Door and Window Fenestration System PDF

Woldia University
Department of Architecture
Fenestration System
By Inst. Eyob Alene
Building material and construction lll

Fenestration is the design, construction or
presence of openings in a building. openings can
be doors, windows or skylights.
Fenestration refers to the openings in
the building envelope, including the installation
of windows, doors, and skylights. The inclusion
of windows and other openings in the home are
necessary as they improve the overall
environment inside the home, however they do
work to break the seal of the home, providing
possible places for air, water, and cold air to
enter the home. Thus, the number of openings
included in a home must be taken into account,
as well as the quality of the materials used to
create these openings along with the
placement.
BMC-lll by Inst. Eyob Alene
Benefits of Fenestration
The inclusion of openings in the building
envelope is necessary for people to live
comfortably inside a building (or even get in
and out of them in the first place).
Openings such as windows allow natural light
into the home and can promote passive solar
heating and cooling, as well as providing
natural points of ventilation, air circulation
and fire exits. Doors are also vital to a
buildings design to provide a point of entry
and exit to the building. Skylights provide
similar benefits as windows, however they
generally do not open.
Sky line hotel Ethiopia

Aside from the increased energy efficiency, benefits of
fenestration include:
•Increase comfort by reducing drafts and making a house
feel warmer during the cold season.
•Improve indoor air quality by reducing condensation,
preventing mold growth. As well, a tighter seal into the
home prevents external contaminants from entering the
home.
• Control condensation due to the fact that energy-
efficient windows stay warmer on interior surfaces, allowing
for a higher level of relative humidity without condensation.
This in turn allows windows to last longer, decreasing the
need to replace them as frequently.

Issues due to Fenestration
All fenestration products experience a degree
of heat loss due to:
•Radiation: heat energy is absorbed by the material of
the door or window and radiates toward the cooler
side.
•Conduction: heat energy moves through the solid
materials that make up the frame or other parts of
the window, door, or skylight.
•Convection: heat energy is transferred to the air
between parts of the window or door.
•Air leakage: heat energy is transferred to air moving
through seals or gaps in the door or window

The first issue in this arises due to improperly
installed windows, doors, and skylights. When large
drafts enter a home it can lead to overworked
heating or air conditioning systems as outside air
penetrates the building envelope, allowing untreated
air to flow into the home. A simple way to check for
leaks such as these is to hold a candle or lit stick of
incense around the frames of doors, windows or
skylights. If the smoke swirls, it indicates a draft
point.

Weather-stripping, caulking, and high-efficiency
fenestration products may be used to increase
the seal of the window or door and decrease the
costs due to air leakage. As well, windows, doors,
and skylights that let air in can also let water in.
This leads to condensation and mold. Poorly
sealed windows and doors can also let in noise and
dust, negatively affecting air quality in the home.
Window openings on dancing house

DOOR
A door is a moveable barrier secured in a wall
opening.
Functions:
1. They admit ventilation and light.
2. Controls the physical atmosphere within a space
by enclosing it, excluding air drafts, so that
interiors may be more effectively heated or
cooled.
3. They act as a barrier to noise.
4. Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic
purposes, keeping formal and utility areas
separate.

Materials of Door Construction
Timber
• Widely used for the construction of doors
• Most of the people prefer timber because of
its appearance.
• Doors can be constructed with solid planks or
timber pieces.
• To increase the lifetime of doors:
o various preservatives are added
o Timber is seasoned
Plywood
• Plywood is very useful, for flush
doors.
• It takes good polish and provides
smooth and plain appearance.

