LORRAINE ANTONETTE M.

CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Mental Retardation
A lot of people nowadays tend to complain about their life. It seems like they are not
contented on what our creator gave them. We are blessed because we are able to communicate,
respond on what is happening in our environment, and we can express our self and yet we are not
contented with this. How about those children who characterized by below-average or mental
ability? Those children who has lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living? Those children who
has a disability called mental retardation? I believe they want to live a normal life. Let’s find out
what is mental retardation, their characteristics, different types of mental retardation and what are
the best assessment for them.

As what I’ve understood in this topic, children with Mental Retardation has limitations in
cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors that interfere with their learning in which occur during
prenatal or biological (before birth), perinatal (during birth), and postnatal and environmental
(after birth). They also learn at slow pace, have low IQ’s, and may reach a level where learning
stops. They also have difficulty in performing everyday activities related to taking care of one’s
self, doing ordinary tasks at home and work. Mental Retardation manifests before the age of 18. I
am only familiar with the Down Syndrome since I meet some children who possess this kind of
disability. But as I’ve listened to the discussion of the first group, I’ve learned that there are
different types of mental retardation. Aside from Down Syndrome, there are also Klinefelter
Syndrome in which male are commonly affected, Fragile x Syndrome in which it occurs in both
gender but males are commonly affected, William Syndrome in which it occurs equally in both
male and female and in every nature, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Phenylketonuria, and Cranial
Malformation. Aside from the types of mental retardation, I’ve also learned what are the needed
assessment, the Team-based Assessment, Multidisciplinary Assessment, and Activity-based
Assessment. I have also learned that there are SPED Center here in the Philippines that needs
attention from the government because of the lack of facilities and amenities. That is why the
SPED teacher migrates in the other country because aside from the complete facilities, the salary
is also big. Our government needs an immediate action about this problem for the better learnings
of our special children and for the SPED teachers who will just stay here and work for our country.

The work of our SPED Teachers in not that easy especially when you are teaching some
children with a mental retardation disability. It takes a lot of courage and a wide patience. In this
topic about mental retardation, I conclude that a child with a mental disability needs a lot of
attention, care, and love. And I do learn that we need to be fair with these children. That doesn’t
mean that they have a disability we don’t treat them right as what we treated to the normal children.
We need to remember that every child is special.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Learning Disabilities

“Life is the right of every child, Not a special privilege for the fortunate, and the perfect”
and that includes to learn. We are blessed, because we’ve given an ability to learn easily and yet
people didn’t use their knowledge properly. Some children who has an ability to learn didn’t use
it for studying and neglect education. We are so fortunate that our creator gives us this kind of
ability. But what about those children diagnosed with a disability to learn? How do they feel? How
does it feel that you really want to learn but your mind is not cooperative? Do you have any idea
about learning disabilities?

, Learning Disability has a difficulty in learning. This topic is very interesting and as what
I’ve remembered, I don’t really understand the discussion on the causes of this disability especially
in introducing the parts of the brain where the learning is affected. Although I have a brief
knowledge about the parts of the brain, it is very helpful if they discuss it properly. But anyways,
as far as I remembered in this topic, I learned that there are different common types of Learning
Disabilities and that includes: dyslexia, so basically it is the common types of Learning Disabilities
in which children who possess this kind of disability has a difficulty in reading and writing.
Dyscalculia refers to the difficulty in learning numbers and problem solving. Dysgraphia refers to
the difficulty in writing. Dyspraxia refers to the difficulty in fine motor skills. And lastly, Aphasia
which refers to the difficulty in language. They are also other disorders in which learnings make
difficult and that includes the ADHD or the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism.
When it comes to teaching in this kind of disability it needs a proper assessment and based on what
I’ve remembered, they didn’t mention any assessment in their report. They only introduce us the
professionals who works and teach children who has a learning disability and some of those
professionals are the psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, and SPED Teachers. They also
mention on how to deal with these students by knowing the child’s strength, collect information
about the child, and monitor the child’s progress. Aside from the reporter’s information, watching
the movie Every Child Is Special gives an additional knowledge about Learning Disabilities and
how to deal with them.

