11

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PHILIPPINE
POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
(Quarter 2 – Module 5)

Name : ___________________________________
Strand and Year : ___________________________________
Subject Teacher : DENNIS JADE G. NUMERON

Please do not return this Module. Keep it with you for your references. Submit
your answer sheets only.

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 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Name: ____________________________ Section: _______________
Grade Level: _______________________ Date: ________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS

The historical development of Philippine Politics and Government can be studied through its
evolution from the Pre-historic period which contributed to the formation of modern Philippine Politics
and Government.
The Pre-Spanish Government
The early Filipinos had a government which they called “Balangay”.The head or the leader was
called a Datu or Rajah who was assisted by the elders in the community. All powers of the government
were exercised by the datu or rajah. He was the chief executive, law giver, chief judge and military
head. There are three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), the Timawas
(Freemen) and the Alipin (Slaves). The Datu or the Rajah came from the Maharlika (The upper class).

Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule

The Philippines was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of Mexico. When
Mexico, also a former colony of Spain gained her freedom in 1821, the Philippines was ruled directly
by Spain until 1898.The government established in the Philippines was centralized. The national
government was headed by a Spanish Governor General, who was appointed by the King of Spain.
The Governor-General was at times called the “Representative of the King of Spain” or the “Little King
in the Philippines”. In theory, he was the highest government official in the country, and practice
frailocracy “Rule of friars” existed thus overpowering the Governor General. Below the national
government was the Alcaldia (Provinces) headed by the Alcalde Mayor, the Pueblos (Towns) which
were led by the Gobernadorcillo (little governor) and the barangays which were led by the Cabeza de
Barangay. Andres Bonifacio organized the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary organization of the
Filipinos. Its aim was a complete separation from Spain. It precipitated the Philippine Revolution on
August 26, 1896 (De Leon & De Leon, 2014). It was replaced by another government when it was
discovered by the Spanish authorities. The new government was headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as
President in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22-23, 1897.
The Biak-Na-Bato Republic was created by Gen. Aguinaldo on November 1, 1897. Its aim was
separation from Spain and formation of the Philippines as an independent state. The Republic existed
until December 15, 1897, with the signing of the Pact of Biak-Na-Bato. It resulted in the Revolutionary
exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong provided that General Primo de Rivera would pay
$800,000. On May 24, 1889, Gen. Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government when he returned
from his exile in Hongkong. The notable achievements of the Dictatorial Government were: 1) the
proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898; and 2) the reorganization
of local governments. A Revolutionary Government replaced the Dictatorial Government still with Gen.
Aguinaldo as the head. On January 23, 1899, the first Philippine Republic was established with Gen.
Aguinaldo as the President.

The Government during the American Regime

The Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898. The president of the
United States delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all powers of the
government (until the war lasted) - executive, legislative and judiciary. The Spooner Amendment

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ended the military regime in the Philippines. It was changed into civil government headed by Civil
Governor on July 4, 1901. The title was changed to Governor General on February 6, 1905. The
Governor General has legislative powers, and he was the President of the Philippines commission
from 1901-1907. The Philippine Commission was the sole law making body of the Government.
Eventually, this became the upper house of the legislative department of the Philippine Assembly
(Created by Philippine Bill of 1902) as the lower chamber. The Jones law of 1916 which became the
fundamental law for the Philippines vested the legislative power in an all- Filipino law-making body
composed of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Commonwealth Government
The Tydings-Mcduffie Law in 1934 established the Commonwealth Government. It was a form of
government in transition toward independence. It provide for a ten-year transition period after which
the Philippine independence would be Proclaimed and established. The Commonwealth Government
was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The first National Election in the country was held September
12, 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was the President, and his Vice-President was Sergio Osmena. The
Commonwealth Government functioned in exile during World War II in Washington, USA, from May
13, 1942 to October 3, 1944 after which it was reestablished in Manila on February 27, 1945. The
USA turned over to a Filipino President the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth
Government under the 1935 Constitution.

The Government under the Japanese Occupation

The Japanese military administration was established in Manila on January 3, 1942. A civil
government which was called the Philippine Executive Commission was established with Jorge B.
Vargas as chairman. It had legislative and executive powers but laws enacted though were subject to
approval by the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese forces. On October 14, 1943, the Japanese-
sponsored Philippine Republic with Jose P. Laurel as the President was inaugurated.

THE PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES

Since independence in 1898 and the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic,
there have been 16 presidents. Starting with General Emilio Aguinaldo all the way to current president
Rodrigo Roa Duterte.
 GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO
One way to remember the first president of the Philippines First Republic is to look at the five peso
coin. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's face used to grace the five peso bill (which is not used anymore). The
back of the bill shows him holding the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence
Day. He led the Filipinos in fighting against the Spaniards and the Americans.
Contributions and Achievements:
• first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolos Republic)
• signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine
revolutionaries
• known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War
• youngest president, taking office at age 28
• longest-lived president, passing away at 94

 MANUEL L. QUEZON
After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis
Quezon first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National
Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

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Contributions and Achievements:
• first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines
• first president elected through a national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• created National Council of Education
• initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• appears on the twenty-peso bill
• a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him
• his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

 JOSE P. LAUREL
José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker during
the Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason
was superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948.
Contributions and Achievements:
 since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines
 organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service
to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation
 declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944
 with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines

 SERGIO OSMEÑA, SR.