Glass
• Glass pieces are fixed in door panels to admit
light inside the room.
• Large openings in doors fitted with thick glass
panels impart a beautiful appearance.
• The glass may be of various types o frosted
glass o beaded glass o ribbed glass
Metals
• Steel and aluminum framed doors are widely
used due to the pleasing appearance
• If properly maintained, their life is very long.
• Hollow metal doors fabricated of a metal
frame, covered with metal sheet are selected
for greater strength, life and fire resistance.
Concrete
• Reinforced cement concrete frames are used
in areas where doors are exposed to vermin,
fungus, white ants etc.
Location of door in a building
• The number should be kept as minimum.
• It should meet the functional requirement.
• It should preferably be located at the corner of
the room, nearly 20 cm from corner.
• If in a room, more than 2 doors are there, they
shall be located facing each other.

Components of a door:
a) Door frame b) Door shutter
Door frame
HORN HEAD
JAMB/POST
REBATE
HOLDFAST
F.L.
Door shutter
TOP RAIL
FRIEZE RAIL
STYLE
INTERMEDIATE
RAILS
PANEL
BOTTOM RAIL

Technical Terms
1. Frame-It is a combination of several wooden
members to support the door
2. Style-Style is an external vertical member of
the shutter.
3. Top rail-It is the topmost horizontal member of
the shutter
4. Lock rail-It is the central horizontal member of
the shutter where locking attachments are fixed.
5. Bottom rail-It is the lowest horizontal member
of the shutter.
6. Shutter-The complete assembly of the styles
panels and rails is known as a shutter.
7. Panel - It is the enclosed area between the rails.

8. Sash - It is a frame made of light sections and
is used iron fixing the glass in the panels.
9.Mullion-It is a vertical member running through
a shutter or frame.
10.Louver-Louver is a timber piece which is
attached in inclined position within a frame.
11.Horn - It is a horizontal projection of head or
sill beyond the face of the door or window frame.
Generally horn is 15 cm long.
12.Hold-fasts-These are provided on vertical
sides of the vertical door frames to keep the
frame in required position. They are made of mild
steel flat bars about 3 cm wide, 6 cm thick and 20
to 25 cm long.

13.Sill - It is the bottom most horizontal
member forming the frame.
14. Jamb - It is the vertical face of a door or
windows opening which supports the frame.
15. Transom - It is a horizontal member which
divides the door or window frame into several
panels.
16. Rebate - It is a depression cut in the frame
to accommodate door.

SIZES OF DOORS
The common width-height relations used:
• Width = 0.4 – 0.6 Height
• Height = (width +1.2)m
General sizes used:
a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0 m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0 m
Bath & WC – 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0 m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25 m
b) Public 1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25 m

DOOR FRAMES
Materials used for door frames
• Timber
• Steel
• Aluminum
• Concrete
• Stone

Timber door frame
General specifications:
• Timber is sawn in the direction of grains.
• All members of frames are of same species of timber and be
straight without any warp.
• The frames are smooth, well planed surfaces except the
surface touching wall lintel sill etc.
• The thickness of rebate is 15 mm and the width is equal to
the thickness of shutter.
• Nominal size of door frame for single shutter is 75 X100 mm
and for double shutter 75 X 125 mm.

Timber door frame
General specifications:
• The back portion of door frame which in contact with
walls, lintels sill etc. is painted with bitumen or any anti-
termite chemical.
• To protect door frame during construction priming coat
is done before fixing.
• Aluminum of 3 holdfasts shall be fixed on each side, one
at the center and the other two at 300 mm from top and
bottom of the frame.
• Holdfasts and other parts, which go into the masonry
wall and thus not accessible for maintenance, shall be
protected against moisture and decay, with a coating of
coal tar or other suitable protective material.

Types of Doors
On the basis of working operations
• Hinged doors
Battened type
Framed and paneled
Glazed/Sash
Flushed
Louvered
Wire-guage
• Revolving doors
• Sliding doors
• Swing doors
• Collapsible doors
• Rolling shutter

Hinged doors
Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the
door to pivot away from the doorway in one
direction but not in the other. The axis of
rotation is usually vertical. The most common
door type. It is a simple & rigid. The panel swings,
opens and closes, on hinges. Hinged doors require
a minimum amount of maintenance and cleaning,
they are not expensive, and have an excellent
insulating ability. However, they take up precious
room space to swing in.

