Mapua University

School of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering

TOOL BIT MANUFACTURE

Shop Exercise 2

DAYO, Von Allen Jay P. Date Performed:

2019150614 18 February 2020
ME137L-A12 Date Submitted:
3 March 2020

Engr. Sherwin Magon

Instructor

OBJECTIVES
a) To be able to understand the various profiles and shapes of the tool bits used in machinery
processes
 b) To be able to manufacture the tool bits properly
c) To make sure that the tool bit design coincides with standards set by the machinery manufacturer

DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS
Tool bits have been used for centuries, yet their further technological development continues even
today. Before about 1900, almost all tool bits were made by their users, and many machine shops had
forges. Tool bits were made of carbon tool steels, which have high enough carbon content to take
hardening well. Each bit was forged with a hammer, quenched, and then ground with a grindstone.
A substantial technological advance occurred in the 1890–1910 period, when Frederick Winslow
Taylor applied scientific methods to the study of tool bits and their cutting performance. Along with
Maunsel White and various assistants, he developed high speed. His cutting experiments chewed through
tons of workpiece material, consumed thousands of tool bits, and generated mountains of chips.
Today, among the single-point cutters used in mass production (such as of automotive parts),
insert tools using carbide and ceramic far outnumber HSS or cobalt steel tools. In other machining
contexts, the latter are still well represented. An entire system of industry-standard notation has been
developed to name each insert geometry type.
TOOLS/MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT
Kiln-dried wood (16 x 0.6 x 0.6)inches
Pencil
Ruler
ball pen
Half-round file
Rasp
Small file
hacksaw
engineers compass
Protractor
Try-square
Steel brush
Googles
lab gown
Dust mask
Bench vise
stool
wood glue
illustration board
Sand paper (100 and 60 grit size)
Triangle ruler (30x60)
steel brush
workbench

MECHANICAL DRAWINGS
PROCEDURE
start
wear proper PPE
gather all the material
cut the wood into 6 pieces
measure and mark all the necessary measurements
file each wood piece to their dimension
smoothen all the wood piece with sandpaper
does all the piece smooth enough? yes/no
apply wood glue in the wood piece
place the wood piece in the illustration board
label each wood piece
submit/end

TOPIC QUESTIONS
1. What is a tool bit? Describe its function

A cutting material of square cross section a few inches long that is shaped to perform a
machining operation when clamped on a tool shank or holder.

2. What are the various types of tool bits used for Lathes? Enumerate and discuss each according to
their function

a) Roughing – its main function is to remove the maximum amount of metal in a minimum
time that the tool, work, and the machine will permit.
b) Finishing – it is used to remove the very small amount of metal.
c) Side facing – it removes metal by its side cutting edges.
d) Round nose – it is usually used for finishing turning operation.
e) Threading – it is ground to cut the type and style of threads desired.
f) Cut off – it has the principal cutting edge at the squared end of the bit that is advanced at
a right angle into the workpiece

3. What are the parts of a tool bit? Define each and describe the details

a) Shank- is the main body of the tool bit.

 b) Nose- is the part of the tool bit which is shaped to a point and forms the corner between
the side cutting edge and the end cutting edge.
c) Face- is the top surface of the tool bit upon which the chips slide as they separate from
the work piece.
d) Side- is the surface just below and adjacent to the cutting edge.
e) Cutting edge- is the part of the tool bit that cuts into the workpiece
f) Base- is the bottom surface of the tool bit
g) End- is the trailing surface of the tool bit when cutting.
h) Heel- is the portion of the tool bit base immediately below and supporting the face.

4. What is a relief angle? Why is it important for the tool bit?

The relief angle on a machine tool is the angle edge of the tool nearest the work piece
makes with the work piece. It is important for the tool bit how the tool cuts into a material and the
type or size of chip produced.

5. What is rake angle and what is its function for the tool bit?

Rake angle is a cutting-edge angle that has large effects on cutting resistance, chip
disposal, cutting temperature and tool life.

6. Why is it sometimes necessary to provide a radiused nose for the tool bit?
Nose radius is given to reduce stress concentration at the cutting edge. The value of nose
radius should be such that it is small enough for cutting action to happen but large enough to
reduce the stress concentration

7. What is a metal chip? How are they produced? Enumerate the three types and briefly explain their
methodology

Chips are formed during the machining process. As the cutting tool engages the
workpiece, the material ahead of tool is sheared and deformed under tremendous pressure. The
deformed material then seeks to relieve its stressed condition by fracturing and flowing above the
tool in the form of chip and hence the chips are formed.

a) Discontinuous chips- are formed when brittle or hard metals like brass, bronze and cast iron are
used as workpiece in the machining process.
b) Continuous Chips- are mainly formed during cutting of ductile material like mild steel, aluminum
and copper.
c) Built Up Edges- are formed mainly due to friction between the tool and interface of chip.

8. What are the various types of knurling tools? Define each and draw their teeth profiles.

a) Straight Knurling- Straight Knurling is a knurling of straight-lined pattern. This is done

by using either a single roller or a double roller with straight teeth.
 b) Diamond Knurling- It is a knurling of diamond shaped pattern. It is done by using a set of
rolls. One roller has got right hand helical teeth and the other has left hand helical teeth.

c) Cross Knurling- It is a knurling having a square shaped pattern. It is done by a set of

rollers, one having straight teeth the other having teeth at right angles to the axis of knurl.

d) Concave Knurling- This is done by a convex knurl on a concave surface. This is done
only by plunging the tool. The tool should not be moved longitudinally. The length of the
knurling is limited to the width of the roller.

e) Convex Knurling- This is done by using a concave knurl on a convex surface. This is also
done by plunging the tool.

9. What is a tool holder and its significance in the machining operation? Draw a typical tool holder.

Tool holders influence the machining accuracy of machine tools and even product
quality, so they demand high precision for which not even microscopic error is permitted.
 10. Describe the two fundamental processes involved in metal cutting.
The fundamental processes involved in metal cutting operation are as follows: formation
of chips and movement of chips over the face of the tool.

CONCLUSCION
In doing the project, I conclude that we have able to understand the various profiles and shapes of
the tool bits used in machinery processes. We were also able to manufacture the tool bits properly. All in
all, we have able to make sure that the tool bit design coincides with standards set by the machinery
manufacturer. And we have gained another experienced in another wood working activity.

RECOMMENDATIONS
For those people who will perform the same wood working activity, which is tool bit
manufacture. I recommend that you must utilize each other’s skills and knowledge about the wood
working tools you have experienced before. Communication is also important among your group mates
but also do not forget to seek your instructor's guidance. Generally, having the mindset of giving all your
best to finish the work and make it presentable as much is possible is the best technique you can use to
compensate the lack of skill.

REFERENCES

Discussion/Analysis:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bit

Topic Questions:
1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tool%20bit
2. https://www.theengineerspost.com/lathe-cutting-tools/
3. https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-3/page/19
4. http://www.engineering.com/Ask@/qactid/-1/qaqid/2458.aspx
5. http://www.mitsubishicarbide.net/contents/mmus/enus/html/product/technical_information/i
nformation/t_sukui.html
6. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-influence-of-nose-radius-of-cutting-tool
7. http://www.mechanicalwalkins.com/types-of-chips-in-metal-cutting-and-factors-causing-them/
8. http://mytutorialworld.com/home/subjects/mechanical/manufacturing-process/conventional-
machining-process/lathe/lathe-operations/knurling/
9. https://www.nttoolusa.com/company/tooling/
10. https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/describe-two-fundamental-processes-involved-metal-
cutting-chapter-u27-problem-7rq-solution-9780073510835-exc