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the
Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.
Contributions and Achievements:
 became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office
 first Visayan to become president
 joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of
Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation
 Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary
Fund during his presidency
 Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency • appears on
the 50-peso bill

 MANUEL ROXAS, SR.

Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the
Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only
one year, 10 months, and 18 days.
Contributions and Achievements:
 inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
 reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
 under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted
by Congress
 appears on the 100-peso bill

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  ELPIDIO QUIRINO
Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino
became president.
Contributions and Achievements:
• Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency
• created Social Security Commission
• created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

 RAMON MAGSAYSAY
Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He
died in an aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane.
Contributions and Achievements:
 Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency
 chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
 first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration
 presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
 Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his
presidency
 established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms

 CARLOS P. GARCIA
A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific
War. Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of
Foreign Affairs for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.
Contributions and Achievements:
 known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
 established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
 known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
 cultural arts was revived during his term
 was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines.
Contributions and Achievements:
 established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
 placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
 declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
 signed the Minimum Wage Law
 created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
 currently on the 200-peso bill

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  FERDINAND MARCOS
Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for
three years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was
known for its corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power
Revolution.
Contributions and Achievements:
• first president to win a second term
• declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
• increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
• by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
• built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former
presidents combined
• the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt

 CORAZON AQUINO
The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an Asian
country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the People Power
Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was
a senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was
still in power.
Contributions and Achievements:
 first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country
 restored democracy
 abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the
Philippines
 reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1991 Local Government Code,
which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
 named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine
 on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino Received honors and
awards including:
o 100 Women Who Shaped World History
o 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
o 65 Great Asian Heroes
o J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

 FIDEL V. RAMOS
Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became
president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and stability in the
country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far the only, non-Catholic
president of the Philippines.
Contributions and Achievements:
• oversaw Philippine economic growth
• presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
• received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)

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 • hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines
in 1996
• Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
• death penalty reinstated while he was in office
• signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

 JOSEPH ESTRADA
Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His
presidency was controversial. During his years in office economic growth was slow and he faced
impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of
stealing from the government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010.
Contributions and Achievements:
• during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were
captured
• joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
• cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S.
control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

 GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, president of the Philippines (and the second female
president). The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure
improvements and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy.
The so-called "Hello Garci" controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering
the rigging of the election that put her in office. In 2005 Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related
to the recordings but the impeachment failed. After she had left office Arroyo faced additional charges
of election fraud and misuse of state funds.
Contributions and Achievements:
• second female president of the country
• first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far
• first president to take oath outside Luzon
• former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president
Benigno Aquino III was one of her students
• ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh
School of Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
• oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her
• peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• E-VAT Law was implemented under her term

 BENIGNO AQUINO III

Benigno Aquino III joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He
is the first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children.
Contributions and Achievements:
• created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy
• appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local
Government in 2010, where Robredo served until his death in 2012
• initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
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 • renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations
Office and appointed new officers
• suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation
and Government Financial Institution board members
• oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2013
•

 RODRIGO R. DUTERTE
Rodrigo Roa Duterte born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong and Rody, is a Filipino
politician who is the 16th and incumbent President of the Philippines and the first from Mindanao to
hold the office. He is the chairperson of PDP–Laban, the ruling political party in the Philippines. Duterte
took office at age 71 on June 30, 2016, making him the oldest person to assume the Philippine
presidency; the record was previously held by Sergio Osmeña at the age of 65.
Born in Maasin, Southern Leyte, Duterte studied political science at the Lyceum of the
Philippines University, graduating in 1968, before obtaining a law degree from San Beda College of
Law in 1972. He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao City, before becoming vice
mayor and, subsequently, mayor of the city in the wake of the Philippine Revolution of 1986. Duterte
won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance (Quarter 1. Week 7-8).

DIRECTIONS
Let’s Start!
Hello learner, please sign the learning agreement before answering the different activities.
ENJOY!

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1- PICTO GALLERY

Look at the pictures below and write at least three terms/concepts on the space
provided that comes on your mind associated with the images.

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 1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2- WHAT I KNOW

W
Write something (3-5 sentences) on the following governments:
1. Pre-Spanish Government
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Spanish Government
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

3. Biak na Bato Government

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

4. American Government
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

5. Japanese Government
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3 MY PRESIDENT’S LEAGUE

Choose your significant Presidents in the Philippine and list down their famous
identity/legacy/programs implemented. Justify your choices. Use the template below for
your answer.

