Highway Engineering Micro Project

INTRODUCTION
Road transport, being the most accessible mode of

transport, is vital to the economic development of the nation.
Social integration of the nation increases due to easy, safe and
efficient road transportation. Road transport has gained higher
share of both passenger and freight traffic compared to other
modes of transport due to easy accessibility and reliability. To
cater the increasing needs of a growing economy like India and
increase in demand for transport services, it is required to
expand, develop and improve road networks. This task of road
development was decided to be done in a planned manner by the
Government of India.
While formation of these plans, various externalities such as

environment, budget, safety and sideways amenities should be
taken into consideration. Various contractual agreements are
formed between a public agency and private sector entity that
allows for greater private participation in the delivery of
transportation projects. Several delays takes place due to
acquisition of land, clearance by ministry of environment for
deforestation, shifting of utilities which should be taken notice of
while planning.
 Nagpur Road Plan
After the First World War, the Road Development Fund
was used for routine maintenance. But the fund was not used
for the development project, because of the overall economic
depression in the country.
Nagpur Road Plan
The effect of heavy wartime traffic caused further deterioration of the

highways. At this time, the Conference of Provincial Chief Engineers was held
at Nagpur in 143. There, a long-term road development plan was displayed for
India and it was known as the Nagpur Plan.
 Features of Nagpur Road Plan

1. In the Nagpur plan, they divided the roads into four classes.
2. They proposed that road length should be increased so as to
provide a density of 16 km per 100 sq.km.
3. A hard, long-lasting crust would be provided for national and
state highways and for major district roads.
4. The committee suggested the development of roads as a star and
grid pattern throughout the country.
5. Within 20 years, the committee designed to construct 2 lakh km
of road throughout the country.
 Classification of Roads as per Nagpur Road Plan

In the Nagpur Road Plan, the roads were divided into four classes:
 National Highway
 State Highway
 District Roads
 Village Roads
1. National Highway (N.H)

The national highway is the main roads which connect the
capitals of states, importance ports, metro cities, industrial hubs,
and foreign highways.
Example: N.H-4.
2.
StateHighways (S.H)
State Highways is the other main roads of a province or state.
They connect mainly larger towns and district headquarters of the
state.
Example: S.H-7.
3. District Roads (D.R)
District Roads are the main and important roads within a district.
they connect importance markets and places with a state
highway or with another higher category of roads. They also
divided further as Major District Roads and Other District Roads.
4. Village Roads
The roads which connect villages with each other or with the
nearest road of a higher category are known as village roads.
The Lucknow Plane (1981-2001)
Earlier two road development plans led to 2 shortcomings:

(i) 1st two plans were not conceived to meet the needs of freight
& passenger movement by road.
(ii) The plans were not part of the total transportation plan of the
country.
Features of Lucknow Plan
• Roads should be classified for India as follow:
(a) Primary system : (i) Expressways (ii) National Highways.
(b) Secondary system : (i) State highways (ii) Major District Roads.
(c) Tertiary system (Rural Roads) : (i) Other District Roads (ii)

Village Roads.
• Road length for the year 2001 should be 27,00,000 km giving a

density of 82 km/100 sq. km.
• An all-weather road should connect all villages or groups of

villages with a population of 500 and above by 2001. For villages
less than a population of 500, the road network shall be so
planned as to result in an all-weather road being available at a
distance of less than 3 km in plain areas and 5 km in hilly terrain.
• Expressways should be constructed on major traffic corridors to

provide speedy travel.
• National Highways should form a square grid of 100 km x 100

km.
• State Highways should be extended to serve the district

headquarters, sub-divisional (taluka) headquarters, major
industrial centers, places of commercial interest, places of tourist
attraction, major agricultural market centers and ports.
• The Major District Roads should serve and connect all towns and
villages with a population of 1,500 and above.
• The other District Roads should serve and connect villages with
a population of 1,000.1,500.
• Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road

safety measures were also given due importance in this plan.
• Selection of specifications should be done on the basis of

(i) Their amenability to stage construction.
(ii) The need to adopt appropriate technology.
(iii) The use of local materials.
(iv) The use of soil-stabilization techniques.
(v) The use of alternative binders.
(vi) The use of cement concrete pavements wherever
economically feasible and.
(vii) The need to conserve bitumen.
 Following formula give the lengths of

various classes of roads as per the above
guidelines:
1. Length of NH (in kin) = (area/10000) = (area in sq.Km/50)
2. Length of SH (in km) = (area in sq.Km/25 )
or Length (in km) = 62.5 x Number of towns with population

above 5,000 – (area in sq.km/50)
3. Length of MDR (in km) = (area in sq.km/12.5)
or Length (in km) = 90 x Number of towns with population above

