Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Around the world, millions of people spend a lot of money on buying

insecticide products and it is introduced by some of the commercial in radio,

televisions and billboards. However, some commercialized products contain

substances which may be harmful to people and the environment.

Bryophyllum pinnatum (kataka – taka) is a succulent plant native to

Madagascar which is popular houseplant since it is easy to propagate and to

grow, simply by its leaves you can grow the entire plant. It has many properties

that it used as herbal medicine and even now people use it as astringent and

antiseptic against insect bites. (Mark, 2017).

The study was related to the researchers’ investigation since Bryophyllum

pinnatum (Kataka taka leaves) was already proven that this plant could kill

bacteria in human body since it was used as an herbal medicine. The

researchers thought that it can also kill some pest because of its capability to kill

bacteria.

A methanolic fraction from an extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves was

found to possess significant anti-ulcer activity in nine different experimental

animal models. Premedication tests in rats revealed that the extract possessed

significant protective action against the gastric lesions induced by aspirin,

indomethacin, serotonin, reserpine, stress and ethanol. Significant protection with

extract treatment was observed to occur for aspirin-induced ulcer in pylorus-

1
ligated rats and for histamine-induced duodenal lesions in guinea pigs.

Significant enhancement of the healing process was also found to occur in acetic

acid-induced chronic gastric lesions in rats. (Siddhartha Pal.)

The purposed of this study was to enlighten the people who were using

commercial products since it has substances that may harmful to them. This

study was important because people can recognize that using commercial

products may get their health at risk and to inform that natural pest control is eco-

friendly since it is safe for the environment and it is cheaper than using chemical

pesticides.

Background of the Study

According to McGrath (2017) there are over 2,400 species of case bearing

moth in United Kingdom, they only fly when it was warm and they hide on a dark

place where they can lay eggs on wools, feathers or skins when the egg was

hatch the larvae cause a real damage because they eat fibers that can result

holes in clothes and some loss of file in carpets. Because of this, some charity

was seeking the help of the public to track and monitor the case bearing moth by

visiting their websites, they can collect a free clothes moth trap to help them

monitor the moth development by sharing their findings on their websites.

This study was related to the present research since the number of case

bearing moth is growing as years goes by because of the warm weather. By

using alternative formulation in eradicating the case bearing moth it could be

2
beneficial to the people who are having a hard time of using some traps to catch

case bearing moth.

According to the Rentokil Corporation (2019), the world’s leading

commercial pest control in the Philippines, most case bearing moths in the

country are seen to cause damage because of eating the protein which is the

keratin that was found in natural materials like wool, cotton, and silk. Therefore,

this pest is really destructive to many people so that it needs to be diminished.

By using an alternative insecticide, it can help to reduce the number of

case bearing moth larvae and it can be safe for people and the environment. The

researchers decided to use the extracts of Brophyllum pinnatum (Kataka-taka)

leaves since it has many properties that can help to eradicate the growth of case

bearing moth larvae and also to know if it has a potential as an insecticide.

Significance of the Study

The Researchers study about the Kataka-taka leaves to know the

potential of it as an insecticide to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth

larvae. The research is meaningful for the following:

To those people who are using commercial insecticide, they can be aware

of using it because by using chemical based insecticide. It can cause harmful

effect on human if it was not use properly and correctly. It may also affect the

environment.

3
 To the Manufacturers, the information given by the study might be used in

developing and manufacturing new products that focused on the eradication of

case bearing moth and selling it to the public at an affordable price.

To the Researchers, this study helps to improve the efficiency of making a

productive research.

To the Future Researchers, In adding reference and serves as a guide

line to conduct more effective research.

The present study wants to enhance people’s knowledge on what case

bearing moth can do to them. The researchers’ goal was to help people eradicate

the growth of case bearing moth larvae by using an alternative product to keep

their valuable things.

