Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes different foreign and local studies literature and studies that have

direct support to the research study. Those that were included in this chapter helps in

familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Foreign Literature

In the article IP CCTV – Emely Robinson published The Next Generation

Surveillance Technology on July 06, 2011 that came from the website stated that CCTV

cameras are used only in high profile events, indeed this may be the fact in the days

come. The government made a compulsory to avoid miscreant’s problems and

incidents. Modern dats tools if properly put into use can do wonders in the are of

security. This kind of article is related in our present day study because researchers

believe that the CCTV is useful tool to solve problems in the society because it serves

as credible evidence.

Mr. Andy j. Thompson wrote an article about “CCTV Security Camera” on

May 22, 2009. Where stated that the United Kingdom have more CCTV camera

coverage than other country. A recent study about the effectiveness of UK CCTV has

been examined to prevent a certain crime. The effect of CCTV is clearly effected to a

criminal activity. In police investigation CCTV camera have a big role because of the

video that has been recorded. And many writer believe that the most people are

convince about the effectiveness of CCTV cameras and they may even feel a certain
amount of comfort in knowing that it adds to their sense of personal safety and they

understand that their chances of being a victim of crime are reduced when they find

themselves in an area monitored with CCTV camera.

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV is a very effective

tool to distinguish criminals and secure public places.

Lazaro J. Hester article “CCTV System The advantage and disadvantages”

published in Ezine article stated that CCTV is very useful for crime prevention as it

increases , preventing theft from the till, proving innocence by sense of protecting and

defending the people in any accusations , but CCTV does not always work in proper

system. It could not display every single square of your office, school, bank, store, and

other areas. Although you set the location of the system in a very careful way, you still

cannot get total guarantee of security level.

This article related to the present study because it gives the people the

information that CCTV doesn’t only have it advantages but it also have some points of

disadvantages.

Josh Greenberg, Sean Heir article This article examines newspaper

coverage about closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance in Canada and considers

its implications for public opinion and policymaking. The study addresses several

issues, including the rise and fall of media attention to the themes that structure the

news coverage and patterns of source access and the implications of these themes for

how citizens understand the role of surveillance in their lives. As more Canadian cities

explore using CCTV surveillance as a policing tool for monitoring public space, news
coverage should strive to enhance the public conversation about surveillance. The data

reported in this study show that the coverage has been a very poor resource for helping

citizens and policymakers to understand the complex issues involved in the surveillance

of public areas in Canada.

Foreign Studies.

The effect of CCTV is good because it helps and improve the street

lighting as crime prevention measure. Monte carlo modelling describes it talks about the

cost of effectiveness of these technologies, its give a right way or guidelines for

implementing a crime reduction schemes and its assist the design of interventions.

Previous literature has tended to focus on the extent to which either CCTV or improved

street lighting is effective at reducing crime. This paper is move the debate on and it

considered that these two have a head to head comparison. It’s seems that the CCTV is

more cost effective than street lighting for preventing crime. But there is no longer case

for the widespread use for CCTV surveillance on the grounds of crime prevention.

Because if a crime has under go and CCTV is all alone, CCTV can’t solve anything

CCTV needs a backup like street lighting to see what is really happen in that place.

Monte carlo’s model is based on the average effect on crime of the schemes reported

in Welsh and Farrington, 2008a, Welsh and Farrington, 2008b. the effect of real crime

reduction, scheme that it is possible that monte carlo model is just an model or article.

Sometime there is no guarantee that a particular scheme will perform as expected or

that the effectiveness of CCTV and lighting will continue to be behave as they have in
past. But the most effective in crime reduction is basing policy because basing policy

system is the one that give’s the greatest opportunity in crime investigation. On one

front, CCTV does a great job in prevention and reduction of the criminal activities

committed throughout the economy. However, paradoxically, there are factors that

reduce the effectiveness of the cameras. The surveillance prevents crime to high levels

due to various factors. First, the cameras provide evidence of crime hence it deems

easier to track the criminals (Murphy, 1999 p. 396). Previously, proving crimes

presented some of the greatest challenges to the courts in many countries thus many

criminals did not face any charges for their crimes, which encouraged more crimes.

However, security surveillance changed the whole game and as long as they installed

them on scene before the occurrence of the crime, evidence tracking deems more

specific and reliable due to the unity of direction in investigations. In tests for their

efficiency, the cameras reduced theft and general crimes in the casinos and the parking

lots in the United Kingdom by over 51% thus they proved efficient in crime prevention.

The few people attempting crime with the cameras find themselves in court with clear

evidence of their acts and mostly get conviction.