Battened and ledged door
The door consists of vertical boards i.e. battens
and three or four horizontal ledges. The vertical
boards are tongue and grooved to stop draughts
and the edges chamfered to relieve the plain
appearance. Battens : 100-150 mm wide and 20-
30 mm thick Ledges : 200 mm wide and 25 – 30
mm thick
The door is hung to the frame by T-hinges of
iron.
The door is commonly used for narrow openings
for internal use where it is not subject to hard
use, or where economy is of main consideration
than the appearance..

Battened, Ledged and Braced door
Battens : 100 150 mm wide & 20-30 mm
thick
Ledges : 100 200 mm thick & 25-30 mm
thick
Braces: 100 150 mm wide & 25-30 mm
thick

• Normally constructed using a Z-shaped
frame with tongue-and-groove interlocking
boards attached they can be quite heavy in
weight but this can depend on the thickness
of boards used.
• Due to their construction they are normally
very strong and hardwearing and can also be
planed and shaped to fit pretty much any
door way.
• Such doors are used for wider openings.
• The braces incline down towards the hinged
side.

Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Door
• The framework consists of vertical

styles, three ledges and two inclined
braces.
• The braces are normally housed into
the rails at about 40 mm from the
styles.
• The thickness of the styles and top
rail is same which is equal to the
thickness of braces and battens.
• This type is suitable for external
door and door subjected to rough
handling.

Framed and Paneled door
• These types of doors are widely used in all
types of buildings since they are strong and
give better appearance than battened doors.
• Panel doors consist of vertical members
called stiles and horizontal members called
rails.
• Stiles and rails form the framework into
which panels are inserted.
• Panels may be solid wood, plywood,
particleboard or louvered or have glass
inserts.
• Additional vertical members called mullions
are used to divide the door into any number
of panels.

• Panel Door - consists of wood panels held in place by
wood stiles and rails panels and can be made from
solid wood, plywood, metal or glass.
• They consist of two vertical stiles and horizontal rails
enclosing the panels. The panels could be made of
plywood, solid timber or glass.
• The more expensive type of glass panel door is fitted
to the frame first and then the glass panels are
added individually, this makes the door lighter to
handle when hanging and cheaper to replace if the
glass gets broken.
• Depending on the location and usage of the door,
putty and beading may be used, but if the door has a
wood finish, beading alone will suffice. Silicone
sealants are also available in a variety of finishes.

• The lock rail is so placed that its center is at a
height of 800-900 mm from the bottom of the
shutter.
• Incase of timber panels, the minimum size of
the panel shall be 150 x 15 mm, while max. are
shall be 0.5 sq. m.
• Incase of plywood, there is no restriction on
minimum and max. size. However, the thickness
shall be at least 12 mm if single paneled and 10
mm for more panels.
Joint between rails and styles BMC-lll by Inst. Eyob Alene

Glazed or sash door
• This type is used in residential and public
buildings.
• They supplement the natural lighting
provided by windows or to make the interior
of the room visible from adjoining rooms.
• They can be made fully glazed or partly
glazed.
• Fully glazed doors are recommended where
sufficient light is required through the door
openings like in shopping malls, entrance halls
etc.
• Incase of partly glazed, the bottom 1/3 rd
part is usually paneled and upper 2/3 part is
Fully Glazed Door Partly Glazed Door glazed

Part glazed and partly paneled door with
gun-stock rail

Flush Door
• Flush doors are simply doors with a completely
flat surface on both sides.
• Flush doors can come in solid format which is a
door made of solid wood or hollow format
which is lightweight and comprised of two
layers of thin timber separated, usually, by a
lightweight honeycomb core. The core is
covered with either hardboard or plywood on
both sides.
• Solid flush doors are usually used as fire-
check doors.
• Flush doors are lighter and cheaper than other
types. The flush door shutters are
manufactured in standard thickness of 25,
30, 35 and 40 mm.

