QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, NAWABSHAH,

SINDH, PAKISTAN

Dyes & Pigments

Presented By:

Ihsan Ali Wassan

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Presentation Outlines

Dyes & Pigments

 Classification

 Properties

 Comparison

 Applications

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Dyes

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 Introduction

 Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to impart color to various substrates, including paper,
leather, fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics, waxes, greases, plastics and textile materials.

 A Dye is a colored compound, normally used in solution, which is capable of being fixed to a fabric.

 The dye has a colour due to the presence of chromophore and its fixed property to the acid or basic
groups such as OH,SO3H, NH2, NR2, etc.

 The polar auxochrome makes the dye water-soluble and binds the dye to the fabric by interaction with
the oppositely charged groups of fabric structure.

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Properties of Dye
 To be of use, dyes must possess the following four properties:

1. Colour
2. Solubility in water
3. Ability to be absorbed and retained by fibre (substantivity) or to be chemically combined with it (reactivity).
4. Ability to withstand washing, dry cleaning and exposure to light.

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 Classification of Dye

There are several ways for classification of dyes. Some of the prominent ways of classification are:
1. Classification based on the source of materials
2. classification of the Dyes- Based on the nature of their respective chromophores.

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Classification based on the source of materials

 A very common classification of the dyestuff is based on the source from which it is made.
Accordingly the classification could be:

 Natural Dyes

 Synthetic Dyes

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Natural Dye

 Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants,

 The majority of natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant

 Other organic sources include fungi and lichens.

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Synthetic Dyes

 Almost all the colors that you see today are Synthetic dyes.
Synthetic dyes are used everywhere in everything from
clothes to paper, from food to wood. This is because they
are cheaper to produce, brighter, more color-fast, and easy
to apply to fabric.

 E.g. Acid Dyes, Azo Dyes, Basic Dyes, Mordant Dyes, etc

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Classification based on the Chromophore present

 Dyes may be classified according to the type of chromophores present in their structures.

1. Nitro and Nitroso Dyes

2. Azo Dyes

3. Anthraquinone Dyes

4. Indigo dyes

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Nitro and Nitroso Dyes

 These dyes contain nitro or nitroso groups as the chromophores and –OH as auxochrome.

 A few examples are:

Mordant green 4
Naphthol yellow S

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Azo Dyes
 Azo dye is a large class of synthetic organic dyes that contain nitrogen as the azo group −N=N−
as primary chromophore their molecular structures.
 These dyes are highly coloured and are prepared by diazotizing an aromatic amine and
coupling with suitable aromatic compound.

Methyl Orange
Para Red

 Azo dyes account for approximately 60-70% of all dyes used in food and textile manufacture.

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Anthraquinone Dyes
 Anthraquinone dye, any of a group of organic dyes having molecular structures based upon that
of anthraquinone.

Alizarin

 Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of the madder lake pigments known to painters as Rose
madder and Alizarin crimson.
 Alizarin is also used commercially as a red textile dye.

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 Indigo Dyes
• Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color Historically, indigo was a natural
dye extracted from plants. But today nearly all indigo dye is produced synthetically.
• It contains carbonyl chromophore.

Indigo

• The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton yarn, which is mainly for the production of denim
cloth for blue jeans
• Small amounts are used for dyeing wool and silk.

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Pigments

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Introduction

 Pigment is derived from word “pigmentum” means coloring matter.

 Pigments are organic and inorganic materials which are practically insoluble in medium in which they
are incorporated.

 Pigments are used almost 30,000 years ago.

 About 2000 BC natural ocher was burnt sometime in mixture with manganese ore to produce red,
violet and black pigments for pottery.

The first synthetic pigment was Prussian blue which was

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 Classification of Pigments

Pigment

Organic Pigments Inorganic Pigments

Polycyclic Azo Anthraquinone Triayl carbonium Coloured

Ultramine Cadmium Iron oxide

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 Organic Pigments
 Organic pigments are based on carbon chains and carbon rings. However, they can also contain metallic (inorganic)
elements that help stabilize the properties of the organic component.

Examples:

 Azo pigments

 Polycyclic pigments

 Anthraquinone pigments

 Triayl carbonium pigments

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 Inorganic Pigments

 Inorganic pigments, chemical compounds not based on carbon, are usually metallic salts precipitated
from solutions.
Examples:

 White pigments

 Black pigments

 Special pigments

 Color pigments

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Ultramine Pigments

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Iron Oxide Pigments

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Cadmium Pigments

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 Difference between Organic & Inorganic Pigments
No. Organic pigments Inorganic pigments

These are natural pigments like the Cadmiums, These are pigments created in the laboratory and
1 Cobalts, Earth Colors, etc. include the Pthalocyanines, Quinacidrones, Dioxazenes,
Napthols, etc.
The main source of organic pigments are plants The inorganic pigments are manufactured from topical
2 and plant products cosmetic and also from dirt.
Carbon chains or carbon rings are always In the molecules of the Inorganic Pigments, the cat-ions
present in the molecules of the Organic of metal are found in an array form with the non-
3 Pigments. metallic anions. This arrangement doesn't allow these
pigments to dissolve in the solvent and plastic

4 have a high refractive index have much lower values

5 most inorganic pigments are opaque organic pigments are transparent

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Attributes of Pigments

 Lightfastness and sensitivity for damage from ultra violet light.

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Properties of Pigments
 No auxochrome group.
 Particle size : 0.2-0.4 µ
 No direct affinity towards textile materials.  Specific gravity : 1.14-1.37
 Binder is required for fixation.  Boiling points : 190- 345℃
Melting points : 110-175℃
 Applicable to all kinds of fibers or textile materials.
 Rubbing fastness is poor.
 Water, wash and light fastness is very good.
 Insoluble in water & other solvents like white spirit, per chloroethylene, trichloroethylene, CCl4 etc.
 Most of the pigments are azoic compounds. Besides that it may be inorganic oxide, inorganic salt
phthalocyanine metal compounds etc.
 Pigments are toxic. Some are oral toxic, some are dermal toxic, some causes eye irritation etc.

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Applications of Pigments

Pigments are used for coloring of leather, building materials, paper, floor covering, ceramic

glazes, paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials.

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Difference between Dyes & Inorganic Pigments
DYES PIGMENTS

1. Water solubility is 70% 1. 100% water insoluble

2. Dyes have direct affinity to textile material 2. They have no direct affinity to textile materials

3. Auxochrome groups are present 3. Auxochrome groups are absent

4. Most of the dyes are organic 4. Most of dyes are inorganic

5. Costly 5. Cheap

6. No binding agent is required 6. Binding agent is required

7. Dye diffusions in the fabric 7. Pigment diffusions on the fabric

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Thanks

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