Scope and Limitation

The study focused on the potential of Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide

to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae. Researchers conducted the

study to analyze if the Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide is a good way of

eliminating the case bearing moth. Furthermore, the researchers want to lessen

the spending of the money for branded or commercial products.

The study aimed to verify the potential of Kataka-taka leaves extracts on

different concentration such as 75%, 60%, 45%, 15% and 5%. The study used

60 samples of case bearing moth larvae. In each container, there are 10 pieces

of case bearing moth larvae. This research was conducted because there are

4
harmful effects of using the chemical based products and found out that there are

quite a number of people who get allergic reactions and some injuries during a

prolonged use.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are

operationally defined:

Alternative. It refers to one or more available possibilities. Kataka-taka

leaves extract was used as alternative product as an insecticide to eradicate the

case bearing moth larvae.

Case bearing moth. It refers as a subject of the study. It derives from the

small silken case that the larva spins about its body and it carries about

whenever it feeds.

Eradicate. It refers to something that is been removed or completely

eliminate. In the present research the case bearing moth are the wants to

eradicate by the researchers.

Extract. It refers to a substance that you get from something by using a

machine or chemicals. In experiment, the researchers used Kataka-taka leaves

as being used tom get the extract.

Insecticide.it refers to a product that can reduce the growth of a pest or

insect. The researchers used this as the final output of the study.

5
 Kataka-taka Leaves. It refers as an alternative method to eradicate case

bearing moth larvae. It is a fast growing succulent plant which is used as herbal

medicine.

Organic. Grown or made without the use of artificial chemical. It refers to

the extract of Kataka-taka leaves which the researchers want to be organic since

it has been used as herbal; medicine for a long time.

Pest. It refers to an animal or insect that causes problems for people

especially for damaging crops. The case bearing moth is a pest that the

researchers wants to be treated.

Potential. It refers to the existing in possibility. The researchers want to

know if the Kataka-taka leaves have a potential as an insecticide to treat the

case bearing moth larvae.

6
Statement of the Problem

This research is sought to answer the following questions;

1.) How many case bearing moth survived after the test?

2.) What is the average survival rate of case bearing moth larvae after the

test?

3.) What is the significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves extract in

eradicating the growth of case bearing moth larvae in terms of different

concentration:

A.) 75%?
B.) 60%?
C.) 45%?
D.) 15%?
E.) 5%?

Research Hypothesis

1.) There is no potential of using Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide to

eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae.

2.) There is no significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide

to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae in terms of different

concentration.

3.) There is no significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide

to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae in terms of no. of

hours.

7
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND FRAMEWORKS

The Antimicrobial activity of 100% Kataka-taka Leaf Extract against

Staphylococcus Aureus by Aldin C. Bagon, Ma. Claire R. Granada, Jimson
Rey Q. Intong, Carlos L. Marcos, Kennex S. Muñez, Christine
Rose P. Nonan, Kathlynn Joy N. Pañares, Abagail
Celfred M. Potencioso, Chonlatid L. Prapan, Celiryn E. Tan, Erwin P. Evales

The researchers determined the presence of antimicrobial activity of

Kataka-taka Leaves extract against Staphylococcus aureus by means of Kirby-

Bauer Sisk Diffusion Method. The Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Velez

College Microbiology laboratory. In Preparing the experiment, two hundred fifty

grams of collected Kataka-taka leaves are wash with distilled water to remove

dirt. The leaves were then chopped and subjected to extraction by using the sox

let apparatus. The extract was incorporated by replacing 2-3 drops to the disc of