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 LEARNING ACTIVITY 4 IN MY OPINION
Read and understand the statement below. Write your 3-5 sentence opinion in each statement.
Use the template provided, then answer the process question below. Write your answer
on your paper.

1. Under President Gloria Arroyo’s administration the country recorded a high GDP but despite this
data many Filipinos lived below the poverty line.
I agree because…….. I disagree because……

2. Despite the tagline “Kung walang corrupt, walang mahirap” of President Benigno Aquino III
which transformed Philippine government with principles of transparency, accountability and
integrity his administration was embroiled with controversy involving misuse of public funds.

I agree because…….. I disagree because……

3. President Rodrigo Detente’s war on drugs has killed thousands and yet the bloody campaign is
overwhelmingly became popular.
I agree because…… I disagree because……

4. Due to the crisis brought by Covid-19 pandemic the congress grant special temporary power
and emergency power to President Rodrigo Duterte to realign funds that will be used in
combating the deadly virus

I agree because…… I disagree because……

Guide Question:

1. With the above mentioned administrations as a SHS student cite your opinions how
Philippine Politics and Government evolved?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

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 LEARNING ACTIVITY 5 – MY SELF AS A LEADER
Answer the following questions below. Write your answer on your paper.

1. If given a chance to have a position in the government what type of administrator are you? What
are the programs/projects that you will going to implement?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. As a political leader, who among the Philippine Presidents you would like to emulate? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY 6 – THE EVOLUTION

Write an essay (150-300 words) on the evolution of the Philippine Politics and
Governance. Write your essay on your paper.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 7 – ASSESSMENT

Read and understand the following questions carefully.
Write the answer paper.

1. He created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy. _____________

2. She was a prominent figure in the People Power Revolution that brought down Ferdinand
Marcos' dictatorship. ________________
3. The head of the government during Pre-Spanish time. ___________
4. During his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured.
_______________
5. Known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors.
____________
6. Established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless. ________________
7. The president of the United States delegated his authority to the ____________ who exercised
all powers of the government (until the war lasted) - executive, legislative and judiciary.
8. He won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years. _____________
9. Enhanced VAT Law was implemented under her term. __________
10. On October 14, 1943, the _______________________ with Jose P. Laurel as the President was
inaugurated.

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 RUBRIC FOR SCORING

Needs
Criteria Very Good Average
Excellent 5 Improvement
4 3
2
This paper is clear and This paper is mostly The writer is Topic is not well-defined
focused. It holds the focused, and has beginning to define and/or there are too
reader's attention. some good details the topic, even many topics.
Ideas though development
Relevant details and and quotes. is still basic or
quotes enrich the general.
central theme.
The organization Paper (and The organizational Sentences within
enhances and paragraphs) are structure is strong paragraphs make
showcases the central mostly organized, in enough to move the sense, but the order of
idea or theme. The order, and makes reader through the paragraphs does not.
Organization order, structure of sense to the reader. text without too
information is much confusion.
compelling and moves
the reader through the
text.
The writing has an The writing mostly The text hums along The text seems choppy
easy flow, rhythm, and flows, and usually with a steady beat, and is not easy to read
cadence. Sentences invites oral reading. but tends to be more orally.
Sentence are well built, with
strong and varied businesslike than
Fluency
structure that invites musical, more
expressive oral mechanical than
reading. fluid.

REFERENCES:
BOOKS:

Tabajen, Rhene C.,and Pluma, Erlinda B., Philippine Politics and Governance 1st Edition for Senior High School,
Educational Resources, JFS Publishing
Services, Unit 9005 Central Park Condominium 2 168 D. Jorge Street, Pasay City, Philippines

Hague, R. and M. Harrop (2007). Comparative Government and Politics, an

Introduction, London: Palgrave, chapter 2Science. 4th ed

De Leon,Hector S. and De Leon, Hector M. Jr. 2014. Textbook on Philippine

Constitution. Rex Bookstore, Manila

Garcia, Carlito D., 2010. Philippine History and Government for college students Book Atbp, Mandaluyong
Halili, M. 2010-2012, Philippine History. Arkipelago books, Manila

WEBSITES:
https://www.slideshare.net/Political-history-of-the-philippines-12165185
https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievementsand-Contributions
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/manila-philippines-apr-12-2017-people-
785462050
https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=7839ee68&p2=%5EAZ0%5Exdm283
%5ETTAB02%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=5BA59CA9-54CC-4EB7-862D-
68708DF1177E&qs=&si=42851694439&ss=sub&st=sb&searchfor=inserting+text+boxes+an d+shapes&tpr=jrel2&ots=1595406083911
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk01W9fpa_lP7bfa-
HeBFvFXPK56iig:1595396481998&q=rodrigo+duterte+contributions&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi ngteEk-
DqAhXFMd4KHXwIC3sQ1QIoAXoECBgQAg&biw=1280&bih=560

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:

DENNIS JADE G. NUMERON CIELO O. OSORIO RAE ABNEE C. GARRIDO

Subject Teacher Faculty Asst. Principal/SHS Coordinator
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