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Deflection of Beam Lab Report

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1.0 Aim with Squarespace's all
Aim of this lab work is to study and understand the deflection of beam made of different one platform.
materials

2.0 Objective
Study and understand different types of beams
Study and understand the permissible load of different beams
Study and understand the effect of beam material on deflection of beam
Study and understand the effect of beam geometry of beam bending
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Materials, Mech
3.0 Introduction Material Lab Re
3.1 Beams
According to Dr. R. K. Bansal (n.d) a structural element which is used to support heavy loads in
Bending Momen
different structures is called beam. Beam in any structure bears huge load which tries to bend Beam Lab Repor
the beam and beam support the structure by resisting the bending produce by the load. Ability
of the beam to resist the load depends on the type of beam, material of beam and shape of
beam, S Timoshenko (1940). According to there are many different type of beam and each
one of these beams can be of any material and can of many different shapes. Bernoulli Experi
Report

Some different types of beam are describe below

 Deflection of Be
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Simple supported beam is one which has support at its both ends but does not face any
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moving resistance

Advantages and
Fixed beam Disadvantages o
Like simple supported beam fixed also has support at its both ends but fixed beam has moving Different Types
resistance

Solution Manual
Over hanging beam
Engineering Mec
Over hanging beam also have support at both of its ends like simple supported beam but one Dynamics By R.C
of its ends is free and extended further from the end support 13th edition

Double over hanging beam Solution Manual

Thermodynamic
Double over hanging beam is just like over hanging beam, the only difference is that its both Engineering App
ends are extended beyond the end support Ed. 2006

Continuous beam VENTURI METER

Continuous beam is one which has large length and it is supported by more than two supports ORIFICE PLATE L
REPORT

Cantilever beam
Cantilever beam is one which has its one end fixed and other end is free to vibrate Solution Manual
Engineering Mec
Statics 13th edi
Trussed beam R.C. Hibbeler Te
Trussed beam is a special type of beam which has increased strength due to additional rods
and cables in beam Bending Stresse
Lab Report
In this experiment only two types of beam will be discussed one is simple supported beam and
other is cantilever beam. Talking about the material of the beam, in this lab experiment three
materials brass, aluminum and steel will be discussed.

3.2 Elastic Modulus

Elastic modulus is the mechanical property of material which is the ratio of tensile stress and
strain. Greater the value of the elastic modulus stiffer the material is and lower value of elastic
modulus means the material deflect a lot at small stresses, M. F. Ashby (2010).

E=σ/ε
Where
E is the Elastic modulus
σ = stress
ε = strain

3.3 Deflection Contact us

According to John Case (1999) when a body is under stress, then that stress tries to change its
shape and dimensions. Change is shape of the body is called deflection and change in the Name
dimensions is called strain. Following is the equation which can be used for calculating
deflection in beams
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δ=(FL^3)/KEI Message *
Where
F is the force
L is length of beam
K is constant based on the position
E is elastic modulus Send

I is second moment of area

3.4 Permissible Load

Permissible load is the maximum amount of load which can be applied in the on to the beam it
is also called the allowable load, Ferdinand P. Beer (n.d). This load shows the strength of any
beam with respect of the load applied on it. It is very important to calculate the permissible load
 of all the beams in order to get a safe structure. According to P. Beer (2012) permissible load
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σ=My/I
σ=(F*x*y)/I

Where
F is the permissible load
σ is the maximum value of stresses for material yield strength
x is the distance from the fixed point of beam to point of application of load
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y is the Distance from the neutral axis to the point of interest

I is second moment of inertia or area

4.0 Procedure
Following is the procedure which was adopted to perform this experiment

First of all the apparatus was setup and beam was placed on it
Second the dial gauge was placed on its placed
Third weight pan was placed and weight was placed on it
Reading was taken for each and every increment of weight
Value was properly arranged in the tables
Procedure was repeated for different beams and different spans

5.0 Dimensions of beams

5.1 Brass
Length of beam = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Cross section height = 0.31 cm = 0.0031m
Cross section width = 0.95 cm = 0.0095mm

5.2 Aluminum
Length of beam = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Cross section height = 0.31 cm = 0.0031m
Cross section width = 0.95 cm = 0.0095mm

5.3 Steel
Length of beam = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Cross section height = 0.31 cm = 0.0031m
Cross section width = 0.95 cm = 0.0095mm

6.0 Simple supported beam calculations

6.1 Calculations for permissible load at 1/2 span

Flexure Formula
σ=My/I
σ=(F*x*y)/I
σ=11 MPa
 Distance from the fixed point to application of force= x=0.15 m
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Distance from the neutral axis to the point of interest y=0.00155
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Second moment of inertia = I=1/12 bh^3=(0.0098*〖0.0031〗^3)/12=2.358*〖10〗^(-11) m^2

F=(11*2.358*〖10〗^(-11))/(0.15*0.00155)=(2.585*〖10〗^(-10))/(2.325*〖10〗^(-4) )=1.11 N

6.2 Calculations for permissible load at 1/4 span

Flexure Formula
σ=My/I
σ=(F*x*y)/I
σ=11 MPa

Distance from the fixed point to application of force= x=0.0075 m

Distance from the neutral axis to the point of interest y=0.00155

Second moment of inertia = I=1/12 bh^3=(0.0098*〖0.0031〗^3)/12=2.358*〖10〗^(-11) m^2