Whitman filter using a dropper. The Penicillin, Kataka-taka and distilled water

was incorporated disc are then replaced in the agar plates using the forceps then

it placed in the incubator after 24 hours the zone of inhibitions are measured

using the vernier caliper. The study showed that the mean of zone inhabitation of

benzyl penicillin as the positive control groups had the value of 38.75mn. The

experimental group presented with the value of 17.69mn, which indicated that the

Kataka-taka leaf extract had antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus

aureus. ATCCH 65.38. The negative control group (distilled water) showed that

the zone of inhibition 10:00. The researchers conclude that the Kataka-taka leaf

8
extract had an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC# 6538

as demonstrated by the mean zone of inhibition which is 17.69 ±0.48

This study was related in the present research because it discussed how

the Kataka-taka leaves extract used as an antimicrobial. The researchers

conclude that the Kataka-taka Leaf Extract had an antimicrobial activity against

Staphylococcus Aureus. The Researchers taught that if the Kataka-taka Leaves

can be an antimicrobial against into any bacteria or germs. Furthermore, it was

also possible that it can kills some insect and it can be used as an insecticide

particularly to the case bearing moth larvae which was the subject of the study.

In Vitro Evaluation of antibacterial, Antifungal and Phytotoxocity Activity of

Different Extracts of Leaves of Brophyllum Pinnata to the Case Bearing
Moth by Yousaf Kamal, Bashir Ahmad, Muhammad Uzair, Nadeem I.
Muhammad Y. and Iftiklar Hussain
In the Philippines, the Kataka-taka was distributed in many places. The

leaves of Kataka-taka have many uses in the field of medicine in Pakistan. It was

used for diabetes, diuresis respiratory tract infections. It also applied to wounds

and insect bites. The leaves of the plant are eaten to control to some illness and

it is also extracted. The plants are employed as important source of medication in

many traditional medications. In the present study, the researchers used an

antibacterial test using the disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activities of

extracts were assessed against to some bacterial strains and the case bearing

moth. The case bearing moth larvae in the pupal stage have an average of 15.6

days (range of 11 to 23 days). The entire cycle from egg to adult averages 74.2

days (62 to 86 days), so in order to get the case bearing moth larvae in exact

9
maturity level the researcher determine the days where the case bearing

cultured. The researchers concluded that there was an effect of different extract

of Kataka-taka leaves in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and

phytotoxocity activity. The researchers also concluded further studies were

recommended on the plant to determine the pharmaceutical potentialities of the

plant as medicine and to isolate and elucidate the structure of the bioactive

compounds. (Yousaf, K. et al.)

This study was related in the present research because it discussed how

the Kataka-taka leaves extract could be beneficial because of it many uses. The

researchers taught that instead of using the Kataka-taka leaves as to control

some illness why it could use as an insecticide to eradicate case bearing moth

since it has been used for a very long time. So, researchers taught that maybe it

could use to kill some insects particularly to case bearing moth larvae. It also

said that in getting the case bearing moth larvae the researcher need to know the

maturity level of the moth in order to avoid complications in making the

experiment.

10
Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Sources  Gathering THE

Equipment POTENTIAL OF
- Article BRYOPHYLLUM
 Collecting Kataka
- Book PINNATUM
taka leaves
- Internet (KATAKA-TAKA)
 Collecting case
Material LEAVES AS AN
bearing moth
- INSECTICIDE
larvae
 Case bearing moth TO
 Experimentation IRRADICATE
larvae  Analyzation/Inter THE GROWTH
 Research Design pretation OF CASE
 General research BEARING
- Experimental question MOTH LARVAE

FEED BACK

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the study

The first box illustrates the input process. Inside the input box are the

resources required in the present study. The researchers find resources from

article book and internet material so it can be easy for them to find information

related to their study. It also written the subject of the study which was the

case bearing moth larvae that the researchers want to eradicate.

11
Furthermore, it was also interpreting the research design in utilizing their

work. Arrows signifies the transition of stage from input to process.

The second box illustrates the process, inside the process box are consist

of the step by step process where the researchers conduct their study. First,

the researchers gathered the equipment needed. The researchers collect the

Kataka-taka leaves, third, the researchers started collecting the case bearing

moth larvae, and then start the experiment. Lastly, analyze and interpret the

result to answer the general research question of the present study. The

transition arrow signifies the transition stage from process to output.

