journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552

available at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/jden

Sealing properties of one-step root-filling fibre

post-obturators vs. two-step delayed fibre post-placement

Francesca Monticelli a,*, Raquel Osorio b, Manuel Toledano b, Marco Ferrari c,

David H. Pashley d, Franklin R. Tay d,e
a
Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
b
Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain
c
Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, University of Siena, Italy
d
Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
e
Department of Endodontics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA

article info abstract

Article history: Objectives: The sealing properties of a one-step obturation post-placement technique con-
Received 11 January 2010 sisting of Resilon-capped fibre post-obturators were compared with a two-step technique
Received in revised form based on initial Resilon root filling following by 24 h-delayed fibre post-placement.
23 March 2010 Methods: Thirty root segments were shaped to size 40, 0.04 taper and filled with: (1)
Accepted 29 March 2010 InnoEndo obturators; (2) Resilon/24 h-delayed FibreKor post-cementation. Obturator, root
filling and post-cementation procedures were performed using InnoEndo bonding agent/
dual-cured root canal sealer. Fluid flow rate through the filled roots was evaluated at 10 psi
Keywords: using a computerised fluid filtration model before root resection and after 3 and 9 mm apical
Fibre posts resections. Fluid flow data were analysed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and
Filling/post-obturator Tukey test to examine the effects of root-filling post-placement techniques and root
Flodec resection lengths on fluid leakage from the filled canals (a = 0.05).
Fluid filtration Results: A significantly greater amount of fluid leakage was observed with the one-step
Resilon technique when compared with two-step technique. No difference in fluid leakage was
observed among intact canals and canals resected at different lengths for both materials.
Conclusions: The seal of root canals achieved with the one-step obturator is less effective
than separate Resilon root fillings followed by a 24-h delay prior to the fibre post-placement.
Incomplete setting of the sealer and restricted relief of polymerisation shrinkage stresses
may be responsible for the inferior seal of the one-step root-filling/post-restoration tech-
nique.
# 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction adhesive root-filling materials.1,2 Resilon (Resilon Research

LLC, Madison, CL, USA) is a polymer-based thermoplastic root-
Adhesive endodontics represents a facet of contemporary filling material that is introduced with the intention of
endodontics that aims to establish a long-term seal of the root providing an alternative root-filling material to conventional
canal system via the use of adhesive root canal sealers and/or gutta-percha for obturation of root canals.3–5 As Resilon

* Corresponding author at: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Calle Velódromo s/n, University of Zaragoza,
22006 Huesca, Spain. Tel.: +34 974 245436; fax: +34 974 245436.
E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Monticelli).
0300-5712/$ – see front matter # 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2010.03.014
548 journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552

