Data Analysis Solution

Solution of Problem 1
a. The light curve (10 points)

Gieren 1993 (MNRAS vol 265)

b. The color curve (10 points)

Gieren 1993 (MNRAS vol 265)

1/9
 c. The radial velocity curve (10 points)

Gieren 1993 (MNRAS vol 265)

Solar absolute bolometric magnitude calculation (5 points)

F is the solar flux at the distance 10 pc which corresponds to the solar bolomatric absolute magnitude.

𝐿⊙ 3.96 ⋅ 1026
𝐹⨀ = = = 3.31 ⋅ 10−10 𝑊/𝑚2
4𝜋 ⋅ (10𝑝𝑐)2 4 ⋅ 3.14 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 3.0862 ⋅ 1032

Formula derivation (15 points)

From Stefan–Boltzmann equation we have luminosity of star:
𝐿 = 4𝜋𝑅 2 𝜎𝑇 4 ,

here 𝑅 is radius of the star, 𝜎 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and 𝑇 is effective temperature of star.
Star flux at distance 𝑑 will be equal:
𝜎𝑅 2 𝑇 4
𝐹=
𝑑2

From Pogson definition we have:

2/9
 𝐹1
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = −2.5𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐹2

Or using the Sun as reference, a star’s observed bolometric flux will be:
𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 −𝑀⊙𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝐹 = 𝐹⨀ 10− 2.5

Consider two moments, say t1 and t2. It is better to choose the phase t1 and t2 during which the star’s
expansion acceleration close to constant, and the difference in magnitude and color as large as possible.
At the moment 𝑡1 , with measured temperature 𝑇1 and radius 𝑅1 , absolute bolometric flux will be:

𝜎𝑅12 𝑇14
𝐹1 =
𝑑2
…………………………………………………………….. (1a)

Later, at moment 𝑡2 :
𝜎𝑅22 𝑇24
𝐹2 =
𝑑2
…………………………………………………………….. (1b)

During this time, the star’s atmosphere has expanded from R1 to R2 :

𝑅2 = 𝑅1 + Δ𝑅

or:
𝑅2 ∆𝑅
=1+
𝑅1 𝑅1

Reminding :
𝐹2 𝑇2 4 𝑅2 2
=( ) ( )
𝐹1 𝑇1 𝑅1

We have
2
𝐹2 𝑇2 4 ∆𝑅
= ( ) ( + 1)
𝐹1 𝑇1 𝑅1
……………………………………………………………………. (2)

From Pogson definition, and (2) we can find:

∆𝑅
𝑅1 = 2 𝑚2−𝑚1
𝑇
(𝑇1 ) ∙ 10− 5 − 1
2

3/9
Calculation of ΔR from the radial velocity graph (20 points)

For finding ΔR, we can use radial velocity curve, taking two moments, t1 and t2, between which the
expansion acceleration can be assumed constant,

Δ𝜑𝑃
Δ𝑅 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
2

here 𝑃 is pulsation period of star and Δ𝜑 is phase difference in moment between 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 .

--------------------------------------
Alternative method using integral / sum :
𝑡2

Δ𝑅 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡1

We can calculate the integral by drawing lines connecting two adjacent points, calculating the area of
the trapesium under the line segment and sum up for all line segment between moment 𝑡1 and 𝑡2
--------------------------------------
So, from radial velocity curve we choose the part of the graph which is close to linear :

4/9
 𝑡1 = 0.75

𝑡2 = 0.85

Which corresponds to 𝑣(𝑡1 ) =272 km/s

𝑣(𝑡2 ) = 230 km/s

Now we can calculate Δ𝑅:

(230000 − 272000)(0.85 − 0.75) ⋅ 39.294 ⋅ 86400

Δ𝑅 = = −7.13 ⋅ 109 𝑚
2

Temperatures and magnitudes from photometric data (10 points)

For moments 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 :

From light curve we have the magnitude V:

𝑉1 = 13.58
𝑉2 = 12.55
From color curve we have the color V-R
(𝑉 − 𝑅)1 = 0.81
(𝑉 − 𝑅)2 = 0.53
From Fig. 1 we can find the temperatures:
𝑇1 =4000K
𝑇2 =4750K
From table 4 we have bolometric corrections for these moments (by using Table 4 with linear
interpolation):
𝐵𝐶1 = −1.23
𝐵𝐶2 = −0.52
Now we can calculate bolometric magnitudes:
𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 (𝑡1 ) = 13.58 − 1.23 = 12.35
𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 (𝑡2 ) = 12.55 − 0.52 = 12.03

5/9
Calculate 𝑹𝟏 (10 points):
First we calculate star’s observed flux:
12.35−4.72
𝐹1 = 2.913 ⋅ 10−10 ⋅ 10− 2.5 = 2.584 ⋅ 10−13 𝑊/𝑚2

Then the radius of the star at the moment t1 will be :

∆𝑅 −7.13 ⋅ 109
𝑅1 = = = 4.0 ⋅ 1010 𝑚
𝑇 2 𝑚2 −𝑚1 4000 2 12.03−12.35
(𝑇1 ) ∙ 10− 5 − 1 ( ) ∙ 10− 5 −1
2 4750

Calculate distance (10 points)

𝜎 ⋅ 𝑅12 ⋅ 𝑇14 20
3.0 ⋅ 1020
𝑑= √ = 3.0 ⋅ 10 𝑚 = = 9.72 𝑘𝑝𝑐
𝐹1 3.086 ⋅ 1016

Answer: 9.72 kpc

6/9
 Solution of Problem 2

a) Using the data from tables 5 to 9 and recalling that MK class II corresponds to giant stars while
MK classes Ia and Iab correspond to supergiants, we easily obtain tables 10 to 12 and hence
figures containing the plots of 𝐸X−V /𝐸B−V against 1/𝜆X for both stars.