Students with Learning Disability has its own special needs, a learning disability or
communication disorders can learn the curriculum and can understand what is going on in the
classroom. The only difference that they have from the other students is that they learn the
information in a different way. They may learn it at a slower pace, different rate and it may take
multiple times to get the information. But these students do get it and do learn in school with the
help of Special Education Teachers.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Gifted and Talented

“We are all gifted, but we have to discover the gift, uncover the gift, nurture and develop
the gift and use it for the Glory of God and for the liberation struggle of our people”- Louis
Farrakhan. Each one of us has given an extraordinary talent that we need to unfold and discover.
We are all gifted if we just try to look and find it within ourselves. Many of us dreamed to have a
high intellectual capability and IQ same as the gifted and talented children. But do you know that
gifted and talented are also considered as a disability? Children who has this disability needs a
special treatment because aside from there high IQ’s, they also need a lot of attention just like the
children who has a mental retardation and learning disability? Let’s find out more about these
children who are gifted and talented.

Gifted and Talented children are capable of high performance in any areas such as
intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields. They are the
opposite of the children who has a learning disability. I have a lot of learnings in this topic not just
the content of this report but also the experience I gained because I am one of the assigned reporters
for this topic. My groupmates and I were very nervous and we feel pressured because the first two
group sink. And we didn’t plan ahead of time on how we are going to report that time. Honestly,
we just divide the topic and study it on our own. In terms of making an instructional material, we
had a difficulty in making those one because when you are talking about gifted and talented
children you need an instructional material that can interest them. You need a lot of thinking when
making these instructional materials for them. We just actually made two only because we honestly
didn’t make time and effort in choosing instructional materials. I learned that in teaching gifted
students you need to be wise because these children have a highly intellectual minds. At first I am
actually curios on why these children becomes a disability. And through studying this topic, I’ve
learned the reason why it became a disability. It is because when they are in a classroom setting
and they tend to ask questions on their teacher and they didn’t get the answers that they want or
the teachers didn’t pay any attention to their questions, they will perform tantrums and that is why
they need an attention. I have also learned that gifted and talented children can possess another
disability like gifted with autism, gifted with ADHD, and gifted with learning disabilities and that
is what we called two-exceptional children. I’ve also learned that they have an advance curriculum
because of their high intellectual capacity.

Admit it or not we once dreamed to have the same IQ’s to the gifted and talented children.
But we need to remember that we are all gifted and we just need to discover it on our way. We
also need to be happy and contented on what our almighty God gave us. And in terms of teaching
this children, it needs a lot of patience and a heart strong because we cannot deny the fact that the
minds of these children are exceptional. They may insult the teachers sometimes because of their
questions that the teachers cannot answer but the teachers should just ignore these insult and
continue his/her work.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Emotional Behavior Disorder

We all have a different attitude whether it is bad or good. Behavior is the way in which one
acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others. We feel sad we cry, when we feel happy our
moods lift up and our behavior towards the other people is light and cheerful, and when we feel
angry we tend to do bad things. Normal people can control their own behavior. but what if the
behavior is out of control? Your behavior that you can’t control will become a disability? Let’s
find out about this disability.

Emotional Behavior Disorder is an emotional disability characterized by the following: An

inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and/or teachers.
For preschool-age children, this would include other care providers. As what I’ve honestly
remembered, the reporters didn’t organize their group properly. They have also two separate power
point which made us confuse. But as I’ve summarized my learnings, I’ve learned that children
with emotional behavior disorder are very hard to deal with. They also provide the examples of
emotional and behavioral disorder and that includes: anxiety disorder it is when the students
experience an overwhelming sense of fear, disruptive behavior disorder and one of the example of
this is ADHD, eating disorder, mood disorder, and bipolar. Emotional Disorder can be caused by
biological factors and psychological factors such as chronic stress, stressful life event, childhood
maltreatment, and additional family factors. I’ve also learned the intervention which can help the
children with emotional and behavioral disorder. They introduced us the Cognitive Therapy in
which the person who can help is the psychotherapist, Behavioral Therapy which will be handled
by the behaviorist, School Programs in which the SPED Teachers will take action, and lastly, The
Parent and/or Family Therapy in which for me is the most effective and important therapy to those
children who have this kind of disability because for me, our home is the best hospital and our
parents are the best doctor that can help us overcome this kind of disability.

For normal people, we can control our behavior but if we are going to talk about those
children who has an emotional behavior disorder, they need a lot of attention because they can’t
control their behavior. SPED Teachers needs a lots of understanding and patience when you are
dealing with those children who has an emotional behavior disorder.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Visual Impairment

We are all given two eyes to see on what is around us. We are given the ability to see how
beautiful the world is. We are given eyes to see the light and how vibrant our lives are. We are
very lucky because we have this ability. But how about those children who has the disability of
visual impairment? They were not given the opportunity to see how colorful the world is. What is
visual impairment? Let us all found out about what are the common causes of visual impairment.

