HYDRODYNAMICS

A Summarized Report by
Anna Marie Josiefine C. Kapulong, MD

HYDRODYNAMICS

 Hydrodynamics is the study of the flow of water and other Newtonian fluids
FLUIDS
 Any substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small.

VISCOSITY
 Is that fluid property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to shear stresses
 For Example: A fluid with a low viscosity is said to be "thin," while a high viscosity fluid is said to be
"thick." It is easier to move through a low-viscosity fluid (like water) than a high-viscosity fluid (like
honey). [ CITATION Pet15 \l 1033 ]

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

F / A = n (dv / dr)
Where:
F = Force
A = Area
dv/dr = Sheer rate (speed in which the liquid is moving)
n = 0.00089 Pa (constant number)

o A. Newtonian Fluid
 A fluid, whose viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation or shear stain (V/Y), is called
Newtonian fluid.
 A fluid which obeys Newton’s law of viscosity is termed as Newtonian fluid.
 Ex: Water , Mineral oil , Gasoline , Alcohol

o B. Non Newtonian Fluid

Types
o A .Dynamic Viscosity - the quantity defined above.
o B. Kinematic Viscosity
 Is the ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density.
 A measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity.
 It is frequently measured using a device called a capillary viscometer (basically a graduated can with
a narrow tube at the bottom)
  When two fluids of equal volume are placed in identical capillary viscometers and allowed to flow
under the influence of gravity, the more viscous fluid takes longer than the less viscous fluid to flow
through the tube. [ CITATION Uro20 \l 1033 ]

Where:
v = Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
η = absolute or dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)
ρ = density (kg/m3)

REYNOLDS NUMBER

 It is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is a convenient parameter for predicting if a flow
condition will be laminar or turbulent.
 When the viscous forces are dominant (slow flow and a low Reynolds number) they are sufficient
enough to keep all the fluid particles in line, then the flow is laminar.
 On the other hand, when inertial forces dominates over viscous forces (fluids flow faster and a high
Reynolds number) then the flow is turbulent.
 It is a dimensionless number comprised of the physical characteristics of the flow. An increasing
Reynolds number indicates an increasing turbulence of flow. [ CITATION Nuc19 \l 1033 ]

Where:
V= flow velocity,
D = characteristic linear dimension
(travelled length of the fluid; hydraulic diameter etc.)
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3),
μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa.s),
ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s); ν = μ / ρ.
FLOW
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers move It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers cross each
parallel to each other and do not cross each other and do not move parallel to each other.
other.
The laminar flow generally occurs in the fluid The turbulent flow occurs when the fluid flows with
flowing with low velocity. high velocity.
Laminar flow occurs in the small diameter Turbulent flow occurs in large diameter pipes in
pipes in which fluid flows which fluid flows with high velocity.
with low velocity.
The fluid flow is laminar when the value of The fluid flow is turbulent when the value of
Reynolds number (Re) is less than 2000. Reynolds number is greater than 4000.
Shear stress in laminar flow depends only on Shear stress in the turbulent flow depends upon the
the viscosity of the fluid and independent of density of the fluid.
the density.
The fluid flow is very orderly i.e. there is no The fluid flow is not orderly i.e. there is mixing of
mixing of adjacent layers of the fluid and they adjacent layers of fluid with each other and they do
move parallel to each other and also with the not move parallel to each other and also with the
walls of the pipe. walls of the pipe.

Application:

 In upper respiratory tract obstruction of any severity, flow is inevitably turbulent downstream of the
obstruction; thus for the same respiratory effort (driving pressure), a lower tidal volume is achieved than
when flow is laminar.
 The extent of turbulent flow may be reduced by reducing gas density.
 Resistance to breathing is much greater when a tracheal tube of small diameter is used therefore tubes
should be of as large a diameter and as short as possible.
HAGEN -POSSUEILLE LAW

 Poiseulle determined that the laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to
the fourth power of the pipe's radius.
 It simply states that the velocity of a liquid flowing through a tube is directly proportional to the pressure
of the liquid and the fourth power of the radius of the tube and is inversely proportional to the viscosity
of the liquid and the length of the tube. (Wilson, 2007)