The third box was the output where the potential of Kataka-taka leaves as

an insecticide to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth leaves

determined. The arrow connecting from the output the input bot represents

the feedback that transmits the result of the study.

12
 Theoretical Framework

Pesticide, Environmental Pollution, and Health by Arzu Ozkara, Dilek

Akyil and Muhsin Konuk. (2016)

The table below showed the two types of insecticide. According to Ozkara

Theory by using the two products of insecticide, it can affect the following factors:

Personal, Environment and Socio-economic Status. The non- organic insecticide

can cause harm to the people because when it was used to some insect it

produces chemicals that is toxic from people. It affects the environment because

of the toxic that people can get from product and it was also expensive since it

uses a special substance to kill the insect. While the organic insecticide, did not

cause diseases to people because it was eco-friendly since it was easy to get

and it was organic. Furthermore, it is cheaper than the non-organic product that

people buy and use nowadays.

13
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the form and style of the study:

Research Design

The researchers used experimental research design in utilizing their work.

Experimental research is used scientific approach where it establishes cause and

effect relationship between the variables. It also uses to prove or disapprove a

hypothesis through statistical analysis to analyze greater or good results. (Bhat,

A. 2019)

The aim of experimental research is to predict a phenomenon where the

researcher tries to prove or disapprove a hypothesis. The researchers used an

experimental design because it has the degree to control over threats of validity.

Research Instrument

The instrument used was a collaborative number of scientific materials to gather

the necessary information for this study. The first one is a specimen container for the

placement of the collected samples of Case bearing moth larvae which is the subject

on the experiment. Petri Dish is also possible tool in collecting Case bearing moth

larvae samples. In the preparation of the sample finding, safe and washed gloves are

considered and equipped by the researchers so that the Case bearing moth larvae

will not be contaminated. Another instrument used is the Jar of course in putting the

extract of Kataka-taka leaves in it. After that, the researchers used cotton and put it

inside the petri dish to lay down the Case bearing moth larvae on it. Lastly, washed

dropper is used to drop the extract of Kataka-taka leaves on Case bearing moth

larvae.

14
 It is important to carefully follow the order of steps in collecting Case bearing

moth larvae and extracting Kataka-taka leaves. Also, using the right instruments are

advised to avoid some problem that might affect the result of the experiment.

The following tables presented are the accumulated information by the

researchers that will also be used as an instrument in the progress of this study:

Hour
Concentration 1 2 3
75% 6 6 1
60% 10 7 1
45% 6 4 2
15% 9 8 5
5% 10 8 5
Table 1: The number of Case bearing moth larvae survived after the test

Table 1 above shows the number of Case bearing moth larvae survived

on different hours and concentration.

Hour
Concentration 1 2 3

75% 60% 60% 10%

15
 60% 100% 70% 10%
45% 60% 40% 20%
15% 90% 80% 50%
5% 100% 80% 50%
Table 2: The average survival rate of Case bearing moth larvae after the test.

Table 2 shows the average survival rate of Case bearing moth larvae

after the test in term of different concentration and hours.

Subject of the Study

The case-bearing moth was a tiny pest that can destroy fabric and other

materials even though they do not pose health risk it can cause harm if it was not

treated properly.

The case-bearing moths are found worldwide including Australia, Asia

North America, and Europe. They prefer to live in some places where it was dark

because usually case bearing moths generally avoid light. The case bearing

moth larvae was hard to spot since it was the same color and texture of the

fabric. Its larva remains within the case at all times and dies if it was removed. It

really turns completely around without learning the case and it can feed from

either end. The adults do no feed because the larvae do the feeding. This moths

are attracted to food, beverage wool, and other materials so if it was not treated

properly it will increase the population of this species. (Potter, 2019)

The case bearing moth larvae was the subject of the study of the

researchers. The case bearing moth larvae was hard to find because they hide

16
on dark places and they cause harm to the people when their population gets

increased. Many people see an adult of a case bearing moth anywhere but they

considered it as a butterfly instead of a pest so the researchers want to know the

potential of Kataka-taka leaves extract to eradicate the case bearing moth larvae.