Off all the topic, this one interest me the most. Because I can relate to this situation. I
cannot see clearly. I have an eyeglass with a grade of 650. My ophthalmologist said that I have a
myopia (nearsightedness) with astigmatism. I am actually interested in this topic because I want
to know what are the causes of this disability but to my surprise the reporters of this group didn’t
discuss it properly because of the technical error. They didn’t provide any visual aid. Visual
Impairment is the loss of vision or a decreased of ability to see. Unfortunately, they do not discuss
the part of the eyes very well and on which part of the eye is affected when you cannot see properly.
I’ve also learned the common causes of visual impairment and that includes: retinopathy of
prematurity, optic-nerve hypoplasia, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, retinoblastoma, myopia,
nystagmus, albinism, hyperopia, and diebetic retinopathy. They introduced us on what are the
assessment in teaching students with visual impairment. They also introduced the characteristics
of individuals with visual impairment and that includes: cognitive in which the interaction with
the environment happens, academic in which students with visual impairment develops reading
and writing through the help of alternative media and tools, social and emotional in which
emotional occurs, and behavior in which can be socially immature, more isolated, and less
assertive. And lastly. I’ve learned the tools and aids in which can help the children with visual
impairment and one of the common tools is braille in which it is the primary means of literacy for
blind students. It can help the students to determine letters and numbers and it can also help the
children to read.

I can relate to the students who have a visual impairment because I also experienced that
one. When you are very eager to learn but there’s your disability who are hindrance to you.
Sometimes you are also a victim of bullying. It is not easy to have this kind of disability, in today’s
generation, gadgets were made and children nowadays depends on using technologies and depends
on online games and these are one of the main reason of our visual loss. That is why to those
children who have a clear vision take care and protect your eyes because our eyes are one of the
important parts of our body without eyes we cannot see the bright future that awaits us.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Hearing Impairment

We are given the chance to hear different sounds in our surroundings. And through our
sense of hear we can receive information properly and it is easy for us to communicate. We are
given the opportunity to hear stories whether it is good or bad. But /what about those children who
has a disability who cannot hear? What do you call this disability? What are the causes of this
disabilities?

Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear. A
deaf person has little to no hearing. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to learn
spoken language and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. As what
I’ve remember there are different types of hearing loss: Conductive Hearing Loss occurs when
there is a problem transferring sound waves anywhere along the pathway through the outer ear,
eardrum, or middle ear. Sensorineural Hearing Loss it is caused by a problem in the inner ear or
along the nerve pathway to the brain stem. And the last one is Mixed Hearing Loss it is a
combination of the conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. I have also learned the
effects of hearing loss on development and most of the effects are on communication difficulties
that often leads to social isolation and poor self-concept. And I’ve also learned that according to
the research, there are more than 34 million persons in the US diagnosed with a hearing loss. I’ve
also learned that children who have a hearing loss may have a problem in academic because of the
barrier of the communication will be a hindrance. They may also have .difficulties to socialize,
problems with their behavior, and have difficulties in writing and in the language, in this kind of
disability, the SPED Teacher will taught them about sign language for them to communicate with
others.

“Blindness separates us from things, but deafness separates us from the people” –Helen
Keller. Children who has this kind of disability has the problem connecting with other people.
Because of their ability they loss their self-confidence to mingle with other people. Let us all help
them to see that hearing loss is their obstacle to overcome so that eventually they take on the
responsibilities of using their hearing aid everyday.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Speech and Language Disorder

Communication is very important for all beings. Animals and humans, alike, use their own
separate languages to communicate with one another, because no one can survive without
communicating. We all know that mouth is very important because they are the means of
communication. And we all know that communication is what we are using to connect to the
people that surrounds us. How difficult it is for those who have a speech disorder to communicate
properly? What is speech and language disorder? What are the causes of this disability?