F=(11*2.358*〖10〗^(-11))/(0.075*0.00155)=(2.585*〖10〗^(-10))/(1.1625*〖10〗^(-4)
)=2.2262 N

6.3 Calculation for Elastic Modulus at ½ spans

δ=(FL^3)/48EI
E=(FL^3)/48δI

Force = F = 1.96 N

Length = L = 0.3 m

Deflection = δ = 2.21 mm = 0.00221 m

E=(1.96*〖0.3〗^3)/(48*0.00221*2.358*〖10〗^(-11) )=( 0.05292)/(2.5*〖10〗^(-12) )

E= 2.1168*〖10〗^10 Pa

6.4 Calculation for Elastic Modulus at 1/4 spans

δ=Fa/48EI(3a^2-4l^2)
E=Fa/48δI(3a^2-4l^2)
Force = F = 1.96 N

Length = L = 0.3 m

Deflection = δ = 2.21 mm = 0.00045 m

E=(1.96*0.00075)/(48*0.00045*2.358*〖10〗^(-11) )(3*〖0.3〗^2-4*〖0.00075〗^2)

E= 14327462781 Pa
 7.0 Results
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different material brass, aluminum and steel. Data of experiments was written in their
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respective tables. With the help of the data collected from the experiment graphs were
prepared for each and every case and all those graphs are mention below.

7.1 Elastic Modulus of Different Material

Elastic modulus of Simple Supported Beam

Table 1 elastic modulus for simple beam

Materials ½ spans N/m^2 ¼ spans N/m^2
Brass 37202639502 15987959190
Aluminum 25853240976 8345697398
Steel 28401512278 14372135427

Elastic modulus of Cantilever Beam

Table 2 elastic modulus for cantilever beam

Materials ½ spans N/m^2 ¼ spans N/m^2

Brass 1.80525E+12 3948697.329

Aluminum 1.69322E+12 3503701.567
Steel 3.88114E+12 8759291.181
 8.0 Discussion
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supported beam and cantilever beam and results are been shown in two tables and six graphs
in result section. Now each graph will be discussed here.

First graphs for simple supported beam made of brass and the values show a liner
relation between load and displacement in ½ spans and ¼ spans. Values of the
displacement of bam for brass is greater than steel because according To Kenneth
G. (2010)  brass is more ductile than steel have lower value of elastic modulus
Second graph of aluminum shown the similar trends like the brass graphs. It also
has liner response between load and displacement but its value of displacement
for the given load is more than that of the brass which shows that aluminum is
more ductile than that of brass as explained by B. K. Agrawal (2007). The third
graph of steel has very graph of brass and steel and has linear response for both
spans but its values of displacement at the given load is smallest from other two
which show that steel is less ductile than other two and has highest value of
elastic modulus and this property is being proved by George Murray (n.d).

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Brass graph for cantilever show similar trends of first graph but in this graph value
of displacement for both spans are very different. ¼ span show very little
displacement with respect to the ½ span under the same load 10 as explained by
Daniel D. Pollock (n.d). Aluminum graphs for cantilever has the trend as of brass
graph but the values are very different. Like brass graph ¼ span show very little
deflection where ½ span show large deflection under the same load, Charles
Gilmore (n.d). Steel graph for cantilever show very abnormal values of
displacement. ¼ span of steel shows only 0.4 mm deflection at the highest load
and ½ spans shows 2.5 mm deflection at highest load

According James M. Gere (n.d) to the equation of deflection, second moment of inertia of the

beam which is the property of the beam related to its shape and dimension has very important
role in deflection of beam. Beam with high value of second moment of inertia or second
moment of area will show less deflection and beam with low value of second moment of inertia
will show larger deflection. From this it can be concluded that the second moment of inertia is
property of beam which resist the bending or deflection of beam.

According to the table the value of elastic modulus for brass is about 37.5 GPa whereas the
value of elastic modulus in books is 105 GPa which is almost three time the value obtain from
the graphs or experiments. Like that for aluminum the value of elastic modulus is almost 26
GPa which is almost 2.5 times less than the book value of 69 GPa. For steel the elastic
modulus value is about 29 GPa which more than six time less than the book value of 200
GPa.

According to Raymond Aurelius Higgins (1994) there is a great different in values of elastic
modulus, which shows that there are some errors in the experiment and those errors needed to
discussed in order to get accurate values for elastic modulus.
 Error in the beam experiments could be form two sources one in apparatus error and second is
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horizontal surface or beam is already deformed. A personal error includes observation and
calculation with wrong method or lack of experience in experimentation.

Error in apparatus which is also known as instrument error can easily be find out by repeating a
certain experiment over and over again if all experiment show inaccurate value means
apparatus has some errors. It can be removed by calibrating it with a good standard apparatus.
Personal error can find out by repeating the experiment with some experience person and can
be removed by practices.
 
9.0 Conclusion
Aim of studying and understanding the different types of beams and effect of different factors in
deflection of beam has been completed successfully. Six experiments were performed on two
different types of beam under tow different conditions and result where plotted on graphs and
were discussed in details. From these experiments it can be concluded that the deflection in a
beam under a constant force depends on its type, shape, material and point of application of
force. It can also be concluded that the experimental elastic modulus of same material is
different in every case and really depends on the beam type, shape and loading place.

Postado por Green Mechanic

1 comment:
Unknown November 28, 2018 at 8:49 AM
Thanks for this report. I found the sources of error in the experiment discussed very helpful.
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