Local literature

According to an article of cnnphilippines.com “DILG launches

Chinese CCTV surveillance system in Metro Manila” The project also seeks to

reduce crime rate and improve response time of authorities during natural and human-
induced emergencies through the integrated Intelligent Command, Control and

Communication Center (IC4) system for the National 911 Public Safety Answering Point

(PSAP), the DILG, Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),

and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP).

The first phase of the Safe Philippines project is done through video monitoring,

multimedia critical communication, big data analytics, and command center systems. It

also features incident detection and supports post-incident examination and analysis,

the DILG noted.

In an attempt to curb crime and capture criminals, the Department of the interior and

Local Government (DILG) will issue a memorandum to local government units (LGUs)

requiring national chains to install closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras.

On Friday, august 15, Interior Secretary Manuel Roxas II met with business leaders to

heir their content before issuing the memo which will include the commitment to install

CCTVs in store as a requirement before national chains are issued business permits.

The memorandum to be issued within 6weeks, focuses on national chains because they

can afford it, rather than requiring all businesses to have it. Roxas said an initial market

scan done by the Philippines national police (PNP) showed that a basic CCTV system

costs about P20,000. He also specified there will be no “preferred manufacturer,

supplier, or brand”.
“it’s up to you where to buy it. All we’re asking for is if we’re going to install it, we want it

to be used by police investigation and crime prevention,” Roxas said.

A resolution that seeks the installation of surveillance cameras in public school

entrances and exits, to keep students safe in Palawan, was proposed Tuesday at the

Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Board).

Ex-officio board member Clarito Demaala IV said the resolution is specifically

addressed to Palawan Governor Jose Alvarez for inclusion in the education component

of the Infrastructure, Health, Education, Livelihood, and Protection of the Environment

(IHELP) development agenda.

He said equipping all public schools in the province with closed-circuit television (CCTV)

cameras will help ensure the safety of students while they are away from their homes.

Demaala noted that he has been receiving a lot of requests from schools for funding of

broken window panes.

He added that most public schools located in distant municipalities have no security

guards to constantly monitor their premises because they do not have funds to pay for

security personnel.

In his resolution, Demaala said CCTV cameras are aimed at preventing crimes that

might be committed against students, teachers, and the schools, where important

learning facilities should be taken care of.

and who the responsible individuals are. If an incident happens within the school

premises, CCTV footages can be readily secured to tell the story. It will also help

authorities solve traffic accidents, bullying, and fighting among students,” Demaala said.

According to philsecurity.com “Why you need a cctv suveillance” The first

phase of the Safe Philippines project is done through video monitoring, multimedia

critical communication, big data analytics, and command center systems. It also

features incident detection and supports post-incident examination and analysis, the

DILG noted.

Local Studies

The study entitled “The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting Investigative

Report” by Ramon Asam Epino published on March 2007 stated that investigative

program used hidden camera as an effective tool to gather accurate report. 16

In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are used by Current Affairs

program to offer credible evidence pertaining in different crimes nowadays.

In the study “Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video Surveillance”,

by Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co and PaoloJavier S. Ilustre published

on September 2007 stated that CCTV will not be that effective without the operators. This

study suggests to automate the monitoring process using a computer to analyze the live

feed via digital signal processing techniques.17

new technology CCTV will be needed innovation.

In the study “Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance Camera for

CAS, ESC” by Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka, Mark Bryan

F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro stated that due to increased terrors and crimes, the

use of the video surveillance camera system is increasing and it has been operated for

public interest such as prevention of crimes and fly-tipping by the police and local

government, but private information such as faces or behavior patterns can be recorded

in CCTV. When the recorded video data is exposed, it may cause an invasion to privacy

and crimes.18

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV has its negative

impact in regards of privacy exposure.

In the research study entitled “Impact of ABS-CBN’s Investigative Program

Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society” by Neil Andrew Nantes Borines

published on October 2006 states that the importance of the use of cameras in exposing

the stories being covered in a certain crime and event. The study also stated that Media

is undoubtedly an extremely powerful and influential tool to reach wide audience. 19

The study is relevant to the present study for it has given helpful information about

the effects of cameras in Media and how media is important in the lives of the people.

“The Current Situation of Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems

Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines” is the title of the study by

Celia V. Sanidad-Leones which stated that developing and maintaining safe communities,
be they urban or rural, is central to the issue of good governance. An indicator of success

of crime prevention programmes are their perceived effects on peace and order. 20

This study is related because one of the functions of CCTV is to prevent crimes in

order to maintain the security of a certain area.