Types:
• Solid core flush door
• Hollow core
• Cellular core
Solid core door consist of the framework of
vertical stiles and top rail and bottom rail. The
core consists of wooden strips (width not more
than 25 mm) glued together under high pressure
OR block board or particle board. Plywood sheets
/cross bands/face veneers are glued under high
pressure to the assembly of core on both faces.
Such doors are quite strong but heavy and
require more material. Solid-core doors provide
better sound insulation and have less tendency to
warp.

Hollow core
The frame consists of styles, top rail, bottom
rail and two intermediate rails, not less than 75
mm in width. The space between the styles and
rails is filled by equally spaced battens each of
minimum width 25 mm, such that voids are
equally distributed and limited to 0.5 sq. m.
Plywood/veneers and cross bands can be glued
from both sides. The thickness of plywood
should not be less than 6 mm.

Cellular core
• The frame is made up of styles and top and
bottom rail.
• The space is filled with closely spaced battens
of minimum 25 mm width such that the void
area does not exceed 0.25 sq. m.
• Thus, the total area of voids should not
exceed 40% of the area of the shutter.

Louvered doors
• A louvered door has fixed or movable wooden
louvers which permit open ventilation while
preserving privacy and preventing the passage
of light to the interior.
inside
outside • They are most commonly used for bath and
W.C. In residential and public buildings, where
good ventilation is desired.
• The door may be louvered to its full height or
may be partly louvered and partly paneled.
• The louvers are arranged in inclined fashion
thus obstructs the vision but permits entry of
air.
• Louvers may be fixed or movable.
• Louvers may be of timber, plywood or glass.
• However, they are difficult to clean.
Partly louvered and partly paneled door
Revolving doors
• Such types are provided in public buildings,
like banks, museums, hotels, offices etc. A
revolving door normally has four wings/leaves
that hang on a center shaft and rotate one
way about a vertical axis within a round
enclosure. The central shaft is fitted with ball
bearing arrangement at the bottom, which
allows the shutters to move without any jerk
and making noise.
• The radiating shutters may be fully paneled,
fully glazed or partly glazed. The glass doors
allow people to see and anticipate each other
while walking through. Vertical rubber pieces
are provided at the rubbing end of the shutter
to prevent drought of air. People can walk out
of and into the building at the same time. The
door closes automatically when not in use.
• Revolving doors are energy efficient by
eliminating drafts, thus reducing the heating
or cooling required for the building.
• The door may be motorized, or pushed
manually using push bars. Revolving doors
therefore create a good seal from the outside
and help to reduce A/C and heating costs for
climate control from the building.
• Revolving doors typically have a "speed
control" to prevent people from spinning the
doors too fast.

Sliding doors
• In these doors, the shutter slide horizontally
along tracks with the help of runners and rails.
often for space or
• Sliding glass doors are common in places where
there is no space to swing the door.
• Such doors are very popular for use for the
entrances to commercial structures and also in
residential buildings for aesthetic
considerations. Sliding doors consist of
either one, two or three doors that slide by
each other on a track depending upon the size
of opening and space available for sliding.
• They are pretty easily cleaned and maintained.
• These doors sound insulation is pretty poor
usually, and they must be of high quality and
fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may
slide out of them.
• When fully open these doors will allow half
the space of the opening in double sliding
doors, or one third if triple.
• Sliding doors move along metal, wood, or
vinyl tracks fitted into their frames at the
top and bottom. To ease their movement,
sliding doors often have plastic rollers
attached to the top and bottom or to the
bottom only.
• The door is hung by two trolley hangers at
the top of the door running in a concealed
track while at the bottom, rollers are
provided to slide the shutter in a channel
track.

