Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Baguio
FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 184926 April 11, 2012
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
EDMUNDO VILLAFLORES y OLANO, Accused-Appellant.
DECISION
BERSAMIN, J.:
Circumstantial evidence is admissible as proof to establish both the commission of a crime and the identity
of the culprit.
Under review is the conviction of Edmundo Villaflores for rape with homicide by the Regional Trial Court
(RTC), Branch 128, in Caloocan City based on circumstantial evidence. The Court of Appeals (CA) affirmed
the conviction with modification on February 22, 2007. 1
The victim was Marita,2 a girl who was born on October 29, 1994 based on her certificate of live
birth.3 When her very young life was snuffed out by strangulation on July 2, 1999, she was only four years
and eight months old.4 She had been playing at the rear of their residence in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City
in the morning of July 2, 1999 when Julia, her mother, first noticed her missing from home. 5 By noontime,
because Marita had not turned up, Julia called her husband Manito at his workplace in Pasig City, and told
him about Marita being missing.6 Manito rushed home and arrived there at about 2 pm, 7 and immediately
he and Julia went in search of their daughter until 11 pm, inquiring from house to house in the vicinity. They
did not find her.8 At 6 am of the next day, Manito reported to the police that Marita was missing. 9 In her
desperation, Julia sought out a clairvoyant (manghuhula) in an adjacent barangay, and the latter hinted that
Marita might be found only five houses away from their own. Following the clairvoyant’s direction, they
found Marita’s lifeless body covered with a blue and yellow sack 10 inside the comfort room of an abandoned
house about five structures away from their own house. 11 Her face was black and blue, and bloody. 12 She
had been tortured and strangled till death.
The ensuing police investigation led to two witnesses, Aldrin Bautista and Jovy Solidum, who indicated that
Villaflores might be the culprit who had raped and killed Marita. 13 The police thus arrested Villaflores at
around 5 pm of July 3, 1999 just as he was alighting from a vehicle.14
On July 7, 1999, the City Prosecutor of Caloocan City filed in the RTC the information charging Villaflores
with rape with homicide committed as follows:15
That on or about the 2nd day of July, 1999 in Caloocan City, Metro Manila, and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused with lewd design and by means of force, violence and
intimidation employed upon the person of one Marita, a minor of five (5) years old, did then and there
willfully, unlawfully and feloniously lie and have sexual intercourse with said Marita, against the latter’s will
and without her consent, and thereafter with deliberate intent to kill beat the minor and choked her with
nylon cord which caused the latter’s death.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
Arraigned on August 19, 1999, Villaflores pleaded not guilty to the crime charged.16
The CA summarized the evidence of the State in its decision, viz:
After pre-trial was terminated, the trial proceeded with the prosecution presenting witnesses namely, Aldrin
Bautista, Jovie Solidum, Manito, Dr. Jose Arnel Marquez, SPO2 Protacio Magtajas, SPO2 Arsenio Nacis,
PO3 Rodelio Ortiz, PO Harold Blanco and PO Sonny Boy Tepase.
From their testimonies, it is gathered that in the afternoon of July 3, 1999, the lifeless body of a 5-year old
child, Marita (hereinafter Marita) born on October 21, 1994, (see Certificate of Live Birth marked as Exhibit
K) was discovered by her father, Manito (hereinafter Manito) beside a toilet bowl at an unoccupied house
about 5 houses away from their residence in Phase 9, Bagong Silang, Caloocan City. The day before at
about noon time his wife called him up at his work place informing him that their daughter was missing,
prompting Jessie to hie home and search for the child. He went around possible places, inquiring from
neighbors but no one could provide any lead until the following morning when his wife in desperation,
consulted a "manghuhula" at a nearby barangay. According to the "manghuhula" his daughter was just at
the 5th house from his house. And that was how he tracked down his daughter in exact location. She was
covered with a blue sack with her face bloodied and her body soaked to the skin. He found a yellow sack
under her head and a white rope around her neck about 2 and a half feet long and the diameter, about the
size of his middle finger. There were onlookers around when the NBI and policemen from Sub-station 6
arrived at the scene. The SOCO Team took pictures of Marita. Jessie was investigated and his statements
were marked Exhibits C, D and D-1. He incurred funeral expenses in the total amount of P52,000.00
marked as Exhibit L and sub-markings. (See other expenses marked as Exhibit M and sub-markings).
Two (2) witnesses, Aldrin Bautista and Jovie Solidum, came forward and narrated that at about 10:00
o’clock in the morning of July 2, 1999, they saw Edmundo Villaflores, known in the neighborhood by his
Batman tag and a neighbor of the [victim’s family], leading Marita by the hand ("umakay sa bata"). At about
noon time they were at Batman’s house where they used shabu for a while. Both Aldrin and Jovie are drug
users. Aldrin sports a "sputnik" tattoo mark on his body while Jovie belongs to the T.C.G. ("through crusher
gangster"). While in Batman’s place, although he did not see Marita, Jovie presumed that Batman was
hiding the child at the back of the house. Jovie related that about 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon of the same
day, he heard cries of a child as he passed by the house of Batman ("Narinig ko pong umiiyak ang batang
babae at umuungol"). At about 7:00 o’clock in the evening, Jovie saw again Batman carrying a yellow sack
towards a vacant house. He thought that the child must have been in the sack because it appeared heavy.