Table 10 (10 points)

𝐵−𝑉 𝑉−𝑉 𝑅−𝑉 𝐼−𝑉 𝐽−𝑉 𝐻−𝑉 𝐾−𝑉 𝐿−𝑉 𝑀−𝑉 𝑁−𝑉
Star
mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag

HD 4817 1.9 0 -1.45 -2.54 -3.42 -4.32 -4.64 -4.86 -4.59 -

HD 11092 2.09 0 - - -3.47 -4.43 -4.94 -5.16 -4.92 -5.13

Table 11 (10 points)

(𝐵 − 𝑉)0 (𝑉 − 𝑉)0 (𝑅 − 𝑉)0 (𝐼 − 𝑉)0 (𝐽 − 𝑉)0 (𝐻 − 𝑉)0 (𝐾 − 𝑉)0 (𝐿 − 𝑉)0 (𝑀 − 𝑉)0 (𝑁 − 𝑉)0
Star
mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag mag

HD 4817 1.42 0 -1.13 -1.96 -2.41 -3.14 -3.25 -3.39 -3.25 -3.63
HD 11092 1.42 0 -0.96 -1.61 -2.16 -2.77 -3.05 -3.22 -3.08 -3.02

Table 12 (10 points)

𝐸B−V 𝐸V−V 𝐸R−V 𝐸I−V 𝐸J−V 𝐸H−V 𝐸K−V 𝐸L−V 𝐸M−V 𝐸N−V
Star
𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V

HD 4817 1.00 0.00 -0.67 -1.21 -2.10 -2.46 -2.90 -3.06 -2.79 -
HD 11092 1.00 0.00 - - -1.96 -2.48 -2.82 -2.90 -2.75 -3.15

7/9
 HD 4817
1.500
1.000
.500
.000
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
E(X-V)/E(B-V)

-.500
-1.000
-1.500
-2.000
-2.500
-3.000
-3.500
1/λ (1/nm)

(10 points)

HD 11092
1.500
1.000
.500
.000
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
E(X-V)/E(B-V)

-.500
-1.000
-1.500
-2.000
-2.500
-3.000
-3.500
1/λ (1/nm)

(10 points)

8/9
b) We have that 𝐸λ−V = 𝐴λ − 𝐴V → −𝐴V as 𝜆 → ∞, so the plot of 𝐸X−V /𝐸B−V against 1/𝜆X
intersects the vertical axis at
−𝐴V
= −𝑅V .
𝐸B−V
(10 points)

Hence 𝑅V can be read off as minus the intersection of the plot with vertical axis. For the two
stars we get Table 13 (the intersection points are obtained by fitting a curve to guide the eye,
noting that as 1/𝜆 → 0, the curve becomes flat, as hinted at above).

Table 13 (10 points)

Star 𝑅V
HD 4817 3.1
HD 11092 3.0

Next,
𝐸r−V
𝐴r 𝐸r−V 𝐴V 𝐸B−V + 𝑅V
𝐸B−V
𝑅r,r−i = =( + ) = ,
𝐸r−i 𝐸B−V 𝐸B−V 𝐸r−i 𝐸r−V 𝐸i−V
𝐸B−V − 𝐸B−V

where 𝐸r−V /𝐸B−V and 𝐸i−V /𝐸B−V can be read off from the plot (again, by fitting a curve to
guide the eye). Hence we get Table 14.

Table 14 (10 points)

Star 𝑅r
HD 4817 3.7
HD 11092 3.6

Hence we take the expected values to be 𝑅V ≈ 3.1 and 𝑅r ≈ 3.7. Note that the first value
agrees with the widely used ratio of the total to selective extinction in filters B and V.

c) First let us find the apparent distance moduli 𝜇r,i in filters r and i. Reading off the fitted values
e.g. at log(𝑃/day) = 1.6 from figures 2 and 3 and substituting into the period-luminosity
relations, we find 𝜇r = 29.0 mag and 𝜇i = 28.6 mag , so 𝐸r−i = 𝐴r − 𝐴i = 𝜇r − 𝜇i =
0.4 mag and so 𝐴r ≈ 3.7𝐸r−i = 1.5 mag. Hence the unreddened distance modulus is 𝜇0 =
𝜇r − 𝐴r = 27.5 mag and so we estimate the distance to IC 342 to be 3.2 Mpc. (20
points)
9/9