Swing doors
• The shutter is fitted to its frame by special
double action hinges.
• The hinges permits the shutter to move both
ways, inward as well as outward.
• The doors are not rebated at the meeting
styles.
• To open the door, a slight push is made and
the spring action brings the shutter in closed
position. The return of the shutter is with
force and thus, the door shall be either fully
glazed Or provided with a peep hole at eye
level, to avoid accidents.

Folded doors
Made of many narrow vertical strips or
creases that fold back to back into a compact
bundle when doors are pushed open, these
strips or creases will be hanged from the top,
and run on a track. They save space as they do
not swing out of the door opening, though
their sound and weather isolation is poor.
Folding doors are usually pretty noisy, and
considered not so durable.

Collapsible Door
• Such doors are used in garages, workshops,
public buildings etc. to provide increased
safety and protection to property.
• The doors do not require hinges to close or
open the shutter nor the frame to hang them.
• It acts like a steel curtain.
• The door is made up from vertical double
channels (20x10x2 mm), jointed together with
the hollows on the inside to create a vertical
gap.
• These channels are spaced at 100-120 mm
apart and braced with diagonal iron flats.
• These diagonals allow the shutter to open or
closed.
• The shutter operate between two rails, one
fixed to the floor and other to the lintel.
• Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.
Rolling shutter
• These are commonly used for shops, godowns, stores
etc.
• The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus
provides adequate protection and safety against fire
and thefts.
• The shutter is made up of thin steel slabs called
laths or slates about 1.25 mm thick interlocked to
each other and coiled upon specially designed pipe
shaft called drum mounted at the top.
• The shutter moves in two vertical steel guide
channels installed at their ends.
• The channel is made up of steel sheets and deep
enough to accommodate the shutter and to keep it in
position.
• A horizontal shaft and spring in the drum which
allow the shutter to coiled in or out.
• These may be manually operated for smaller
openings (up to 10 sq.m.).
• Above 10 sq. m., they may be operated manually.
WINDOWS
A window is a transparent or a translucent

opening in a wall or door that allows the
passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air
and sound.
Windows --- Performance Requirements

A window must be aesthetically acceptable in
the context of building design and the
surrounding environment.

Window details
Windows should be selected or designed to
resist wind loadings, be easy to clean and
provide for safety and security. They
should be sited to provide visual contact
with the outside.
Habitable upper floor rooms should have a
window for emergency escape. Min. opening
area, 0.330m2. Min. height and width,
0.450m. Max height of opening, 1.100m
above floor.

Anatomy of a Window
1. Tracks
2. Screen
3. Mounting Flange
4. Exterior casing
5. Head jamb
6. Weather-stripping
7. Sash
8. Glazing
9. Muntins
10.Removable storm panel
11. Sill

Main Purpose of windows
• Admits light
• Provides fresh air and ventilation
• Adds detail, balance, interest
• Visually enlarges interior space
Main factors to consider when selecting
windows and it’s dimensions.
• Strength – To take maximum space for
windows strength of the walls should be
considered
• Ventilation - Selected window sizes
should be large enough to satisfy the
required ventilation conditions

TYPES OF WINDOWS
Fixed windows
• In this type, the glass pane is permanently
fixed in the opening of the wall.
• The shutter can’t be opened or closed.
• The function is limited to allowing light and or
permit vision in the room.
• No rebates are provided to the frame.
• The shutters are fully glazed.
• In homes they are generally decorative
windows near doors, stairwells and high-places
or are used in combination with other styles.

Pivoted windows
• In this type of window, the shutter is
capable of rotating about a pivot fixed
to window frame.
• The frame has no rebate.
• The shutter can swing horizontally or
vertically.

Double-hung windows
• It has two panes, top and bottom that slide up
COUNTER
and down in tracks called stiles.
WEIGHT
• The most common used windows today. When
open, these windows allow air flow through
half of its size.
• The two parts are not necessarily the same
size.
• Traditionally, each shutter is provided with a
pair of counterweights connected by cord or
chain over pulleys.
• When the weights are pulled, the shutters
open to required level.
• It is possible to have controlled ventilation.