contains a small amount of dimethacrylate, it has been with a size 10 stainless steel K-file (Dentsply Tulsa Dental
claimed to be bondable to methacrylate resin-based root canal Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA). The root apex was covered with
sealers,6 which, in turn, creates a ‘‘monoblock’’ via bonding of hot, flexible glue that was allowed to solidify before the root
the adhesive sealer to intraradicular dentine.7 Despite its was inserted into a polyvinylsiloxane impression material-
potential bondability, gaps generated from the polymerisation filled Plexiglas tube. This setup permitted recapitulation of
shrinkage of methacrylate resin-based adhesive sealers that canal patency but prevented fluid extrusion from the apical
accompanied the use of Resilon have been reported along the foramen during canal preparation. The setup created a closed
canal walls.8–10 canal system that simulated the presence of vapour lock that
Contamination of orthograde root fillings via leakage of oral prevented idealized canal irrigation from the apical third of
fluids and bacteria may be attributed to the lack of adequate the canal walls during in vivo cleaning and shaping proce-
marginal adaptation of the root canal sealer and the lack of a dures.20,21
coronal seal.11 Immediate fibre post-cementation and adhe- Canal instrumentation was performed with a crown down
sive core build-up may be helpful in achieving a better seal of technique using K-files and EndoSequence 0.04 taper nickel
badly broken down endodontically treated teeth. Although titanium rotary instruments (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA,
recent studies reported higher interfacial strengths with USA) to size 40. Root canals were rinsed with 10 mL of 5.25%
delayed fibre post-luting,12 the exact time interval required sodium hypochlorite (The Clorox Company, Oakland, CA,
between endodontic treatment and fibre post-restoration does USA) as the initial irrigant in between instrumentation and
not seem to be a determinant factor in order to achieve an 5 mL of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA; Sigma–
optimal seal.13 Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as the active final irrigant for
Filling of instrumented root canals that require coronal 1 min. The irrigants were delivered to the canal space via 30-G
restorations may be completed in one-step instead of the Max-i-Probe needles (Dentsply-Rinn, Elgin, IL, USA) placed to
conventional two-step technique of waiting for long setting 1 mm short of working length. After irrigating with 17% EDTA,
root fillings to completely mature prior to post-core build-ups. each canal was flushed with an additional 5 mL of sterile
A one-step root-filling post-placement filling technique con- distilled water as the passive final rinse via the use of a Max-i-
sisting of the use of Resilon-capped fibre post-obturators has Probe needle. The instrumented roots were randomly divided
been introduced with the purpose of filling the instrumented into two experimental groups (N = 12) and two control groups
canal space with a material that is compatible with immediate (N = 3).
coronal restoration. This one-step technique is claimed by the
manufacturer to bridge the gap between endodontics and 2.1. Group I. one-step canal obturation and fibre
restorative dentistry. However, little information is available post-placement
from non-manufacturer-sponsored studies on the seal
achieved with the one-step technique.14 Although clinical Each canal was fitted with a size 40 Resilon-capped fibre post-
trials remain the ultimate test for root-filling restoration obturator (Heraeus Kulzer Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). The
effectiveness, the introduction of new dental materials often InnoEndo obturator has a 7 mm Resilon terminus with a
demands the demonstration of acceptable laboratory research 0.02 taper segment for the subsequent 12 mm turning to a
results prior to the initiation of more labour intensive and parallel glass fibre post for the remaining 11 mm. The dowel
expensive clinical studies. A computerised fluid filtration space was prepared using a proprietary bur. The depth of the
system provides reasonably accurate quantitative assessment dowel space preparation was determined by subtracting the
on the sealing properties of filled root canals.15–19 Thus, the length of the Resilon tip of the obturator from the overall
objective of the present study was to compare the sealing working length of the canal.
ability of two different strategies of root canal filling and The InnoEndo Bonding Agents A and B were mixed in a 1:1
coronal restoration with fibre posts using the fluid leakage ratio and applied to the canal and over the obturator following
evaluation protocol. The null hypothesis tested was that there the manufacturer’s instructions. The InnoEndo dual-cured
are no differences between the one-step and the two-step root canal sealer was introduced apically into the canal space
root-filling fibre post-restoration techniques in the seal with a lentulo spiral and dispensed through the auto-mixing
achieved by the two techniques at different root canal levels. syringe for back-filling of the canal. The obturator was slowly
inserted into the canal to its working length, allowing the
excess of material to extrude coronally. The sealer was light-
2. Materials and methods cured through the post for 40 s using a quartz-tungsten-
halogen light-curing unit (VIP, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL USA)
Thirty extracted human teeth, each with a single straight root with an output intensity of 600 mW/cm2. A layer of InnoEndo
canal and closed apex, were collected with patient’s consent dual-cured core material was placed on top of the post to
under a protocol approved by the Human Assurance Com- create a coronal seal.
mittee of the Medical College of Georgia. The teeth were stored
at 4 8C in 0.9% NaCl solution supplemented with 0.02% sodium 2.2. Group II. two-step initial canal obturation followed by
azide to prevent bacteria growth until use. Each tooth was delayed fibre post-placement
decoronated using a low-speed Isomet diamond saw (Buehler
Ltd., Lake Bluff, NY, USA) under water cooling to create 17 mm Each canal was fitted with a size 40, 0.04 tapered Resilon cone
long root segments. Working length was established at 1 mm that was bonded to the intraradicular dentine using the same
short of the anatomical apex. Canal patency was achieved procedures as described in Group I. The filled root segments
 journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552 549

