Chapter-2 Experimental Techniques in Chemistry Short Questions

Chemistry-Fsc-I
Chapter-2
Experimental Techniques in Chemistry

Short Questions
Q.1: What do you mean by?
(a) Chromatogram
(b) Filtrate
Ans: Chromatogram:
Finished or developed paper obtained after chromatography is called as chromatogram.
Filtrate:
The liquid which is obtained after passing the mixture through filter medium is called filtrate.
Q.2: What is filter medium? Name two.
Ans: Filter Medium:

The porous material used for filtration is called filter medium.
Example: Filter Paper
Cotton
closely packed glass fibers
cloth
sand
Woven Wire. etc. are important filter media.
Q.3: Define solvent extraction with example.

Ans: Solvent Extraction:
It is a separating technique according to which
“A solute can be separated from a solution by shaking the solution with a solvent
in which the solute is more soluble and the added solvent does not mix with the solution.”
Example: The most common laboratory example of solvent extraction is ether extraction. This is used to
separate the products of organic synthesis from water.
Q.4: Sintered glass crucible is preferred over Gooch crucible. Why?
Ans: Sintered glass crucible is preferred over gooch crucible because

1. There is no contamination of filter paper with the crystals
2. There is no need of preparation before using it.
Q.5: What is fluted filter paper? Give its advantage. OR how can rate of filtration increased?
Ans. When ordinary filter paper is folded in such a way that a fan like arrangement with alternate elevations at
various folds is obtained is called fluted filter paper.
Advantage:
The rate of filtration through conical funnel can be considerably increased using fluted filter paper. The reason
for increased the rate of filtration is increased area of contact of liquid with filter which accelerates the
process of filtration.
Q.6: What are the disadvantages of slow cooling in crystallization?
Ans. Slow cooling yields bigger crystals which are likely to include considerable amount of solvent carrying
impurities with it and complicating the drying process.
Q.7: How crystallized substances are dried?
Ans. The crystals can be dried by following ways:

1. Crystals can be dried by pressing them between several folds of filter paper, and repeating the process for
several times.
2. Crystals can be dried in oven provided that crystals don’t melt or decompose at 100℃.
3. Crystals can be dried in vacuum desiccator. The drying agent used in desiccator are CaCl2, silica gel or
P2O5.
Q.8: How naphthalene can be purified?
Ans. Naphthalene can be purified by the process of sublimation. During this process naphthalene directly
converted into vapour state and impurities are left behind. For this purpose, we use an inverted funnel.
Q.9: Define distribution coefficient? To which technique is applicable?
Ans. The ratio of the concentrations of solute in the organic and aqueous layer is called as distribution
coefficient.
Mathematically,
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
K=
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
Distribution co-efficient is applicable to solvent extraction and chromatography as well with minor change in ratio.
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆
K=
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆
Q.10: What is the importance of distribution coefficient?
1. The component of a mixture with a small value of KD mostly remains in the stationary phase as
moving phase flows over it.
2. The component with a greater value of KD remains largely dissolved in the mobile phase and passes
over the stationary phase quickly.
Q.11: Give main characteristics of solvent used for crystallization.
Ans. Solvent used for crystallization should have following properties.

i It should not react chemically with solute.
ii It should dissolve a large amount of the substance at its boiling point and only a small amount at room
temperature.
iii It should not dissolve impurities or the impurities should not crystallize from it along with the solute.
iv On cooling, it should deposit well-formed crystals of the pure compound.
v It should be in-expensive.
vi It should be safe to use.
vii It should be removed easily.
Q.12: Name the different ways of paper chromatography?
Ans: There are three ways of carrying out paper chromatography.
i. Ascending Chromatography
ii. Descending Chromatography
iii. Radial/Circular Chromatography
Q.13: Concentrated HCl and KMnO4 solution cannot be filtered by Gooch Crucible? Give reason.
Ans. Gooch Crucible is made of porcelain. It has perforated bottom which is covered with paper pulp or a
filter paper cut to its size. Concentrated HCl and KMnO4 solution cannot be filtered by Gooch crucible
because they react with paper pulp or a filter paper.
Q.14: Name the types of chromatography on the basis of phase?
Ans: There are four types of chromatography.

a. Liquid-liquid chromatography
b. Liquid-solid chromatography
c. Gas-liquid chromatography
d. Gas-solid chromatography
Q.15: Define mother liquor? How the crystals can be obtained from mother liquor?
Ans: The remaining solution after the formation of crystals is called mother liquor.
Crystals can be obtained from mother liquor as
a. The mixture of crystals and mother liquor is filtered through a Gooch crucible connected with a
vacuum pump
b. After all suction to drain the mother liquor as effectively as possible. When the filter cake is rigid
enough it is pressed firmly with a cork to drain the left-over liquid
c. The crystals are then washed with a small portion of cold solvent and the process is repeated several
times.
d. The crude mother liquor is concentrated by evaporation and it get good crops of crystals.
Q.16: Give reasons that the funnel in filtration should be several inches long?
Ans. The stem of the funnel should be several inches long so that it can extend a few centimeters down
into the receiving beaker and tip should touch the side of beaker in order to avoid splashing.

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Chemistry-Fsc-I

Experimental Techniques in Chemistry

Q.2: What is filter medium? Name two.

Ans: Filter Medium:

Q.3: Define solvent extraction with example.

Q.4: Sintered glass crucible is preferred over Gooch crucible. Why?

Ans: Sintered glass crucible is preferred over gooch crucible because

Ans. The crystals can be dried by following ways:

Q.8: How naphthalene can be purified?

Q.9: Define distribution coefficient? To which technique is applicable?

Q.11: Give main characteristics of solvent used for crystallization.

Ans. Solvent used for crystallization should have following properties.

Q.12: Name the different ways of paper chromatography?

Ans: There are three ways of carrying out paper chromatography.

Q.14: Name the types of chromatography on the basis of phase?

Ans: There are four types of chromatography.

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