• Sash windows may be fitted with simplex
hinges which allow the window to be locked
into hinges on one side, while the rope on the
other side is detached, allowing the window to
be opened for escape or cleaning.
• Nowadays, most new double-hung sash windows
use spring balances to support the sashes.
• Special frames called boxed or cased frame is

used, which consists of two vertical members
spaced apart to create a groove to slide the
shutter.
• A parting bead is provided in the groove of
the frame to keep the two shutters apart.
• Only the bottom sash slides upward in a single
hung window. In single-hung windows the top
sash is fixed and can’t be moved.

Sliding Window or Slider:
• Has two or more sashes that overlap
slightly but slide horizontally within the
frame.
• Suitable openings or grooves are left in
the frame or wall to accommodate the
shutters when are shutters are opened.

Casement windows
are hinged at the sides. When fully opened,
offer the maximum amount of ventilation.
Operates like a hinged door, except that it
opens and closes with a lever inside the window.
The shutter consists of styles, top rail, bottom
rail and intermediate rail. Depending upon the
design, the frame can have additional vertical
and horizontal members i.e. mullion and transom
respectively. The panels may be either glazed,
unglazed or partly glazed and are fixed in the
grooves made in rails and styles.

Glazed window
This is a type of casement window where
panels are fully glazed. The frame has styles,
top rail and a bottom rail. The space between
top and bottom rail is divided into number of
panels with small timber members called, sash
bars or glazing bars. The glass panels are cut
1.5-3.0 mm smaller in size than the panel size
to permit movement of sash bars. Glass panes
are fixed to sash bars by putty or by timber
beads.

Louvered window
• They are provided for the sole function of
ventilation and not for the vision outside.
• The styles are grooved to receive a series of
louvers which may be of glass or wood slates.
• The louvers re usually fixed at 450 inclination
sloping downward to the outside to run-off the
rain water.
• The windows provide light and ventilation even
if closed.
• Such windows are recommended for bath, WC,
workshops etc., where privacy is more
important.
• Venetian shutters uses louvers which can be
opened or closed. The louvers are pivoted at
both ends in the frame and in addition each
blade is connected to a vertical batten by
hinge.
Metal Windows:
• These are very popular in public buildings and
can be made up of mild steel, stainless steel,
aluminum, bronze etc.
• Mils steel being cheapest of all, they are widely
used. The windows can be fabricated for the
required size using light rolled steel sections.
• They can be fixed directly to the wall opening in
a wooden frame or in the steel frame.
• While fixing, care has to be taken that the
members of the frame are not subjected to any
structural loads to prevent damage.
• Thus, the size of the window opening is kept
slightly more than the frame size so as to allow
some clearance between the two.
• The window is fixed into the opening only after
masonry and lintel work is over and fully set.

Advantages of metal windows:
1. They are more stronger and durable as
compared to wooden windows.
2. They are not subjected to expansion and
contraction of joints.
3. They are rot-proof, termite proof.
4. Highly fire resistant.
5. Presents better elegance and smooth finishing.
6. Provide more area for light and ventilation.
7. The cost of maintenance is negligible and thus
proves economical.

Bay window
• The window projecting outward from the
external walls .
• Wide and decoratively impressive allow for
180° view.
• A multi-panel window, with at least three
panels set at different angles to create an
extension from the wall line.
• It is commonly used in cold country where
snow often falls.
• They may be triangular, circular, rectangular
or polygonal in plan.

Clerestory window
• These are provided to permit light and
ventilation to a room having more height than
the adjoining rooms or when the ventilation is
restricted.
• Generally provided near the top of main roof
and they open above the slab of adjoining
rooms.
• The shutters are generally pivoted at center.
• The shutter can be opened or closed by means
of two chords, each attached to the rails of
the shutter.
• The shutter must swing in such a way that the
upper part opens inside the room and lower
part opens outside, to exclude rain water.