were stored at 37 8C and 100% relative humidity for 24 h before subtracted from the mean fluid flow obtained for the intact
luting of the fibre post. With the purpose of simulating the root filling and from each resection length of the respective
same clinical situation of Group 1, the filling material was root-filling technique to generate the mean ‘‘adjusted’’ fluid
removed with a Largo drill, leaving 7 mm of apical root-filling flow.
material.22 The dowel space was prepared with the proprietary For the positive control group, a pre-weighed beaker was
drill. A parallel glass fibre post (FibreKor post, Pentron Clinical placed over the apex of the root segment to collect the water
Technologies, Wallingford, CT, USA) was fitted to the dowel that was expressed through the apex for 1 min at 69 kPa
space and luted using the same materials and procedures as pressure. The weight of the collected water was converted into
described in Group I. volume, from which the fluid flow in mL min 1 was deduced.
The mean ‘‘adjusted’’ fluid flow, generated at 69 kPa,
2.3. Positive and negative controls were normalised and expressed as hydraulic conductance
(mL min 1 cmH2O 1). As the normality (Kolmogorow–Smirnoff
Three root segments that were filled each with a size 40, 0.04 test) and homoscedasticity (Levene test) assumptions of the
taper Resilon cone without a sealer were used as positive data appeared to be violated, log10-transformations of the data
controls to determine the maximum fluid flow of the fluid derived from the intact canals and the resected canals were
filtration system through the root canals. Three root segments performed before statistical evaluation. The transformed data
filled as in Group I and dipped in molten sticky wax and further were analysed using a two-factor repeated measures analysis
covered with nail varnish were used as the negative controls. of variance to examine the effects of restoration technique (i.e.
one-step vs. two-step) and the repeated factor ‘‘resection
2.4. Fluid filtration length’’ (i.e. intact root, 3 and 9 mm resections) and the
interaction of those factors on fluid leakage. Post hoc multiple
The restored specimens were stored for at 37 8C and 100% comparisons were performed using the Tukey test. Statistical
relative humidity 24 h prior to the evaluation of fluid leakage. significance was set at a = 0.05.
A 2 mm deep cavity was created from the coronal end of each After assessment of fluid leakage, the 3–9 mm resected
root segment by removing the composite restoration. The root section of each specimen was examined from both ends using
was attached to a Plexiglas platform with cyanoacrylate glue. a digital camera attached to a stereomicroscope at 200
Each mounted root was connected via an 18-gauge stainless magnification (Olympus SZ-CTV, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
steel tubing at the base of the Plexiglas platform to a Flodec
device (De Marco Engineering, Geneva, Switzerland) that
measured water movement through the obturated root 3. Results
(mL min 1) under a constant pressure of 69 kPa. Data collection
was performed every 1.04 s. The system was allowed to run The adjusted hydraulic conductance values for the six
until the fluid flow became stable, as visualised by the graphic subgroups are reported in Table 1. The intrinsic permeability
display in the Flodec software prior to commencement of the of the fluid filtration system varied between zero and
recording for a 10 min period. The mean fluid flow from each 5.7  10 6 mL min 1 cmH2O 1. The mean hydraulic conduc-
measurement was expressed as the mean of water movement tance of the positive control group was 1.6  10 2  0.38 
from all the 1.04 s intervals during that 10 min period. 10 2 mL min 1 cmH2O 1 and the varnish-coated negative con-
After determining the fluid leakage through the entire root trol group approximated null permeability after adjustment
canal, each specimen was sectioned at 3 and 9 mm from the for intrinsic system permeability. The one-step InnoEndo
root apex with the Isomet saw under copious water irrigation. obturator technique exhibited significantly more fluid leakage
Fluid filtration was re-measured after each resection. The than the two-step Resilon-FiberKor post-technique ( p = 0.001).
mean fluid flow was similarly recorded for each resection No significant difference in the hydraulic conductance was
length. Resections were not performed for the positive and recorded among the different resection lengths for both the
negative controls. tested materials ( p = 0.475). The interaction of these two
The intrinsic permeability of the fluid filtration system was factors was not statistically significant ( p = 0.318).
assessed with multiple fluid flow measurements (10 min each) When the resected root sections were observed under light
that were repeated with the exit connection clamped with a microscopy, voids within the sealer and interfacial defects
haemostat. The recorded value (expressed in mL min 1) was were detected mainly in the one-step group (Fig. 1A). When

Table 1 – Fluid leakage recorded in each experimental group at different canal levels from root apex.
1
Group (N = 12) Hydraulic conductance (mL min cmH2O 1)a