5,000
4. Total road length (in km) = 4.74 x Number of villages and town
5. Rural Road Length (in km) = This can be calculated by finding the total road length
and subtracting the other categories.
The Bombay plan (1961-81)

•By the end of the Nagpur road plan, the length of roads imagined
under it was accomplished, however the roads framework was
insufficient in numerous regards. The changed financial, industrial
and agricultural conditions in the nation in that period required a
review of the Nagpur design.
• Hence, a second long-term plan of 20-year was drafted by the

Roads wing of Government of India, which is popularly known as
the Bombay road plan.
Features of Bombay Plan
•The aggregate street length focused to develop was around 10

lakhs km which will give a road density of 32 km per 100 sq. km.
40 percent of the length would be surfaced.
• The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also included

in the plan.
• Funds for highway financing should come not only from direct
beneficiaries (motor vehicles), but also from those on whom
indirect benefits accrue. Sources which may be tapped are
betterment levy, land revenue, toll projects and tax on diesel oil
used for motor vehicles.
• The question of vesting authority with road engineers to remove
encroachments needs to be examined.
• Traffic engineering cells should be established in each State.
 Conclusion :
It can be seen that, due to

National Highway
Development Plan (NHDP)
India road map has evolved
1.to a planned road network. It has contributed to the overall
growth of the economy by allowing efficient
2.movement of traffic. Though the delays occurred in completion
of these projects must have been avoided.
● Other than NHDP various other road development projects
have been started by NHAI connecting
3.regions not covered under NHDP.
● PMGSY has been contributing to the rural road development of
the nation. They are important as they
4.join cities to various remote areas which increase the overall
connectivity of the villages thus providing
5.them with opportunities to improve their level of living.
● For the construction of roads in the areas of habitat, to reclaim
land by government the approval
6.procedure for the pending cases takes time. Due to this most of
the projects gets delayed inspite of
7.the ample funding.
● The clearance needed for deforestation in order to construct
roads and purchasing the land also
8.delays the project. So land reform policy requires change in
issues pertaining to these attributes.
9.Strong political and administrative leadership is required to
undertake large scale infrastructure
projects
 references:
1.https://www.civilnoteppt.com/2018/06/The-Bombay-Road-Plan-Highway-
Development-in-India.html
2.wikipedia
3.http://irc.org.in/ENU/knowledge/research
4.http://planningcommission.nic.in
5.http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/chapter426474
48080.pdf 6.http://www.tcil.com/rt.asp#top
7.http://www.un.org/en/roadsafety/background.shtml
8.http://www.indianexpress.com/news
9.http://www.fhwa.dot.gov
10.www.nhai.org
11.www.morth.nic.in
12.http://pmgsy.nic.in/
13.http://web.worldbank.org

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INTRODUCTION

Road transport, being the most accessible mode of

While formation of these plans, various externalities such as

Nagpur Road Plan

The effect of heavy wartime traffic caused further deterioration of the

 Features of Nagpur Road Plan

 Classification of Roads as per Nagpur Road Plan

1. National Highway (N.H)

Earlier two road development plans led to 2 shortcomings:

(a) Primary system : (i) Expressways (ii) National Highways.

(b) Secondary system : (i) State highways (ii) Major District Roads.

(c) Tertiary system (Rural Roads) : (i) Other District Roads (ii)

• Road length for the year 2001 should be 27,00,000 km giving a

• An all-weather road should connect all villages or groups of

• Expressways should be constructed on major traffic corridors to

• National Highways should form a square grid of 100 km x 100

• State Highways should be extended to serve the district

• Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road

• Selection of specifications should be done on the basis of

 Following formula give the lengths of

2. Length of SH (in km) = (area in sq.Km/25 )

or Length (in km) = 62.5 x Number of towns with population

3. Length of MDR (in km) = (area in sq.km/12.5)

or Length (in km) = 90 x Number of towns with population above

The Bombay plan (1961-81)

• Hence, a second long-term plan of 20-year was drafted by the

Features of Bombay Plan

•The aggregate street length focused to develop was around 10

• The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also included

It can be seen that, due to

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