Corner window
• These are provided at the corner of the
room.
• Light and air is admitted from two
directions.
• The jamb post at the corner is made of
heavy section.

Dormer window and Gable window
The windows provided at the dormer end and
gable end of the sloping roof to provide light
and ventilation to the enclosed space below
the roof.

Awning windows
are hinged at the top and open outward. They are
designed to provide ventilation without letting in
rain, etc.
• Awning windows can be used alone or in
vertical or horizontal groups in combination
with additional awning windows, other types of
Awning windows
windows, or above doors.
Hopper windows
Skylight
These are fixed windows on the sloping roofs.
• Admit natural light and help distribute light
more evenly throughout the room.
Considered an energy saver feature.
• In addition to reducing the need to use
electric lights, it can deliver warmth in the
winter and cooling in the summer, minimizing
the need for fuel-based heating and air
conditioning. On winter days, the sun’s
radiant energy can shine through a south- or
west-facing skylight to warm interior
surfaces. And in the summer, a ventilating
skylight can promote air circulation by
releasing the warm air that naturally rises.

• The opening for the window is made by
cutting common rafters. The framework
consist of trimming pieces, curb frames,
bottom rail and top rail. The opening is
treated with lead flashings to ensure
water proofing.
• Skylights may be plastic or glass, fixed or
operable, and made in any number of sizes
and styles.

• Fanlights: The small window or ventilator
fitted above the door or window frame
separated by transom. The function is to
ensure cross ventilation in the room even if
the door or windows are closed. They also
assist in admitting natural light.
• Ventilator: It is a narrow window of small

height fitted near the roof of a room for
ventilation. The construction is similar to the
fanlights. They are horizontally pivoted.

Opening Ironmongery
Hinges
• Hinges are devices used to attach
doors, windows and gates to a frame
• Materials used for hinges
o Steel
o Brass
o Cast iron
o Aluminum
o Nylon with metal pins
• Hinges are classified based on
o Their function
o Length of flap
o Material used
o Method of manufacture

Types of hinges
• Steel butt hinge o Most common type in

general use
• Steel double flap butt hinge o similar to the

steel butt hinge but is made from two steel
strips to give extra strength.
• Rising butt hinge o used to make the door level

rise as it is opened to clear carpets and similar
floor coverings.
• Parliament hinge:
o a form of butt hinge with a projecting knuckle
and pin enabling the door to swing through 1800
to clear architraves and narrow reveals.
• Tee hinge
o These hinges are used mainly for hanging match
boarded doors where the weight is distributed
over a large area.

Locks and latches

Knob Locks
• Installed in residential situations on exterior
doors
• Sometimes used as the primary source of
security for doors.
Lever handle locks
• Used for inner doors in commercial settings.
• They are easier to open than knob locks as
they have a large push down style handle
Rim / Mortise Locks

• found on commercial doors, entry glass doors,
and some apartment doors.
• Have a long metal piece extending out the rear
of the lock that runs through the door into a
locking mechanism on the opposite side of the
door.
Rim Latch Locks
• A rim latch lock has a standard or custom rim
cylinder on one side and a surface mount latch
lock on the other.
• Rim latch locks can auto lock the door behind
you and are popular in some apartment
complexes.

Doors Locks with Modern Technology

Doors with modern technology
Electronic Locks
Advantages
• Standalone electronic door lock
• No hard wiring necessary - battery operated
• Easy programming with audible feedback
• Easy installation
• This feature provides a quick lockout feature in
case of a security concern.
Master Lock Electronic Deadbolt Lock

• Single cylinder thumb turn on the inside
• Mechanical key overridden option
• Available in Polished Brass, Antique Brass
and Satin Nickel

Biometrics
• As bio-metrics become more and more
prominent as a recognized means of positive
identification, their use in security systems
increases.
• Some new electronic locks take advantage of
technologies such as
o fingerprint scanning,
o retinal scanning
o iris scanning
o voice print identification

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