0 mm 3 mm 9 mm

One-step root-filling/post-cementation technique 0.19 (0.11) B,1 0.26 (0.15) B,1 0.25 (0.15) B,1
Two-step root-filling/fibre post-cementation technique 0.13 (0.09) A,1 0.12 (0.08) A,1 0.15 (0.08) A,1

Letters in each column and numbers in each row indicate significant differences ( p < 0.05).
a
Values are means (standard deviations), expressed in units of mL min 1 cmH2O 1.
550 journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552

ments. An early study by Bourgeois and Lemon found no

difference in apical leakage between immediate and delayed
post-space preparation.24 Fox and Gutteridge opined that
immediate restoration of a root-treated tooth with a pre-
fabricated post and composite core produced a better seal than
a temporary post-crown and a subsequently luted cast post
and core.25 Both Wu et al.26 and Metzger et al.27 found that
post-prepared canals have inferior seal than intact root-filled
canals and that a post and core should be immediately placed
after root canal treatment. Theoretically, the use of a
combined root-filling fibre post-obturator in conjunction with
an adhesive root canal sealer can minimise the risk of apical
and coronal leakage. The possibility of filling root canals that
require a coronal restoration in a single visit is also very
attractive for general practitioners. However, the ability of this
simpler and time-saving technique to create a seal that is
comparable with conventional two-step techniques is a
matter of concern.
The fluid leakage model employed in the present study
highlighted the presence of porosities at the interface between
the InnoEndo filling material and intraradicular dentine. The
limitation of the model lies in its inability to determine the
exact locations of leakage within the filled canal space.28 The
adjunctive use of light microscopy examination indicated that
these defects were predominantly present in the middle third
of the root canal.
The one-step InnoEndo procedure somewhat resembles the
single-cone root-filling technique2,29 in that more than half of
the canal space is filled by the sealer. It has been reported that
low root-filling material/sealer ratios may not guarantee a long-
term hermetic seal of the root canals, since many sealers tend to
Fig. 1 – Light microscopy images of root surfaces filled with dissolve over time.29–31 InnoEndo obturators used as single-
the tested materials sectioned at 3 mm from the root cone fillings may result in wider gaps and larger voids than
apices after fluid filtration assessment (200T). (A) In the alternative obturation techniques.31 These structural defects,
one-step group, the sealer used for simultaneous bonding most likely originated from air entrapped in the sealer during
of the root-filling material and fibre post-separated from passive obturator insertion, may have weakened the root filling,
the canal wall, producing gaps (arrow) between the sealer thereby providing pathways for leakage (Fig. 1A).32,33 Moreover,
(S) and the intraradicular dentine (D). F: the Resilon part of generation of polymerisation shrinkage stresses along the canal
the obturator (B) Less interfacial defects could be seen in walls during light curing of the sealer from the canal orifice
the two-step group when a separate fibre post was placed together with the increase in sealer volume34,35 may also have
24 h after setting of the root canal sealer (S). F: Resilon root contributed to the inferior results achieved with the one-step
filling; D: intraradicular dentine. technique. These findings could have been different if the sealer
was left to polymerise without light curing, allowing better relief
of polymerisation shrinkage stresses via resin flow11 or placing
auxiliary cones, reducing the amount of sealer and therefore the
fibre post-placement was performed 24 h after the root canal polymerisation shrinkage.
filling (two-step group), less interfacial defects were observed Under the conditions of the present ex vivo study, the
between the sealer and dentine (Fig. 1B). combination of Resilon and 24 h-delayed fibre post-placement
resulted in a more predictable restoration technique that
produced less fluid leakage. This approach may have mini-
4. Discussion mised the adverse effects derived from poor sealer setting and
excessive polymerisation shrinkage. When compared to the
The findings of the present study require rejection of the null previously reported conventional one-step root-filling dowel
hypothesis since there were significant differences in the seal space preparation techniques,25–27 a 24 h delay in dowel space
between the two obturation/restoration techniques. Durable preparation may also have reduced the risk of disrupting the
post-endodontic restorations must ensure the creation of an maturing bond at the sealer-dentine interface by rotational
impervious seal of the root canal system to prevent fluid and forces generated by the dowel preparation drill.12,36 Fibre post-
bacterial leakage.23 The literature is ambiguous in terms of the cementation using the same methacrylate resin-based sealer
optimal sequence and timing for preparation of a dowel space may also explain the lower fluid flow recorded in the two-step
for retention of coronal restorations after root canal treat- group, thereby ensuring a better coronal seal. This approach is
 journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552 551