It was the sack that he saw earlier in the house of Batman.
Among the first to respond to the report that the dead body of a child was found was SPO2 PROTACIO
MAGTAJAS, investigator at Sub-station 6 Bagong Silang, Caloocan City who was dispatched by Police
Chief Inspector Alfredo Corpuz. His OIC, SPO2 Arsenio Nacis called the SOCO Team and on different
vehicles they proceeded to Bagong Silang, Phase 9 arriving there at about 2 o:clock in the afternoon of
July 3, 1999. They saw the body of the child at the back portion of an abandoned house where he himself
recovered pieces of evidence such as the nylon rope (Exhibit N) and the yellow sack inside the comfort
room. The child appeared black and blue, (kawawa yong bata wasak ang mukha"). He saw blood stains on
her lips and when he removed the sack covering her body, he also saw blood stains in her vagina. The
yellow sack that he was referring to when brought out in court had already a greenish and fleshy color. The
sack was no longer in the same condition when recovered, saying, when asked by the Court: "medyo buo
pa, hindi pa ho ganyang sira-sira." There was another sack, colored blue, which was used to cover the face
of the child while the yellow sack was at the back of the victim. He forgot about the blue sack when SOCO
Team arrived because they were the ones who brought the body to the funeral parlor. He had already
interviewed some person when the SOCO Team arrived composed of Inspector Abraham Pelotin, their
team leader, and 2 other members. He was the one who took the statement of the wife of Edmundo
Villaflores, Erlinda, and turned over the pieces of evidence to Police Officer SPO2 Arsenio Nacis who
placed a tag to mark the items. When the SOCO Team arrived, a separate investigation was conducted by
Inspector Pelotin.
PO3 RODELIO ORTIZ, assigned at Station 1, Caloocan City Police Station, as a police investigator, took
the sworn statement of Aldrin Bautista upon instruction of his chief, SPO2 Arsenio Nacis, asked Aldrin to
read his statement after which he signed the document then gave it to investigator, SPO2 Protacio
Magtajas. During the investigation, he caused the confrontation between Aldrin Bautista and Edmundo
Villaflores. Aldrin went closer to the detention cell from where he identified and pointed to Villaflores as the
one who abducted the child. Villaflores appeared angry.
SPO2 ARSENIO NACIS’ participation was to supervise the preparation of the documents to be submitted
for inquest to the fiscal. He asked the investigator to prepare the affidavit of the victim’s father and the
statement of the two witnesses and also asked the investigator to prepare the referral slip and other
documents needed in the investigation. He ordered the evidence custodian, PO3 Alex Baruga to secure all
the physical evidence recovered from the scene of the crime composed of 2 sacks. In the afternoon of July
3, the suspect, Edmundo Villaflores was arrested by PO3 Harold Blanco, SPO1 Antonio Alfredo, NUP
Antonio Chan and the members of Bantay Bayan in Bagong Silang.
PO1 HAROLD BLANCO of the Sangandaan Police Station, Caloocan City, as follow-up operative, was in
the office at about 1:00 o’clock in the afternoon of July 3, 1999, together with PO3 Alfredo Antonio and
Police Officer Martin Interia, when Police Inspector Corpuz, as leader formed a team for them to go to the
scene of the crime. They immediately proceeded to Phase 9. Inspector Corpuz entered the premises while
he stayed with his companions and guarded the place. SPO3 Magtajas was already investigating the case.
They were informed that the group of Aldrin could shed light on the incident. Blanco and the other police
officers returned to the crime scene and asked the people around, who kept mum and were elusively afraid
to talk. When he went with SPO1 Antonio Chan accompanied by councilman Leda to the house of Batman,
it was already padlocked. They went to the place of SPO1 Alfredo Antonio nearby to avoid detection and
asked a child to look out for Villaflores. Soon enough, a jeep from Phase 1 arrived and a commotion
ensued as people started blocking the way of Villaflores, who alighted from the said jeep. The officers took
him in custody and brought him to Sub-station 6 and SPO3 Nacis instructed them to fetch his wife. He was
with police officer Antonio Chan and they waited for the arrival of the wife of Villaflores from the market.
When she arrived, it was already night time. They informed her that her husband was at Sub-station 6
being a suspect in the killing of a child. There was no reaction on her part. She was with her 3 minor
children in the house. She went with them to the precinct. When Sgt. Nacis asked Mrs. Villaflores if she
knew anything about what happened on the night of July 2, initially, she denied but in the course of the
questioning she broke down and cried and said that she saw her husband place some sacks under their
house. He remembered the wife saying, "noong gabing nakita niya si Villaflores, may sako sa silong ng
bahay nila, tapos pagdating ni Villaflores, inayos niya yong sako at nilapitan niya raw, nakita niya may siko,
tapos tinanong niya si Villaflores, ano yon? Sabi niya, wala yon, wala yon." The wife was crying and she
said that her husband was also on drugs and even used it in front of their children. She said that she was
willing to give a statement against her husband. Their house is a "kubo" the floor is made of wood and
there is space of about 2 feet between the floor and the ground. She saw the sack filled with something but
when she asked her husband, he said it was nothing. She related that before she went outside, she again
took a look at the sack and she saw a protruding elbow inside the sack. She went inside the house and
went out again to check the sack and saw the child. It was Sgt. Nacis who typed the statement of Erlinda
Villaflores which she signed. He identified the sworn statement marked as Exhibit X and sub-markings.
