Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Fruits & Seeds

    Uploaded by

    Lenard Merlin
    Seeds contain an embryo and accessory tissues like endosperm that store nutrients. Seed development involves cell division and expansion stimulated by hormones. Fruits develop from ovaries and aid seed dispersal, coming in fleshy, dry, dehiscent, and indehiscent forms. For germination, seeds need correct temperature, moisture, and other environmental conditions to breach seed coats and mobilize stored food for seedling growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fruits & Seeds

    Uploaded by

    Lenard Merlin
    44 views15 pages
    Seeds contain an embryo and accessory tissues like endosperm that store nutrients. Seed development involves cell division and expansion stimulated by hormones. Fruits develop from ovaries and aid seed dispersal, coming in fleshy, dry, dehiscent, and indehiscent forms. For germination, seeds need correct temperature, moisture, and other environmental conditions to breach seed coats and mobilize stored food for seedling growth.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Seeds contain an embryo and accessory tissues like endosperm that store nutrients. Seed development involves cell division and expansion stimulated by hormones. Fruits develop from ovaries and aid seed dispersal, coming in fleshy, dry, dehiscent, and indehiscent forms. For germination, seeds need correct temperature, moisture, and other environmental conditions to breach seed coats and mobilize stored food for seedling growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views15 pages

    Fruits & Seeds

    Uploaded by

    Lenard Merlin
    Seeds contain an embryo and accessory tissues like endosperm that store nutrients. Seed development involves cell division and expansion stimulated by hormones. Fruits develop from ovaries and aid seed dispersal, coming in fleshy, dry, dehiscent, and indehiscent forms. For germination, seeds need correct temperature, moisture, and other environmental conditions to breach seed coats and mobilize stored food for seedling growth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    SEED AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

    Seeds:

    • Include embryo from fertilized ovum (axis plus


    cotyledons), accessory tissues, seed coat

    • Accessory tissues: endosperm from fertilized polar


    nuclei; sometimes some nucellus ("perisperm", from
    megasporangium)

    • S eed coat: from integuments

    • Cotyledons, endosperm, perisperm store food for


    germination: lipid, starch, protein

    Seed development:

    • Cytokinins in endosperm stimulate cell division of the


    fertilized egg

    • Auxins produced by embryos stimulate expansion of


    cells
    globular

    Stages of development of an embryo in an


    Arabidopsis (mouse-ear cress) seed

    heart

    cotyledon
    Courtesy of Prof. John Harada, UCD
    In a bean (Phaseolus) seed, the In a grass (Setaria) seed, the major
    major nutritive tissue is the cotyledon. nutritive tissue is endosperm
    There is no endosperm remaining

    The castor bean


    (Ricinus) seed
    has both endosperm
    and cotyledon
    Fruits: developed ovaries

    • Before fertilization, carpel wall (ovary) protects the


    ovule and embryo sac and guides the pollen
    tube
    • After fertilization, the carpel wall changes function
    to aid in seed dispersal (and sometimes to
    help time germination of the seed)

    • Cytokinins in endosperm stimulate cell division


    • Auxins produced by embryos stimulate expansion
    of cells
    • Ethylene stimulates ripening (maturation) of ovary
    wall to produce fruit
    Types of fruits

    --fleshy or dry
    --dehiscent (opens to release seeds) or indehiscent
    --simple (from one ovary), aggregate (from several
    ovaries on one flower), multiple (from inflorescence)
    Types of fruits

    --fleshy or dry
    --dehiscent (opens to release seeds) or indehiscent
    --simple (from one ovary), aggregate (from several
    ovaries on one flower), multiple (from inflorescence)
    Types of fruits

    --fleshy or dry
    --dehiscent (opens to release seeds) or indehiscent
    --simple (from one ovary), aggregate (from several
    ovaries on one flower), multiple (from inflorescence)
    A pea pod is a dry, dehiscent, simple fruit

    A cucumber berry is a fleshy,


    indehiscent, simple fruit
    A strawberry is an aggregate fruit--the The dandelion head might be
    tiny individual fruits, achenes, are dry, considered a multiple fruit. The
    indehiscent, simple fruits. The Individual parts are dry,
    fleshy receptacle develops from the Indehiscent, simple fruits
    stem
    Why fruits?

    They promote dispersal of seed by…

    Wind: Winged (ash, elm) and plumed (dandelion)

    Water: air-filled (sedges), fibrous (coconut) Ulmus


    elm
    Animals: burred, barbed fruits (star thistle, cockelbur);
    fleshy berries (tomato: the seeds pass through guts);
    nuts (hidden by squirrels, birds); sticky fruits (mistletoe)

    star-thistle
    Seed germination

    Needs correct conditions (varies by species)

    • Temperature (warm enough)


    • Temperature history (chilling: “stratification”—
    common in high latitudes, unlikely in Vietnam)
    • Seed coat breaching (“scarification”)
    • Acid bath (animal stomach)
    • Light (red or far-red)
    • Water (leaches inhibitor [ABA], or simply for turgor
    pressure)
    Seed germination involves the “mobilization” of storage compounds:
    their conversion to compounds that can be metabolized for
    energy and growth

    Example: barley seed germination


    Summary

    •Seeds are plant embryos surrounded by dry integument tissue


    •The embryos are dormant when the seeds are mature
    •The seed tissues often control germination of the embryonic plant
    •Seed tissues--cotyledons, endosperm, perisperm--nourish the
    seedling when it germinates

    •A simple fruit is a mature ovary; aggregate and multiple fruits


    represent many ovaries

    •Fruits promote the dispersal of seeds by wind, water, or


    animal transport

    •Seed germination involves the mobilization of stored compounds

    You might also like