closer to the theoretical concept of a ‘‘secondary mono- Epiphany and Gutta-Percha/AH Plus-filled root canals by
block’’.37 using a fluid filtration approach. Journal of Endodontics
2007;33:944–7.
10. De Bruyne MA, De Moor RJ. Long-term sealing ability of
Resilon apical root-end fillings. International Endodontic
5. Conclusions Journal 2009;42:884–92.
11. Zicari F, Couthino E, De Munck J, Poitevin A, Scotti R, Naert I,
Within the limitation of this study, it may be concluded that et al. Bonding effectiveness and sealing ability of fiber-post-
the overall seal achieved with the use of an InnoEndo Resilon- bonding. Dental Materials 2008;24:967–77.
capped obturator is less effective than initial root filling with 12. Vano M, Cury AH, Goracci C, Chieffi N, Gabriele M, Tay FR,
et al. Retention of fibre posts cemented at different time
Resilon followed by a 24 h delay prior to fibre post-cementa-
intervals in canals obturated using an epoxy resin sealer.
tion. These data may not be directly correlated with the Journal of Dentistry 2008;36:801–7.
clinical performance of the new filling material and further 13. Lyons WW, Hartwell GR, Stewart JT, Reavley B, Appelstein C,
research is needed for evaluating the long-term efficacy of the Lafkowitz S. Comparison of coronal bacterial leakage
one-step root-filling post-placement technique. Nevertheless, between immediate versus delayed post-space preparation
emphasis must be focused on the importance of prompt in root canals filled with Resilon/Epiphany. International
Endodontic Journal 2009;42:203–7.
completion of the coronal restoration for ensuring success in
14. Kurtzman GM, von Fraunhofer JA. Leakage resistance of the
root canal therapy.
InnoEndo fiber obturation system. Practical Procedures &
Aesthetic Dentistry 2006;18:S2–6.
15. Derkson GD, Pashley DH, Derkson ME. Microleakage
Acknowledgements measurement of selected restorative materials: a new in
vitro method. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1986;56:35–40.
Dr. Francesca Monticelli’s visit to the Medical College of 16. Wu MK, de Gee AJ, Wesselink PR. Leakage of four root canal
sealers at different thicknesses. International Endodontic
Georgia was supported by a research fellowship from the
Journal 1994;27:304–8.
University of Siena, Italy. This investigation was also
17. Çobankara FK, Adanir N, Belli S, Pashley DH. A quantitative
supported by Grants: CICYT/FEDER #MAT 2008-02347/MAT, evaluation of apical leakage of four root-canal sealers.
JA P07-CTS-2568, JA P08-CTS-3944. International Endodontic Journal 2002;35:979–84.
18. Camps J, About I, Van Meerbeek B, Franquin JC. Efficiency
and cytotoxicity of resin-based desensitizing agents.
references American Journal of Dentistry 2002;15:300–4.
19. Hashimoto M, Ito S, Tay FR, Svizero NR, Sano H, Kaga M,
et al. Fluid movement across the resin–dentin interface
during and after bonding. Journal of Dental Research
1. Gogos C, Economides N, Stavrianos C, Kolokouris I, 2004;83:843–8.
Kokorikos I. Adhesion of a new methacrylate resin-based 20. Senia ES, Marshall FJ, Rosen S. The solvent action of sodium
sealer to human dentin. Journal of Endodontics 2004;30:238– hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth. Oral Surgery
40. Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 1971;31:96–103.
2. Belli S, Ozcan E, Derinbay O, Eldeniz AU. A comparative 21. Baumgartner JC, Mader CL. A scanning electron microscopic
evaluation of sealing ability of a new, self-etching, dual- evaluation of four root canal irrigation regimens. Journal of
curable sealer: hybrid root SEAL (MetaSEAL). Oral Surgery Endodontics 1987;13:147–57.
Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics 22. Mattison GD, Delivanis PD, Thacker Jr RW, Hassell KJ. Effect
2008;106:e45–52. of post-preparation on the apical seal. Journal of Prosthetic
3. Cotton TP, Schindler WG, Schwartz SA, Watson WR, Dentistry 1984;51:785–9.
Hargreaves KM. A retrospective study comparing clinical 23. Kopper PMP, Figueiredo JAP, Della Bona A, Vanni JR, Bier CA,
outcomes after obturation with Resilon/Epiphany or gutta- Bopp S. Comparative in vivo analysis of the sealing ability of
percha/Kerr sealer. Journal of Endodontics 2008;34:789–97. three endodontic sealers in post-prepared root canals.
4. Stratton RK, Apicella MJ, Mines P. A fluid filtration International Endodontic Journal 2003;36:857–63.
comparison of gutta-percha versus Resilon, a new soft resin 24. Bourgeois RS, Lemon RR. Dowel space preparation and
endodontic obturation system. Journal of Endodontics apical leakage. Journal of Endodontics 1981;7:66–9.
2006;32:642–5. 25. Fox K, Gutteridge DL. An in vitro study of coronal
5. Skidmore LJ, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK. An in vitro comparison microleakage in root-canal-treated teeth restored by the
of the intraradicular dentin bond strength of Resilon and post and core technique. International Endodontic Journal
gutta-percha. Journal of Endodontics 2006;32:963–6. 1997;30:361–8.
6. Jia WT, Trope M, Alpert B. Dental filling material. United 26. Wu MK, Pehlivan Y, Kontakiotis EG, Wesselink PR.
States Patent & Trademark Office. United States Patent Microleakage along apical root fillings and cemented posts.
7,211,136, May 1; 2007. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1998;79:264–9.
7. Shipper G, Ørstavik D, Teixeira FB, Trope M. An evaluation 27. Metzger Z, Abramovitz R, Abramovitz L, Tagger M.
of microbial leakage in roots filled with a thermoplastic Correlation between remaining length of root canal fillings
synthetic polymer-based root canal filling material (Resilon). after immediate post space preparation and coronal
Journal of Endodontics 2004;30:342–7. leakage. Journal of Endodontics 2000;26:724–8.
8. Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Pashley DH, 28. Camps J, Pashley DH. Reliability of the dye penetration
Mak YF, et al. Ultrastructural evaluation of the apical seal in studies. Journal of Endodontics 2003;29:592–4.
roots filled with a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling 29. Wu MK, van der Sluis LWM, Ardila CN, Wesselink PR. Fluid
material. Journal of Endodontics 2005;31:514–9. movement along the coronal two-thirds of root fillings
9. Raina R, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Tay FR, Pashley DH. placed by three different gutta-percha techniques.
Evaluation of the quality of the apical seal in Resilon/ International Endodontic Journal 2003;36:533–40.
552 journal of dentistry 38 (2010) 547–552