PO1 SONNY BOY TEPACE assigned at the NPD Crime Laboratory, SOCO, Caloocan City Police Station
also went to the crime scene on July 3, 1999 at about 2:50 in the afternoon with Team Leader Abraham
Pelotin, at the vacant lot of Block 57, Lot 12, Phase 9, Caloocan City. He cordoned the area and saw the
dead child at the back of the uninhabited house. She was covered with a blue sack and a nylon cord tied
around her neck. There was another yellow sack at the back of her head. He identified the nylon cord
(Exhibit N) and the yellow sack. He does not know where the blue sack is, but he knew that it was in the
possession of the officer on case. The blue sack appears in the picture marked as Exhibits S, T, and R, and
was marked Exhibits T-3-A, S-1 and R-2-A. Thereafter they marked the initial report as Exhibit U and sub-
markings. They also prepared a rough sketch dated July 3, 1999 with SOCO report 047-99 marked as
Exhibit V and the second sketch dated July 3, 1999 with SOCO report 047-99 marked as Exhibit W.
DR. ARNEL MARQUEZ, Medico Legal Officer of the PNP Crime Laboratory with office at Caloocan City
Police Station conducted the autopsy on the body of Marita upon request of Chief Inspector Corpus. The
certificate of identification and consent for autopsy executed by the father of the victim was marked as
Exhibit G. He opined that the victim was already dead for 24 hours when he conducted the examination on
July 3, 1999 at about 8 o’clock in the evening. The postmortem examination disclosed the following:
POSTMORTEM FINDINGS:
Fairly developed, fairly nourished female child cadaver in secondary stage of flaccidity with postmortem
lividity at the dependent portions of the body. Conjunctivae are pale. Lips and nailbeds are cyanotic.
HEAD, NECK AND TRUNK
1) Hematoma, right periorbital region, measuring 4 x 3.5 cm; 3.5 cm from the anterior midline.
2) Area of multiple abrasions, right zygomatic region, measuring 4 x 2.2 cm, from the anterior
midline.
3) Abrasion, right cheek, measuring 1.7 x 0.8 cm, 3 cm from the anterior midline.
 4) Area of multiple abrasions, upper lip, measuring 4 x 1 cm, bisected by the anterior midline.
5) Contusion, frontal region, measuring 6 x 4 cm, 6.5 cm left of the anterior midline.
6) Punctured wound, left pre-auricular region, measuring 9.2 x 0.1 cm, 11.5 cm from the anterior
midline.
7) Ligature mark, neck, measuring 24 x 0.5 cm, bisected by the anterior midline.
8) Abrasion, right scapular region, measuring 0.7 x 0.4 cm, 6 cm from the Posterior midline.
9) Abrasion, left scapular region, measuring 1.2 x 0.8 cm, 6.5 cm from the posterior midline.
There are multiple deep fresh lacerations at the hymen. The vestibule is abraded and markedly congested,
while the posterior fourchette is likewise lacerated and marked congested.
The lining mucosa of the larynx, trachea and esophagus are markedly congested with scattered petecchial
hemorrhages.
Stomach is ½ full of partially digested food particles mostly rice.
Cause of death is asphyxia by strangulation."
There were multiple deep laceration at the hymen and the vestibule was abraded and markedly congested
while the posterior fourchette was likewise lacerated and markedly congested, too. It could have been
caused by an insertion of blunt object like a human penis. The cause of death was asphyxia by
strangulation, in layman’s term, "sinakal sa pamamagitan ng tali." The external injuries could have been
caused by contact with a blunt object like a piece of wood. The abrasion could have also been caused by a
hard and rough surface. He prepared the Medico Legal Report No. M-250-99 of the victim, Marita _____
marked as Exhibit H and sub-markings. He issued the death certificate marked as Exhibit E. The
anatomical sketch representing the body of the victim was marked as Exhibit I and sub-markings. The
sketch of the head of the victim was marked Exhibit J. The injuries on the head could have been caused by
hard and blunt object while other injuries were caused by coming in contact with a hard or rough surface.
There were also punctured wounds which could have been caused by a barbecue stick or anything
pointed. The ligature mark was congested and depressed.
On cross-examination, among others, he explained the stages of flaccidity which is the softening of the
body of a dead person. The first 3 hours after death is the primary stage of flaccidity and after the third
hour, the body will be in rigor mortis and after the 24 hours, it is the secondary stage. The victim could have
been dead at least 9 o’clock in the morning on July 2. As regards the multiple lacerations of the hymen, it is
possible that two or more persons could have caused it.
