Option 2 The Interrelationship Between Software and Hardware
Option 2 The Interrelationship Between Software and Hardware
Option 2 The Interrelationship Between Software and Hardware
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OPTION 2
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
In this option, we examine the basis of digital computer hardware; data, storage and
processing. We consider the manner in which data is represented within the computer.
Different data types require different methods of binary representation; all are based
on the binary number system. We then examine the circuits that allow us to store and
process this data. Logic gates are the building blocks for integrated circuits. What are
logic gates and how are they combined to perform new and varied functions? We
answer these questions and design some simple integrated circuits. In particular, we
investigate circuits used to perform binary addition and those used to store binary
data.
The final section of this option describes the programming and interfacing of
hardware devices. We examine the data streams required to provide input to various
hardware devices as well as the returned output data streams. The format and
processing required to generate and understand these data streams, is discussed. We
look at a number of practical examples where this infonnation is utilised to control
hardware devices in real world applications.
Computers can only process binary data; that is strings of zeros and ones. Considering
this fact, it seems remarkable that computers are able to perform such a broad range of
tasks. How can strings of binary digits be used to show videos, track bank account
transactions or control a production line of robots? Many people consider the
computer to be the most significant invention of all time.
Binary numbers are based on the number two thus place value is determined by
powers of two. The binary number 11 Olean be written as (1 x 23) + (1 X 22) +
(0 X 21) + (1 x 2°). In decimal, the binary number 1101 has a value of 8 + 4 + 0 + 1,
which is equal to 13. We write this as 11012 = 13 10, the subscript is used to indicate
the base used. Leading zeros have no effect on the value of a number. For example,
0001011 h is equivalent to 1011 h. Zeros between non-zero digits are required to
ensure correct place value. For example, 111 h is not the same number as 1011102 •