30. Pommel L, Camps J. In vitro apical leakage of system B 34. Schwartz RS, Fransman R. Adhesive dentistry and
compared with other filling techniques. Journal of Endodontics endodontics: materials, clinical strategies and procedures
2001;27:449–51. for restoration of access cavities: a review. Journal of
31. Wu MK, van der Sluis LW, Wesselink PR. A 1-year follow-up Endodontics 2005;31:151–65.
study on leakage of single cone fillings with Roeko RSA 35. de Deus G, Coutinho-Filho T, Reis C, Murad C, Paciornik S.
sealer. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology Polymicrobial leakage of four root canal sealers at two
and Endodontics 2006;101:662–7. different thicknesses. Journal of Endodontics 2006;32:998–1001.
32. Perdigão J, Gomes G, Augusto V. The effect of dowel space 36. Beriat NC, Ertan A, Cehreli ZC, Gulsahi K. Time-dependent
on the bond strengths of fiber posts. Journal of Prosthodontics conversion of a methacrylate-based sealer polymerized
2007;16:154–64. with different light-curing units. Journal of Endodontics
33. Souza EM, Wu MK, Shemesh H, Bonetti-Filho I, Wesselink 2009;35:110–2.
PR. Comparability of results from two leakage models. Oral 37. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Monoblocks in root canals: a
Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and hypothetical or a tangible goal. Journal of Endodontics
Endodontics 2008;106:309–13. 2007;33:391–8.