The CA similarly summed up the evidence of Villaflores, as follows:
EDMUNDO VILLAFLORES, testifying in his behalf, denied the charge of raping and killing the child saying
he did not see the child at anytime on July 2, 1999. At around 10:00 o’clock in the morning of July 2, 1999,
he was at the market place at Phase 10 to get some plywood for his Aunt Maring. His Aunt called him at
8:30 in the morning and stayed there for about 5 hours and arrived home at around 5:00 in the afternoon.
His Aunt was residing at Phase 10 which is about a kilometer from his place. His residence is some 5
houses away from the place of the child. He knows the child because sometimes he was asked by the wife
of Manito to fix their electrical connection. He corrected himself by saying he does not know Marita but only
her father, Manito. He denied carrying a sack and throwing it at the vacant lot. He was arrested on July 3,
1999 and does not know of any reason why he was charged. He has witnesses like Maring, Sherwin,
Pareng Bong and Frankie to prove that he had no participation in the killing.
On cross-examination, among others, he admitted being called "Batman" in their place and that Aldrin and
Jovie are his friends. They go to his house at Package 5, Phase 9, Lot 32 in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City.
They are his close friends being his neighbors and they usually went to his house where they used shabu
("gumagamit ng bato"). At 42, he is older than Aldrin and Jovie. He knew Marita who sometimes called him
to his house to fix electrical wiring. He also knew his wife, but does not know their children. On the night of
July 2, Aldrin and Jovie went to his house. He was arrested on July 3 in a street near the precinct while
walking with his wife. They came from Bayan. His wife works in a sidewalk restaurant. Two of his children
were in Phase 3, the other two were in his house and two more were left with his siblings. When he was
arrested, he was carrying some food items which they brought in Bayan. They did not tell him why he was
being arrested. He saw his wife once at Police Station 1 before he was brought to the city jail. Aldrin and
Jovie harbored ill feelings against him because the last time they went to his house he did not allow them to
use shabu. He admitted using shabu everytime his friends went to his house. He is not legally married to
his wife. She visited him for the last time on July 19, 1999. He denied that the door of his house had a sack
covering neither was it locked by a piece of string. He has not talked with the father or mother of the child
nor did he ask his wife for help. He just waited for his mother and she told him, they will fight it out in court,
"ilalaban sa husgado."
On re-direct he said that Aldrin and Jovie often went in and out of his house. His bathroom is in front of his
house.
SHERWIN BORCILLO, an electronic technician and neighbor of Edmundo Villaflores told the court that the
charges against Villaflores were not true, the truth being, that on the night of July 2, 1999 he saw Aldrin and
Jovie at the back of his house holding a sack containing something which he did not know. They were
talking to Batman and offering a dog contained in the sack and then they left the sack near the comfort
room outside the door of the house of Batman. They came back and took the yellow sack. He followed
them up to the other pathwalk and then he went home. The following day he learned that Villaflores was
being charged with the killing of Marita. At first, he just kept quiet because he thought Villaflores should be
taught a lesson for being a drug user, but later when he had a drinking spree with his father and uncle, he
told them what he knew because he could not trust any policeman in their place. He told them what really
happened and they advised him to report the matter to the barangay. So he went to the purok and made a
statement in an affidavit form. He executed the "Salaysay" in the presence of their Purok secretary and
barangay tanod. It was the Purok secretary who gave him the form. He saw Aldrin and Jovie about
midnight of July 2, 1999. There was also another person with them, one Jose Pitallana, who is the eldest in
the group and considered their "Amo-amo". In his affidavit, he said: "Ako ay lumabas ng bahay at sinundan
ko siya at nakita ko si Jose na tinalian ng nylon and bata. Tapos po ay may narinig po akong kung sino
man ang titistego sa akin ay papatayin ko, basta kayo ang saksi sa ginawa in Batman." He said he was
sure that the sack contained the child because he saw the head of the child, it seemed like she was staring
at him and asking his help. He executed the statement after the arrest of the accused. He did not go to the
police station to narrate his story. He made his statement not in the barangay hall but only at their purok.
On cross-examination, among others, he said that on July 2, 1999 he left the house at about 11:00 o’clock
in the morning to go to school in PMI at Sta. Cruz, Manila. He did not see Batman, nor Aldrin, or Jovie
about noon time of July 2. He arrived home at about 8:00 o’clock in the evening because he passed by the
Susano Market in Novaliches to see his mother who was a vendor there. They closed the store at about
6:30, then they bought some food stuffs to bring home. He was not sure of the date when Batman was
arrested. He admitted that Batman is his uncle being the brother of his mother. His uncle is a known drug
addict in the area. He usually saw him using shabu in the company of Jose Pitallana, his wife, Aldrin and
Jovie. After he was informed that his uncle was arrested, he did not do anything because he was busy
reviewing for his exam. He did not also visit him in jail. After he made his statement, he showed it to their
Purok Leader, Melencio Yambao and Purok Secretary, Reynaldo Mapa. They read his statement and
recorded it in the logbook. It was not notarized. He had no occasion to talk with Aldrin and Jovie. Jose
Pitallana is no longer residing in their place. He did not even know that Aldrin and Jovie testified against his
uncle. He never went to the police to tell the truth about the incident.