The researchers used the case bearing moths larvae as a test subject because it

is not the actual moth that causes damage but the larvae.

Setting of the Study

17
 Figure 2: The Setting of the study

Camp

School

Food and Drink

The figure above showed the location where the researchers conduct the

present study. The researchers conducted the experiment in JCMPSHS at Amlac

Ville. The researchers got the Kataka-taka leaves and other equipment in one of

the researchers’ residence. When getting the equipment, the researchers ensure

that the material that they got is clear and clean to avoid the contamination.

Data Gathering Procedure

This are the steps taken on this research:

18
A. First, gather all the material and equipment needed for the experiment

especially the Kataka - taka leaves that would use for testing.

Figure 3: Gathering all the material and equipment needed for the

experiment.

B. Get the Kataka- taka leaves and clean it by washing it with tap water then

set it aside.

Figure 4: The process of Collecting Kataka taka leaves

C. Third, use a squeezer to get the extract of Kataka taka leaves.

19
 Figure 5: The process of Kataka-taka leaves extraction

D. Next, Put the water into it depends to its concentration; furthermore, add

water if it is 75%, 60%, 45%, 15%, 5%.

Figure 6: The process of dividing the extract into different concentration

E. Start collecting the case bearing moth larvae at least 60 pieces so that

each container has 10. Then, put the cotton inside the container/

Figure 7: The process of collecting case bearing moth larvae

F. Start the testing by putting the extract in different concentration on the

container with cotton and have 10 population of case bearing moth.

20
 45 % Concentration 15 % Concentration

Figure 8: The process of putting the extract in different concentration.

G. Observe what will happen to the experiment. Analyze the experiment by

using statistical treatment.

H. Interpret and discuss the data using a chart and make a conclusion.

Statistical Treatment

To facilitate accuracy in the interpretation of the result, Statistical

Treatment was employed in all data gathered.

1 To determine how many case bearing moth died after the test in
different concentration the researchers used the mean

21
 ΣN
Mean: x́= Where:
N
x́ = Mean Deviation
Σ N = Total no. of case bearing moth larvae

2. To determine the average survival rate of case bearing moth after the
test, the researchers used the percentage.

×
Percentage: P= x 100% Where:
N
P= Percentage
N= Sample size of case bearing moth larvae

3.To determine if there is any significant different in eradicating the

growth of case bearing moth larvae in different concentration the researchers use

statistical tools such as the analysis of variance. In getting the Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) the researchers use Microsoft Excel in getting it.

Mean Square (MS) Where:

MS Error = SS Factor γ́ j= mean of the obeservations at the i th

DF Factor factor level
MS Error = SS Error γ́ = mean of all observations
DF Error γ́ ij = value of the j th observation at the i th factor
level
Sum of Square (SS)

SS Factor = Σ nι¿
SS Error = ΣiΣj ¿
SS Total = ΣiΣj ¿

Degree of Freedom Where:

DF (Factor) = r – 1 nΤ = total number of observations
DF Error =nΤ – r r = number of factor levels
Total = nΤ - 1

F- Value Where:
F= MS (Factor) nΤ = total number of observations
MS (Error) r = number of factor levels

Analysis of Variation:

22
 Null Hypothesis:
HO: μ ( A )=μ ( B )=μ ( C )=μ(D)
Level of Significance:
= 0.05
Test Statistic:
Fcal:MS(B) / Ms(W)
Decision Rule:
 If the computed test statistics is > critical value, reject HO.
 If the computed test statistics is < critical value, accept HO.

4.To determine if there is any significant different in eradicating the

growth case bearing moth larvae in the no. of hours the researchers use

statistical tools such as the analysis of variance. In getting the Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) the researchers use Microsoft Excel in getting it.

