OPLE Transition of Government

OPLE, Juliana Patrisha M.
HUMSS 12 – C
Political Science 01 March 30, 2020
The Philippine Government (Pre-Colonial period - Contemporary period)
Pre-Colonial Period
● The barangay was the Filipino's earliest form of government.
● The term barangay was derived from the Malay word barangay or balangay, which
means sailboat.
● The barangays were used to transport the early Filipinos and their cargoes to the various sections
of the Philippine archipelago.
● Each barangay was ruled by a datu or village chief who was also known as raha or rajah.
● In times of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and judge. And, in times of conflict, he
was the supreme commander of the warriors
Spanish Period
● Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898.
● The Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another
Spanish colony.
● When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a
governor general. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the colonies
assisted the king in this respect.
● Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a
national government and the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and
municipalities.
American Period
● The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (Filipino: Pamahalaang Militar
ng Estados Unidos sa Kapuluan ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Gobierno Militar de los Estados Unidos de
las Islas Filipinas) was a military government in the Philippines established by the United States
on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as
military governor.
● Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with
soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and
local governments were established in towns and provinces.
● On March 3, 1901 the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with
the Platt Amendment on Cuba) the Spooner Amendment which provided the President with
legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines.
● On July 1, 1901, civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor.
● Later, on February 3, 1903, the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to
Governor-General.
● A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of
instruction.
Commonwealth Period
● The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945
in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law.
Japanese Occupation
● The Second Philippine Republic was established during the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines.
● The Japanese government established a military administration over the Philippines, as well as
the Philippine Executive Commission, composed of several pre-war Filipino political leaders.
● The KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was also organized, designed
to be the sole and exclusive political organization in the Philippines.
Contemporary Period
Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

● created National Council of Education
● initiated women’s suffrage
● approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945)

● organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for
Service to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation
● with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines
Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946)
● Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary
Fund during his presidency
● Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency
● During his presidency, the Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.
Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
● reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
● under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by
Congress
Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
● Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency
● created Social Security Commission
● created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
● Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
● chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
● presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
● established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
● known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
● established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
● cultural arts was revived during his term
Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
● established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
● placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
● declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
● signed the Minimum Wage Law
● created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)
● declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
● increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
● by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
● by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
● built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined
Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)
● first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country
● abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines
● signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code,
which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
● reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
● restored democracy
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
● Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
● death penalty reinstated while he was in office
● signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front
● oversaw Philippine economic growth
Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
● during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured
● among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of
Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base
● joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
● cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010)
● peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
● eVAT Law was implemented under her term
● oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her
● second female president of the country
Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)
● created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy
● initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
● renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office and
appointed new officers
● suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and
Government Financial Institution board members
● oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 - present)
● Environmental Policies
● instituted a tax reform law
● proposed Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure plan
● War on Drugs
● instigated the foreign policy shift
Sources:
http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/07/28/the.pre.colonial.government.of.the.filipinos.html
https://www.philippine-history.org/spanish-colonial-masters.htm
https://www.infinithink.org/2015/07/philippine-presidents-their-achievements-and-contributions.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)#Establishment_of_ci
vil_government
https://www.philippine-history.org/philippine-commonwealth.htm
http://malacanang.gov.ph/5235-70th-anniversary-of-the-second-philippine-republic/

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OPLE, Juliana Patrisha M.

The Philippine Government (Pre-Colonial period - Contemporary period)

Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945)

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