As earlier stated, on May 27, 2004, the RTC convicted Villaflores of rape with homicide, holding that the
circumstantial evidence led to no other conclusion but that his guilt was shown beyond reasonable
doubt.17 The RTC decreed:
Wherefore, the Court finds accused Edmundo Villaflores guilty beyond reasonable doubt of raping and
killing "Marita" and hereby sentences him to the Supreme penalty of death, to indemnify the heirs of the
deceased in the sum of ₱75,000.00, moral damages in the sum of ₱30,000.00 and exemplary damages in
the sum of ₱20,000.00, and to pay the cost if this suit, to be paid to the heirs if the victim.
The City Jail Warden of Caloocan City is hereby ordered to bring the accused to the National Penitentiary
upon receipt hereof after the promulgation of the decision.
Let the records of this case be forwarded to the Supreme Court for automatic review.
SO ORDERED.
On intermediate review, the CA affirmed the conviction,18 disposing:
WHEREFORE, the decision of the RTC Caloocan City, Branch 128 finding the accused Edmundo
Villaflores guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape with homicide is affirmed with modification in
the sense that (a) the death penalty imposed by the trial court is commuted to reclusion perpetua and the
judgment on the civil liability is modified by ordering the appellant to pay the amount of ₱100,000.00 civil
indemnity, ₱75,000.00 moral damages and ₱52,000.00 as actual damages.
SO ORDERED.
Issues
Villaflores now reiterates that the RTC and the CA gravely erred in finding him guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of rape with homicide because the State did not discharge its burden to prove beyond reasonable
doubt every fact and circumstance constituting the crime charged.
In contrast, the Office of the Solicitor General counters that the guilt of Villaflores for rape with homicide
was established beyond reasonable doubt through circumstantial evidence.
Ruling
We sustain Villaflores’ conviction.
I
Nature of rape with homicide
as a composite crime, explained
The felony of rape with homicide is a composite crime. A composite crime, also known as a special
complex crime, is composed of two or more crimes that the law treats as a single indivisible and unique
offense for being the product of a single criminal impulse. It is a specific crime with a specific penalty
provided by law, and differs from a compound or complex crime under Article 48 of the Revised Penal
Code, which states:
Article 48. Penalty for complex crimes. – When a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave
felonies, or when an offense is a necessary means for committing the other, the penalty for the most
serious crime shall be imposed, the same to be applied in its maximum period.
There are distinctions between a composite crime, on the one hand, and a complex or compound crime
under Article 48, supra, on the other hand. In a composite crime, the composition of the offenses is fixed by
law; in a complex or compound crime, the combination of the offenses is not specified but generalized, that
is, grave and/or less grave, or one offense being the necessary means to commit the other. For a
composite crime, the penalty for the specified combination of crimes is specific; for a complex or compound
crime, the penalty is that corresponding to the most serious offense, to be imposed in the maximum period.
A light felony that accompanies a composite crime is absorbed; a light felony that accompanies the
commission of a complex or compound crime may be the subject of a separate information.
Republic Act No. 8353 (Anti-Rape Law of 1997) pertinently provides:
Article 266-A. Rape; When and How Committed. – Rape is committed
1) By a man who have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:
a) Through force, threat, or intimidation;
b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious;
c) By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and
d) When the offended party is under twelve (12) years of age or is demented, even though none of
the circumstance mentioned above be present.
xxx
Article 266-B. Penalties. – Rape under paragraph 1 of the next preceding article shall be punished by
reclusion perpetua.
xxx
When the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed by reason or on the occasion thereof, the penalty
shall be reclusion perpetua to death.
When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, homicide is committed, the penalty shall be death.
xxx
The law on rape quoted herein thus defines and sets forth the composite crimes of attempted rape with
homicide and rape with homicide. In both composite crimes, the homicide is committed by reason or on the
occasion of rape. As can be noted, each of said composite crimes is punished with a single penalty, the
former with reclusion perpetua to death, and the latter with death.
The phrases by reason of the rape and on the occasion of the rape are crucial in determining whether the
crime is a composite crime or a complex or compound crime. The phrase by reason of the rape obviously
conveys the notion that the killing is due to the rape, the offense the offender originally designed to commit.
The victim of the rape is also the victim of the killing. The indivisibility of the homicide and the rape
(attempted or consummated) is clear and admits of no doubt. In contrast, the import of the phrase on the
occasion of the rape may not be as easy to determine. To understand what homicide may be covered by
the phrase on the occasion of the rape, a resort to the meaning the framers of the law intended to convey
thereby is helpful. Indeed, during the floor deliberations of the Senate on Republic Act No. 8353, the
legislative intent on the import of the phrase on the occasion of the rape to refer to a killing that occurs
immediately before or after, or during the commission itself of the attempted or consummated rape, where
the victim of the homicide may be a person other than the rape victim herself for as long as the killing is
linked to the rape, became evident, viz:
Senator Enrile. x x x
I would like to find out, first of all, Mr. President, what is the meaning of the phrase appearing in line 24, "or
on the occasion"?