Mean Square (MS) Where:

MS Error = SS Factor γ́ j= mean of the obeservations at the i th

DF Factor factor level
MS Error = SS Error γ́ = mean of all observations
DF Error γ́ ij = value of the j th observation at the i th factor
level

Sum of Square (SS)

SS Factor = Σ nι¿
SS Error = ΣiΣj ¿
SS Total = ΣiΣj ¿

Degree of Freedom Where:

DF (Factor) = r – 1 nΤ = total number of observations
DF Error =nΤ – r r = number of factor levels
Total = nΤ - 1

F- Value Where:
F= MS (Factor) nΤ = total number of observations
MS (Error) r = number of factor levels

Analysis of Variation:

23
 Null Hypothesis:
HO: μ ( A )=μ ( B )=μ ( C )=μ(D)
Level of Significance:
= 0.05
Test Statistic:
Fcal:MS(B) / Ms(W)

Decision Rule:
 If the computed test statistics is > critical value, reject HO.
 If the computed test statistics is < critical value, accept HO.

Chapter 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

24
 This chapter presents the discussion, analysis, interpretation of interview

data. The presentation follows the order of the cited problems in the previous

chapter.

Graph 1.0: No.of Case Bearing Moth Larvae Survived after the Test
12
75% 60% 45% 15% 5%
10 10
10
9
8 8
8
7
6 6 6
6
5 5
4
4

2
2
1 1

0
1 2 3

1The number of bearing moth larvae survived after the test in terms of

different concentration.
of case bearing moth died

25
The graph above shows the number of case bearing survive after the test in 75%

concentration is 6 after 1 hour and the same with 2 hours and 1 survived after 3

hours. In 60% concentration 10 case bearing moth larvae survived after 1 hour, 6

in 2 hours and 1 only after 1 hour. In 45% concentration 6 case bearing moth

larvae survived after 1 hour, 4 in 2 hours and 2 only after 1 hour. In 45%

concentration 6 case bearing moth larvae survived after 1 hour, 4 in 2 hours and

2 only after 1 hour. In 15% concentration 9 case bearing moth larvae survived

after 1 hour, 8 in 2 hour and 5 only after 1 hour. It means that as the no. of hours

increased the no. of case bearing moth did not survive after the test.

2. The average survival rate of case bearing moth after the test.

Concentration
Table HoursBearing Moth after theTotal
3.0: The Average Survival Rate of Case
Test 1 2 3

75% 60% 60% 10% 43.33%

60% 100% 70% 10% 60%

45% 60% 40% 20% 40%

15% 90% 80% 50% 73.33%

26
 5% 100% 80% 50% 76.67%

Table 3.0 shows the average survival rate of case bearing moth after the

test in 75% concentration is 4.33%, in 60% concentration the total average is

60%. In 45% concentration the total average was 40%, In 15% concentration the

total average is 73.33% and in 5% is 76.67%. It indicates that in 5%

concentration the case bearing moth larvae has longer survival rate than the

other concentrations.

3. The significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves extract in eradicating

the growth of case bearing moth larvae in terms of different concentration.

Table 4.0:Sum
Source TheofSignificant Difference
Degrees of Kataka-taka
Mean F- Leaves Extract
P-value F in
Eradicating the Growth of Case Bearing Moth larvae in terms of Different
of
Concentration. Squares of Square ratio critical

Variation freedom

Between 33.73 4 8.43 0.9583 0.470926 3.47805

Groups

Within 88 10 8.8

Groups

Total 121.73 14

27
 In table 4.0, it shows the significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves

extract in eradicating the growth case bearing moth larvae in terms of different

concentration. The result of ANOVA test warrants the rejection of the null

hypothesis at 0.05 level of significant. Therefore, there is no significant difference

in terms of different concentration in eradicating the case bearing moth larvae.

4. The significant difference in eradicating the growth case bearing moth

larvae in terms of no. of hours.