Speech and Language Disorder is a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired

articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s
educational performance. Speech and language disorders can affect the way children talk,
understand, analyze or process information. Speech disorders include the clarity, voice quality,
and fluency of a child's spoken words. Language disorders include a child's ability to hold
meaningful conversations, understand others, problem solve, read and comprehend, and express
thoughts through spoken or written words. .As what I learned in this discussion, there are 5
dimensions of language and these are the phonology that deals with systems of sounds,
morphology the study of the forms of words, semantics the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence,
or text, pragmatics that deals with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, and lastly
the syntax the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
The causes of this ability is the congenital malformations, prenatal injury, tumors, problem with
the nerve or muscular system, german measles, exposure of teratogens such as X-rays, viruses,
drugs, environmental toxins, limited tongue mobility, cleft lip or cleft palate, and the craniofacial
malformation. In teaching these children who have this kind of disability, speech therapist or
speech language pathologists has been trained to assess and treat individuals who have a
communication disability. Children with communication disorders frequently perform at a poor
or insufficient academic level, struggle with reading, have difficulty understanding and expressing
language, misunderstand social cues, avoid attending school, show poor judgement, and have
difficulty with tests. Difficulty in learning to listen, speak, read, or write can result from problems
in language development. Problems can occur in the production, comprehension, and awareness
of language at the sound, syllable, word, sentence, and discourse levels. Individuals with reading
and writing problems also may experience difficulties in using language strategically to
communicate, think, and learn.

Communication skills are at the heart of life's experience, particularly for children who are
developing language critical to cognitive development and learning. Reading, writing, gesturing,
listening, and speaking are all forms of language – a code we learn to use in order to communicate
ideas.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Physical Disabilities, Health Impairment, and Severe Disabilities

The rest of us here are blessed that were given a complete body parts and a healthy body.
Some of those people doesn’t have any feet to walk, hands to touch things, and worst some of
those people have these severe disabilities and health impairment. Some of those greedy people
doesn’t give any attention to their body. Those who are unfortunate to have a complete body parts
are what we called children or people with physical disabilities and other severe disabilities. Let
us all find out about what are the different types of physical disabilities, health impairment, and
severe disabilities.

Physical disabilities are those that impair normal physical functioning. They may be
orthopedic, neuromata, or musculoskeletal impairments. Health impairments are diseases,
illnesses, or conditions, such as asthma and epilepsy that require special care or attention and may
impair learning and normal functioning. As what I remembered in this topic, before they discuss
the content of this topic, they introduced us first the various system of our body such as Skeletal
System, Muscular System, and Nervous System. I think all of us has a brief knowledge about these
systems since we discussed it during our elementary days. I’ve learned the different types of the
physical disabilities, health impairment, and severe disabilities. Poliomyelitis, osteomyelitis, bone
fracture or breakage, muscular dystrophy. osteogenesis imperfect, club hand, polydactylism,
cerebral palsy, tremor, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, burns and many more. in teaching these children
with these kind of disability, we need to use an aids for living such as: physical modific Specialised
equipment may also be necessary such as adapted keyboards, page turners, word boards or special
desks.

We need to be thankful because we are born with the complete bone and a healthy body.
We need to take care our body also because there some of people out there who wants to live in a
normal life. If you happens to see a persons with a physical disabilities, don’t make fun out of it.
Instead we should help them and feel that they also belong to this world and that they can actually
live a normal life.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Classroom Management

A classroom is a learning space, a room in which both children and adults learn.
Classrooms are found in educational institutions of all kinds, ranging from preschools to
universities, and may also be found in other places where education or training is provided, such
as corporations and religious and humanitarian organizations. The classroom provides a space
where learning can take place uninterrupted by outside distractions. And A classroom on whom
which we considered as our second home.

Classroom management refers to the wide variety of skills and techniques that teachers use
to keep students organized, orderly, focused, attentive, on task, and academically productive
during a class. As what I’ve remembered the three groups discussed and show us on how to use
classroom management. The first group just simply define the meaning of classroom and
management and there are some lacking information. The second group did an actual
demonstration on how to apply the classroom management. We are very happy watching the
scenes because they were 10 assigned students to become a SPED students and I can say that they
portray their role properly because we can see the faces of the reporters’ they were very stress and
it seems like they don’t know what to do. Upon observing them I’ve learned that before you go to
the class you must first organize everything. You must prepare yourself. Before you go the class
it needs and takes a lot of preparation. You also have to think about your instructional materials if
it has a connection with your topic just like what happened to the third group, they choose a
instructional materials in which they didn’t considered their students. Funny for those who are
watching, but if I am going to put myself in their situation, I honestly don’t know what to do.