When the rape is attempted or frustrated, and homicide is committed by reason of the rape, I would
understand that. But what is the meaning of the phrase "on the occasion of rape"? How far in time must the
commission of the homicide be considered a homicide "on the occasion" of the rape? Will it be, if the
rapists happen to leave the place of rape, they are drunk and they killed somebody along the way, would
there be a link between that homicide and the rape? Will it be "on the occasion" of the rape?
Senator Shahani. x x x It will have to be linked with the rape itself, and the homicide is committed with a
very short time lapse.
Senator Enrile. I would like to take the first scenario, Mr. President: If the rapist enters a house, kills a maid,
and rapes somebody inside the house, I would probably consider that as a rape "on the occasion of". Or if
the rapists finished committing the crime of rape, and upon leaving, saw somebody, let us say, a potential
witness inside the house and kills him, that is probably clear. But suppose the man happens to kill
somebody, will there be a link between these? What is the intent of the phrase "on the occasion of rape"? x
xx
xxx
Senator Shahani. Mr. President, the principal crime here, of course, is rape, and homicide is a result of the
circumstances surrounding the rape.
So, the instance which was brought up by the good senator from Cagayan where, let us say, the offender is
fleeing the place or is apprehended by the police and he commits homicide, I think would be examples
where the phrase "on the occasion thereof" would apply. But the principal intent, Mr. President, is rape. 19
II
The State discharged its burden of
 proving the rape with homicide
beyond reasonable doubt
As with all criminal prosecutions, the State carried the burden of proving all the elements of
rape and homicidebeyond reasonable doubt in order to warrant the conviction of Villaflores for the rape with
homicide charged in the information.20 The State must thus prove the concurrence of the following facts,
namely: (a) that Villaflores had carnal knowledge of Marita; (b) that he consummated the carnal knowledge
without the consent of Marita; and (c) that he killed Marita by reason of the rape.
Under Article 266-A, supra, rape is always committed when the accused has carnal knowledge of a female
under 12 years of age. The crime is commonly called statutory rape, because a female of that age is
deemed incapable of giving consent to the carnal knowledge. Marita’s Certificate of Live Birth (Exhibit K)
disclosed that she was born on October 29, 1994, indicating her age to be only four years and eight months
at the time of the commission of the crime on July 2, 1999. As such, carnal knowledge of her by Villaflores
would constitute statutory rape.
We have often conceded the difficulty of proving the commission of rape when only the victim is left to
testify on the circumstances of its commission. The difficulty heightens and complicates when the crime is
rape with homicide, because there may usually be no living witnesses if the rape victim is herself killed. Yet,
the situation is not always hopeless for the State, for the Rules of Court also allows circumstantial evidence
to establish the commission of the crime as well as the identity of the culprit. 21 Direct evidence proves a fact
in issue directly without any reasoning or inferences being drawn on the part of the factfinder; in contrast,
circumstantial evidence indirectly proves a fact in issue, such that the factfinder must draw an inference or
reason from circumstantial evidence.22 To be clear, then, circumstantial evidence may be resorted to when
to insist on direct testimony would ultimately lead to setting a felon free.23
The Rules of Court makes no distinction between direct evidence of a fact and evidence of circumstances
from which the existence of a fact may be inferred; hence, no greater degree of certainty is required when
the evidence is circumstantial than when it is direct. In either case, the trier of fact must be convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. 24 Nor has the quantity of circumstances sufficient to
convict an accused been fixed as to be reduced into some definite standard to be followed in every
instance. Thus, the Court said in People v. Modesto:25
The standard postulated by this Court in the appreciation of circumstantial evidence is well set out in the
following passage from People vs. Ludday:26 "No general rule can be laid down as to the quantity of
circumstantial evidence which in any case will suffice. All the circumstances proved must be consistent with
each other, consistent with the hypothesis that the accused is guilty, and at the same time inconsistent with
the hypothesis that he is innocent, and with every other rational hypothesis except that of guilt."
Section 4, Rule 133, of the Rules of Court specifies when circumstantial evidence is sufficient for
conviction, viz:
Section 4. Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient. - Circumstantial evidence is sufficient for conviction if:
(a) There is more than one circumstance;
(b) The facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and
(c) The combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable
doubt. (5)
In resolving to convict Villaflores, both the RTC and the CA considered several circumstances, which when
"appreciated together and not piece by piece," according to the CA, 27 were seen as "strands which create a
pattern when interwoven," and formed an unbroken chain that led to the reasonable conclusion that
Villaflores, to the exclusion of all others, was guilty of rape with homicide.
We concur with the RTC and the CA.