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean F- ratio P- F

Variation Squares of Square value critical

freedom

Between 76.93 2 38.467 10.30357 0.00248 3.885

Groups 4

Within 44.8 12 8.8

Groups

Total 121.73 14

Table 5.0: The significant difference in eradicating the growth case bearing moth

larvae in terms of no. of hours.

In table 5.0, it shows the significant difference in eradicating the growth of

case bearing moth larvae in terms of no. of hours. The result of ANOVA test

warrants the rejection of the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significant. Therefore,

28
there is no significant difference in terms of the no. of hours in eradicating the

case bearing moth larvae

29
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings in the previous chapter

conclusions drawn and recommendation formulated based on the findings.

Summary of Findings

From the analysis of data gathered in the preceding chapter, the following

are here by presented.

1. In Table 1.0, it shows that the no. of case bearing moth larvae died was

applied with different concentration of Kataka- taka leaves extract.

2. In Table 2.0, it shows that the average survival rate of case bearing moth

larvae after the test.

3. In Table 3.0, it shows the significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves as

an insecticide to eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae by

using statistical tools which is analysis of variance (ANOVA) where in the

p- value is 0.002484 therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected

4. In Table 4.0, it shows the significant difference in eradicating the growth of

case bearing moth larvae in terms of no. of hours. by using statistical tools

which is analysis of variance (ANOVA) where in the p- value is 0.470926

therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

30
Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions are drawn.

Case bearing moth larvae is very tiny compare to other pest. It does not

pose health risk but it can damage properties if it not treated properly. Studies

had suggested that Kataka-taka leaves possess antibacterial, anti-fungal,

insecticidal, antiviral, properties. that makes its popular houseplant. In fact, by

using the leaves you can grow the entire plant.

The researchers wanted to prove that the Kataka-taka leaves extract as

an insecticide would be helpful for eradicating the case bearing moth larvae. To

test if it has a potential the researchers conducted an experiment on different

concentrations such as 75%, 60%, 45%,15%, and 5%.and have shown

improvement after the application of the product.

There is significant difference of Kataka-taka leaves as an insecticide to

eradicate the growth of case bearing moth larvae in different concentration since

in table 3.0, it shows that the p- value is < 0.05 so the null hypothesis is rejected.

The of Kataka- taka leaves extract did not depend on the percentage of its

concentration it depends on the number of hours after applying the extract on the

case bearing moth larvae.

31
Recommendations

Base on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are

here by recommended.

1. For the people who are using commercial insecticide, the

researchers highly recommend the use of the product containing

organic ingredients that are safe to them.

2. For the Manufacturers, distributing the product at an affordable

price is recommended as the ingredients are easily found in the

area.

3. For the community, conducting seminars about the use of

insecticide and the process of making it is recommended to know

its effect to their health.

4. For the future researchers, to conduct a laboratory test to

determine the different percentages of chemical components found

in the product.

5. In the future studies, the researchers recommend to use the Kataka

taka leaves extract as a moth balls.

6. To conduct further research on the topic is recommended.

32
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Merriam, G, & Merriam C. (1831), Merriam Webster, Springfield, Massachusetts.

B. JOURNALS

Cheprasov, A. (2018). What is scientific research and how can it be done, Clinic

of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Diskap vildirim Beyazit Training and

Research Hospital, Ankara, turkey Smitter, V.

C. INTERNET MATERIALS

Aldin C. Bagon et al (2013) The antimicrobial activity of 100% katakataka leaf

extract (kalanchoe pinnata) againts staphylococcus aureus retrieved from:

http://www.herdin.ph/index.php/partners?view=research&cid=52752

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McAdam J, & Ransom A. Signs of a Moth Infestation. Retrieved from

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D.UNPUBLISHED THESIS/REPORT

Yousaf K., Bashir A, Muhammad U., & et al., In Vitro Evaluation of antibacterial,

Antifungal and Phytotoxocity Activity of Different Extracts of Leaves of

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