1 Activity C Spirolaterals Lesson Plan
1 Activity C Spirolaterals Lesson Plan
1 Activity C Spirolaterals Lesson Plan
SPIROLATERALS
Abstract
In
this
lesson,
students
explore
a
simple
computer
microworld.
This
offers
them
an
opportunity,
often
rare
in
Mathematics
and
Science
lessons,
to
formulate
their
own
questions
about
a
phenomenon,
and
to
tackle
their
questions
systematically,
using
scientific
reasoning.
The
difficulty
of
the
task
lies
not
so
much
in
its
content
(this
makes
the
task
widely
accessible),
but
rather
in
the
opportunity
it
offers
students
to
experiment,
generalise
and
prove.
Rationale
The
task
has
been
used
widely
in
professional
development.
It
offers
teachers
an
opportunity
to
move
away
from
the
traditional
one
of
explaining
content
to
one
in
which
they
encourage
students
to
take
more
active
control
of
the
their
own
learning.
The
teachers'
new
role
is
not
simply
to
stand
back
and
observe,
it
is
rather
to
encourage
students
to
describe,
explain,
generalise,
prove
and
communicate
as
precisely
and
convincingly
as
they
can.
Discipline
This
task
is
taken
from
the
field
of
Mathematics.
It
is
not,
however
dependent
on
advanced
mathematical
content
and
so
may
be
used
with
both
primary
and
secondary
students.
Conceptual
aims
As
students
are
able
to
define
their
own
questions
and
draw
on
their
own
knowledge,
the
conceptual
aims
may
vary.
The
situation
is
geometrical
and
students
may
draw
on
their
knowledge
of
symmetry
(reflective
and
rotational),
and
algebra
when
making
and
proving
generalisations.
Age
group
The
task
is
suitable
for
students
aged
from
9
to
16.
Country
This
situation
is
well-‐known
in
England,
and
has
been
referenced
in
many
places.
IBL
processes
involved
In
this
task,
students:
• Observe
a
computer
microworld,
experiment
by
changing
variables,
formulate
questions
and
hypotheses.
• Plan
a
systematic
investigation
into
their
own
question.
They
select
ways
of
representing
the
data
they
collect,
for
example,
using
tables.
They
draw
on
their
mathematical
knowledge
to
describe
their
findings
(e.g.
symmetry).
• Students
carry
out
their
investigation,
systematically
collecting,
documenting
and
analysing
data
and
further
information.
• Make,
explain
and
prove
generalisations
(for
example,
entering
a
sequence
of
three
numbers
will
result
in
a
closed
shape)
• Communicate
results
and
reflect
on
what
has
been
learned.
Links
and
references
This
task
and
the
software
that
accompanies
it
was
designed
by
Malcolm
Swan
and
Daniel
Pead
and
form
part
of
the
Bowland
Maths
professional
development
resources
that
have
been
developed
in
England
and
distributed
to
schools
across
the
UK.
They
are
reproduced
here
with
kind
permission
of
the
Bowland
Charitable
Trust.
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
1
of
7
Spirolaterals
Type
some
numbers
into
the
Spirolaterals
machine.
Press
"Go"
and
watch
what
happens.
• How
do
the
numbers
control
what
is
drawn
on
the
screen?
• List
some
questions
to
explore.
These
might
start
like
this:
"How
can
we
make
the
computer
draw
....?"
"What
will
happen
if
we
.....?"
Try
and
answer
your
own
questions!
• Make
up
some
conjectures.
These
might
start
like
this:
"
When
you
use
three
numbers
then
..."
"
When
you
repeat
a
number
then
..."
"
If
you
change
the
order
of
the
numbers
then
..."
Can
you
prove
your
conjectures?
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
2
of
7
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
3
of
7
You
start
by
facing
to
the
right.
You
move
1
unit
forward
then
turn
left
90°
You
move
2
units
forward
then
turn
left
90°
You
move
3
units
forward
then
turn
left
90°.
You
move
1
unit
forward
then
turn
left
90°.
...
and
so
on
repeating
1,2,3
until
you
get
back
to
the
start.
Repeat
this
process
with
other
numbers
until
you
think
students
know
how
the
program
draws
the
shapes.
Next,
discuss
possible
problems
to
explore
and
list
some
on
the
board.
Students
might
suggest
ideas
such
as
the
following:
What
will
happen
if
we
enter
a
single
number
and
press
"Go".
2
numbers?
3
numbers?
4
numbers?
Can
we
predict
the
types
of
shapes
we
will
get?
What
happens
when
we
change
the
order
of
the
numbers?
So
how
is
(1,2,3)
different
from
(1,3,2)?
Do
the
shapes
always
go
back
to
the
start?
When
do
they?
When
don't
they?
How
can
we
predict
this
from
the
numbers?
When
do
the
shapes
have
rotational
symmetry?
Can
we
predict
this
from
the
numbers?
When
do
the
shapes
have
line
symmetry?
Can
we
predict
this
from
the
numbers?
What
happens
if
we
enter
the
same
number
more
than
once?
What
happens
with
3
numbers,
like
(1,1,2);
(3,2,3)?
What
about
4
numbers,
like
(1,3,4,4)...?
Ask
students
to
choose
a
particular
problem
to
work
on.
Encourage
them
to
be
systematic
as
they
try
to
answer
their
problem.
Discuss
how
they
should
record
their
work.
When
you
think
you
have
some
hypotheses
or
conjectures,
I
want
you
to
be
able
to
show
me
the
evidence
for
this.
So
as
you
work,
try
to
keep
careful
notes
of
what
you
try.
You
may
like
to
copy
some
of
the
diagrams
by
taking
screen
shots
and
pasting
them
into
a
word
processor.
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
4
of
7
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
5
of
7
(4,5,2)
(4,2,5)
• Three
numbers
where
one
or
more
is
repeated
(a,b,b)
or
(a,b,a)
give
patterns
with
lines
of
symmetry:
(1,4,1)
(4,4,1)
• Patterns
with
4
different
numbers
(a,b,c,d)
tend
to
"walk
off"
the
screen...
• if
a>c,
then
walk
is
to
the
right;
if
a<c,
then
walk
is
to
the
left;
• if
b>d,
then
walk
is
upwards;
if
b<d,
then
walk
is
downwards;
• if
one
pair
are
equal,
a=c
or
b=d
then
the
walk
is
vertical
or
horizontal,
respectively.
• if
a=c
and
b=d
the
we
get
a
rectangle.
©
2010
Centre
for
Research
In
Mathematics
Education
University
of
Nottingham
Page
6
of
7
So,
(1,2,3,4)
is
to
the
left
and
downwards;
(1,4,3,2)
is
to
the
left
and
upwards;
(1,2,3,4)
(1,4,3,2)
(1,3,4,3)
is
horizontal
to
the
left;
(1,3,1,4)
is
vertical
downwards;
(1,3,4,3)
(1,3,1,4)
(2,3,2,3)
is
a
rectangle:
(2,3,2,3)
© 2010 Centre for Research In Mathematics Education University of Nottingham Page 7 of 7