Where:
 Q= Flow rate
r = Radius
P = Pressure
η = Fluid viscosity
L = Pipe length

 For example :
o .
Important points:
 Tubing diameter : this is an important and frequently cited relationship is that of the
tubing’s radius. When the diameter of the catheter is doubled it increases the flow rate
by 16 fold (r4). Therefore, the larger the IV catheter the greater the flow.
 Fluid Viscosity: Flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. Increasing the
viscosity decreases the flow through a catheter. Viscosity of commonly infused
intravenous solutions range from 1.0 centipoise to 40.0 cP (Reference: viscosity of water
is 1.002 cP).
 When noted, the viscosity of blood increases with increasing hematocrit and decreasing
temperature, hence the rationales for the use of fluid warmers, by warming and diluting
blood prior to administration, flow rate will increase.
 Pressure: Increasing the pressure further maximizes flow as described by Poiseuille’s
Equation. This can be achieved by elevating fluid containers (IV bags), using
pressurized infusion devices that will increase the pressure gradients to optimize flow
rates.
 Therefore, in order to maximize the flow, an ideal rapid infusion system would consist of
the largest diameter and shortest length tubing possible. Infused fluid should be of the
lowest possible viscosity and it should be delivered under maximum possible pressure.

BERNOUILLES EQUATION

 Bernoulli's principle is about how the speed of a fluid relates to the pressure of the fluid which states the
following: “Within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of higher fluid speed will have less pressure than
points of slower fluid speed”
 Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, speed, and height of any two points (1 and 2) in a steady
streamline flowing fluid of density. [ CITATION Uro20 \l 1033 ]

Where:
P= static pressure of fluid at the cross section
ρ= density of the flowing fluid
g= acceleration due to gravity
v =mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section
h = height of the fluid
VENTURRI EFFECT
 As seen on figure 2, as the fluid flows through the constriction, the fluid molecules speed up. The
molecules must speed up in the constricted region in order for the total flow rate to remain the same.
However the number of molecules that enter the tube in a given time must be the same as the number
of molecules going through the constriction and coming out the other end. What goes inside must come
out. Since the cross section is smaller in the constriction, the molecules must move faster in order for
enough molecules to get through in the specified time.
 Since the molecules are flowing faster in the constriction, Bernoulli's principle indicates that the
pressure in the constriction should be lower than it is outside. Indeed, in order for the molecules to
speed up as they enter the constriction, and then slow down again as they leave, there must be a
pressure difference at the entrance and exit of the constriction. High pressure before the constriction
accelerates molecules into the low pressure region of the constriction, and high pressure after the
constriction slows them down again as they exit. [ CITATION Ing15 \l 1033 ]

Application:

 High-airflow oxygen enrichment (HAFOE) masks are also known as fixed performance or venturi
masks. Their function is based on the Venturi effect. These devices use air entrainment to deliver fixed
concentrations of oxygen to patients at flow rates that exceed the patient’s peak inspiratory flow rate.
Oxygen flows through a constriction to create a pressure drop in accordance with the Bernoulli
principle. The fall in pressure is used to entrain ambient air through side openings in the venturi device.

 The oxygen flow rate required is specified by the manufacturer for different aperture sizes, which result
in a predictable fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). These devices are capable of achieving inspired
oxygen concentrations of 24%, 28%, 31%, 35%, 40% and 60% depending on the aperture size and the
driving oxygen flow rate.
  Flow rates higher than the patient’s peak inspiratory flow rate are required to ensure accurate oxygen
concentration delivery. The entrainment ratio refers to the amount of air entrained for the driving oxygen
flow. A high entrainment ratio produces a relatively low FiO2, while a low ratio produces a higher FiO2.
To achieve high oxygen concentrations, the entrained volume of air needs to be limited, resulting in a
reduced total flow of gas to the patient. Therefore, HAFOE devices are not suitable for the
administration of oxygen concentrations greater than 60%, as the gas flow may be inadequate.

REFERENCES

1. Ingram. (2015, May 25). Fluid Mechanics . Retrieved from Mechanical Engineering
:https://mechaengineerings.wordpress.com/2015/05/25/viscosity/

2. Nuclear Engineers Association. (2019, December 15). Reynold's Number. Retrieved from Nuclear-Power:
https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/

3. Paar, A. (2020, January 5). Viscosity. Retrieved from Physics Hypertextbook: https://physics.info/viscosity/

4. Peters, S. (2015, October 15). Crane Engineering . Retrieved from Crane Enginnering :
https://blog.craneengineering.net/what-are-newtonian-and-non-newtonian-fluids

5. Urone, P. P., & Hinrichs, R. (2020). College Physics . In P. P. Urone, & R. Hinrichs, College Physics (pp. 213-215).
Auckland : Open Stax.

6. Wilson, W. (2007).  Trauma: Emergency Resuscitation,Perioperative Anesthesia, Surgical Management.  Volume