The duly established circumstances we have considered are the following. Firstly, Aldrin Bautista and Jovie
Solidum saw Villaflores holding Marita by the hand (akay-akay) at around 10:00 am on July 2,
1999,28 leading the child through the alley going towards the direction of his house about 6 houses away
from the victim’s house.29 Secondly, Marita went missing after that and remained missing until the discovery
of her lifeless body on the following day. 30Thirdly, Solidum passed by Villaflores’ house at about 3:00 pm of
July 2, 1999 and heard the crying and moaning (umuungol) of a child coming from inside. 31 Fourthly, at
about 7:00 pm of July 2, 1999 Solidum saw Villaflores coming from his house carrying a yellow sack that
appeared to be heavy and going towards the abandoned house where the child’s lifeless body was later
found.32 Fifthly, Manito, the father of Marita, identified the yellow sack as the same yellow sack that covered
the head of his daughter (nakapalupot sa ulo) at the time he discovered her body; 33Manito also mentioned
that a blue sack covered her body. 34 Sixthly, a hidden pathway existed between the abandoned house
where Marita’s body was found and Villaflores’ house, because his house had a rear exit that enabled
access to the abandoned house without having to pass any other houses. 35 This indicated Villaflores’
familiarity and access to the abandoned house. Seventhly, several pieces of evidence recovered from the
abandoned house, like the white rope around the victim’s neck and the yellow sack, were traced to
Villaflores. The white rope was the same rope tied to the door of his house, 36 and the yellow sack was a
wall-covering for his toilet.37Eighthly, the medico-legal findings showed that Marita had died from
asphyxiation by strangulation, which cause of death was consistent with the ligature marks on her neck and
the multiple injuries including abrasions, hematomas, contusions and punctured wounds. Ninthly, Marita
sustained multiple deep fresh hymenal lacerations, and had fresh blood from her genitalia. The vaginal and
periurethral smears taken from her body tested positive for spermatozoa. 38And, tenthly, the body of Marita
was already in the second stage of flaccidity at the time of the autopsy of her cadaver at 8 pm of July 3,
1999. The medico-legal findings indicated that such stage of flaccidity confirmed that she had been dead
for more than 24 hours, or at the latest by 9 pm of July 2, 1999.
These circumstances were links in an unbroken chain whose totality has brought to us a moral certainty of
the guilt of Villaflores for rape with homicide. As to the rape, Marita was found to have suffered multiple
deep fresh hymenal lacerations, injuries that Dr. Jose Arnel Marquez, the medico-legal officer who had
conducted the autopsy of her cadaver on July 3, 1999, attributed to the insertion of a blunt object like a
human penis. The fact that the vaginal and periurethral smears taken from Marita tested positive for
spermatozoa confirmed that the blunt object was an adult human penis. As to the homicide, her death was
shown to be caused by strangulation with a rope, and the time of death as determined by the medico-legal
findings was consistent with the recollection of Solidum of seeing Villaflores going towards the abandoned
house at around 7 pm of July 2, 1999 carrying the yellow sack that was later on found to cover Marita’s
head. Anent the identification of Villaflores as the culprit, the testimonies of Solidum and Bautista attesting
to Villaflores as the person they had seen holding Marita by the hand going towards the abandoned house
before the victim went missing, the hearing by Solidum of moaning and crying of a child from within
Villaflores’ house, and the tracing to Villaflores of the yellow sack and the white rope found at the crime
scene sufficiently linked Villaflores to the crime.
We note that the RTC and the CA disbelieved the exculpating testimony of Borcillo. They justifiably did
so. For one, after he stated during direct examination that Villaflores was only his neighbor, 39 it soon came
1âwphi1

to be revealed during his cross-examination that he was really a son of Villaflores’ own sister. 40 Borcillo
might have concealed their close blood relationship to bolster the credibility of his testimony favoring his
uncle, but we cannot tolerate his blatant attempt to mislead the courts about a fact relevant to the correct
adjudication of guilt or innocence. Borcillo deserved no credence as a witness. Also, Borcillo’s implicating
Solidum and Bautista in the crime, and exculpating his uncle were justly met with skepticism. Had Borcillo’s
incrimination of Solidum and Bautista been factually true, Villaflores could have easily validated his alibi of
having run an errand for an aunt about a kilometer away from the place of the crime on that morning of July
2, 1999. Yet, the alibi could not stand, both because the alleged aunt did not even come forward to
substantiate the alibi, and because the Defense did not demonstrate the physical impossibility for Villaflores
to be at the place where the crime was committed at the time it was committed.
The CA reduced the penalty of death prescribed by the RTC to reclusion perpetua in consideration of the
intervening enactment on June 24,
2006 of Republic Act No. 9346. 41 Nonetheless, we have also to specify in the judgment that Villaflores shall
not be eligible for parole, considering that Section 3 of Republic Act No. 9346 expressly holds persons
"whose sentences will be reduced to reclusion perpetua by reason of this Act" not eligible for parole under
Act No. 4103 (Indeterminate Sentence Law), as amended.
