woo, S. M. (2007): Three-dimensional
gradually with decrease of B/L. This result is similar to analyses of deep excavation in Taipei 101 construction
project, Journal of GeoEngineering, TGS, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.
the previous study of Ou et al. (1996) for excavations in
29-41.
clays. However, for B/L more than 1.0, PSR is smaller 11) Ou, C. Y. (2006): Deep excavation: Theory and Practice,
than in sand rather than in clay. In contract, for B/L less Taylor & Francis, Netherlands.
than 0.5, PSR is larger than in sand rather than in clay. 12) Ou, C. Y. and Shiou, B. Y. (1998): Analysis of the corner
Further verification may have to be delivered later in effect on excavation behaviors, Canadian Geotechnical
order to explore the reason for the difference. Journal, Vol. 35, pp. 532-540.
13) Ou, C. Y., Chiou, D. C., and Wu, T. S. (1996):
4) A simple relationship for predicting PSR
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of deep
values or 3D maximum wall deflections by using 2D excavations, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
finite element analyses is proposed as Fig. 4 for the Vol. 122, No. 5, pp. 337-345.
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relationship does not consider all factors that affect the Three-dimensional deformation behavior of the Taipei
excavation behavior such as excavation sequence, national enterprise center (TNEC) excavation case history,
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 438-448.
excavation duration, surcharge condition, existence of
15) Ou, C.Y. and Hsieh, P. G. (2011): A simplified method for
adjacent structures and construction method of the wall. predicting ground settlement profiles induced by excavation
However, the relationship developed in this study can in soft clay, Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 38, pp.
still be applicable for other excavations with the same 987-997.
conditions. 16) PLAXIS (2013): Reference Manual, Plaxis BV, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands.
17) Schweiger, H. F. (2009): Influence of constitutive model and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EC7 design approach in FEM analysis of deep excavations,
The authors are grateful to Mr. Hsin-Nan Huang and Proceedings of ISSMGE international seminar on deep
Mr. Wei-Ya Song, graduate students of Department of excavations and retaining structures, Budapest, pp. 99-114.
18) Wang, J. H, Xu, Z.H, and Wang, W. D. (2010): Wall and
Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of ground movements due to deep Excavations in Shanghai soft
Applied and Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, for helping soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
to collect the field data used in the study. Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 136, No. 7, pp. 985-994.
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