The awards of damages allowed by the CA are proper. However, we add exemplary damages to take into
account the fact that Marita was below seven years of age at the time of the commission of the rape with
homicide. Article 266-B, Revised Penal Code has expressly declared such tender age of the victim as an
aggravating circumstance in rape, to wit:
Article 266-B. Penalties. – xxx.
xxx
The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of rape is committed with any of the following
aggravating/qualifying circumstances:
xxx
5) When the victim is a child below seven (7) years old;
xxx
Pursuant to the Civil Code, exemplary damages may be imposed in a criminal case as part of the civil
liability "when the crime was committed with one or more aggravating circumstances." 42 The Civil Code
permits such award "by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to the moral,
temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages." 43 Granting exemplary damages is not dependent on
whether the aggravating circumstance is actually appreciated or not to increase the penalty. As such, the
Court recognizes the entitlement of the heirs of Marita to exemplary damages as a way of correction for the
public good. For the purpose,
₱30,000.00 is reasonable and proper as exemplary damages, 44 for a lesser amount would not serve
genuine exemplarity.
WHEREFORE, the Court AFFIRMS the decision promulgated by the Court of Appeals on February 22,
2007 finding and pronouncing EDMUNDO VILLAFLORES y OLANO guilty of rape with homicide, subject to
the following MODIFICATIONS, namely: (a) that he shall suffer reclusion perpetua without eligibility for
parole under Act No. 4103 (Indeterminate Sentence Law), as amended; (b) that he shall pay to the heirs of
the victim the sum of ₱30,000.00 as exemplary damages, in addition to the damages awarded by the Court
of Appeals; and (c) that all the awards for damages shall bear interest of 6% per annum reckoned from the
finality of this decision.
The accused shall pay the costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.
LUCAS P. BERSAMIN
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
RENATO C. CORONA
Chief Justice
Chairperson
TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO
Associate Justice Associate Justice
MARTIN S. VILLARAMA, JR.
Associate Justice
C E RTI F I CATI O N
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision
had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s
Division.
RENATO C. CORONA
Chief Justice
Footnotes
1 Rollo,pp. 4-33; penned by Associate Justice Monina Arevalo-Zenarosa (retired), with Associate
Justice Marina L. Buzon (retired) and Associate Justice Edgardo F. Sundiam (deceased)
concurring.
2 The real names of the victim and members of her immediate family are withheld pursuant to
Republic Act No. 7610 (Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act) and Republic Act No. 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children
Act of 2004). In place of the real names, fictitious names are used. See People v. Cabalquinto,
G..R. No. 167693, September 19, 2006, 502 SCRA 419.
3 Records, p. 285 (Certificate of Live Birth, Exhibit K).
4 Id., p. 278 (Certificate of Death, Exhibit E).
5 TSN, August 3, 2000, p. 14.
6 TSN, December 16, 1999, p. 5.
7 Id., p. 6.
8 Id., p. 7.
9 Id., p. 10.
10 Id., p. 12.
11 Id., p. 11.
12 Id., p. 13.
13 TSN, February 17, 2000, p. 11.
14 Id., p. 17.
15 Records, p. 1.
16 Id., pp. 11-12.
17 Records, pp. 345-368.
18 Supra, note 1.
19 Record of the Senate (10th Congress), Individual Amendments – S. No. 950, Volume I, No. 8,
August 7, 1996, pp. 254-255.
20 See People v. Nanas, G..R. No. 137299, August 21, 2001, 363 SCRA 452, 464.
21 Id.

22 People v. Ramos, G.R. No. 104497, January 18, 1995, 240 SCRA 191, 198; citing Gardner,
Criminal Evidence, Principles, Cases and Readings, West Publishing Co., 1978 ed., p. 124.
23 Amora v. People, G.R. No. 154466, January 28, 2008, 542 SCRA 485, 491.
24 People v. Ramos, supra, note 22; citing Robinson v. State, 18 Md. App. 678, 308 A2d 734 (1973).
25 No. L-25484, September 21, 1968, 25 SCRA 36, 41.
26 61 Phil. 216, 221-222 (1935).
27 Rollo, p. 28.
28 TSN, October 14, 1999, p. 5; and November 4, 1999, pp.5-6.
29 TSN, December 3, 2001, p. 7.
30 TSN, December 16, 1999, pp. 5-6.
31 TSN, December 3, 2001, pp..5, 16.
 32 TSN, November 4, 1999, pp. 8-9.
33 TSN, May 24, 2001, p. 5.
34 TSN, December 13, 2000, p. 20.
35 TSN, February 17, 2000, p. 11.
36 Id., p. 21.
37 Id., p. 20.
38 TSN, February 10, 2000, pp. 5-6.
39 TSN, September 8, 2001, p. 3.
40 Id., p. 16.
41 AnAct Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines, repealing Republic Act 8177
otherwise known as the Act Designating Death by Lethal Injection, Republic Act 7659 otherwise
known as the Death Penalty Law and All Other Laws, Executive Orders and Decrees.
42 Article 2230, Civil Code.
43 Article 2229, Civil Code.
44 SeePeople v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 188353, February 16, 2010, 612 SCRA 738, 752, People v.
Del Rosario, G.R. No. 189580, February 9, 2011, 642 SCRA 625, 637-638.

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