In using classroom management, it takes a lot of time and effort before you come up with
a better idea. Before you go to the class make sure are armed and prepared. First you need to come
up with a plan on how are you going to apply classroom management in your students. You will
also need a lesson plan. Organize your thought, make an instructional materials that is related to
your topic and can catch the attention of your students.
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

A. Importance of Instructional Materials

Instructional materials support learning content, allow students to engage in the application
of concepts and provide an opportunity for evaluation. They are developed to facilitate
learner understanding. These materials provide a wealth of knowledge in all topics,
offering in-depth information based on facts.
B. Principles of Selection and Instructional Narrative
 All instructional materials are aids to instruction. They do not replace the teacher.
 Choose the instructional material that best suits your instructional objectives.
Beside what you want to accomplish and then employ the tools that are most likely
to achieve results,
 Do not let the media that is available to you determines how or what you will teach.
C. Guidelines for Instructional Aid
 Clearly establish the lesson objective. Be certain of what is to be communicated.
 Gather the necessary data by researching for support material.
 Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan.
 Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids.

D. Name of the Instructional Materials

“Complete Me World Map Puzzle”
E. Materials
 Plywood
 Nails
 World Map
 Card Board / Long Folder
 Glue and Scissors
 F. Methodologies
-( a set of methods, rules, or ideas that are important procedures)
a) The students are group accordingly
b) Each group will get an envelope with broken pieces of a world map inside of it.
c) The students are asked to arrange or solve this given broken pieces.
d) They are given 1o minutes as their allotted time to solve the puzzle.
G. Techniques
(a way of doing something by using special knowledge or skill)
The techniques includes a quick-mind thinking and alertness in order for them to solve the
puzzle of a world map familiarizing the continents and its parts.
H. Strategies
-( a careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal usually over a long period
of time)
The activity includes different strategies such as proper planning on what to put first, visual
alertness, teamwork for them, knowledge and perseverance in order to achieve the goal.
I. Approach
The approach is very much applicable to talented and gifted children. This approach could
lead for the students to enjoy things while learning, it cannot only enhance their knowledge,
skills, and alertness, but it demonstrates good values such as showing patience,
perseverance, team work and sportsmanship. The said activity is definitely not a boring
one for the said group of learners.
J. Pictures

K. References

https://www.flightliteracy.com/instructional-aids-and-training-technologies-part-one/

https://www.slideshare.net/IrvinEcalnir/guiding-principles-in-the-selection-and-use-of-
instructional-materials

https://www.reference.com/education/importance-instructional-materials-219f55abb3079777

https://www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-gifted-students/89083-suggested-supplies-for-
gifted-education-classrooms/
LORRAINE ANTONETTE M. CANONIGO DECEMBER 2, 2019

FILIPINO 1-C 9:00 am-10:30 am

Narrative Report: Gifted and Talented

Standing in front of everyone is not an easy job for me and the group because we are not
actually ready that time to report. We don’t have a proper group discussion on how are we
going to report about our topic which is the gifted and talented.

The day before our report, we had a planning on what are we going to do in our actual
reporting. I am pressured at that time because we saw the efforts of the previous group, and we
saw how nervous they are when they are discussing. During our presentation, we had a minor
technical problem because we don’t have any laptop at that time good thing one of our
classmate bring one. So our presentation goes on, so one of our members introduces our topic.
I was assigned to discuss the Multiple Intelligences. I have a brief knowledge about this topic
since we already talked about it in our Senior High School Days. And I am hopeful at that time
that I discuss it properly to my classmates. When we are presenting our instructional materials,
we know that it is difficult for us to pass at that time because we were assigned to make a 3
teacher made instructional materials and yet, we just make two and that instructional materials
was the worst IM’s I saw in the entire topic. We acknowledge that it is our fault because we
didn’t planned it ahead of time and we didn’t put an effort in making and beautifying our
instructional materials. We made a world map puzzle in which it is very questionable because
we don’t have any strategies and approach on how to use that king of materials. The second
one is we decide to make a Sudoku puzzle but that IM was made with no effort at all. When
our classmates starting to throw us some questions, I was kind of nervous because we might
not answer their question and I was feeling happy at the same time because if they are throwing
some questions at us meaning they are listening and understand our topic. And I was kind of
relief at that time when we can answer their questions correctly and by the looks of their faces
they look satisfied. My heart was totally rejoicing special when Miss told us that we did pass
the report but we failed in our instructional materials. I can say that I am proud of our group
because we actually passed it despite of the lack of time and effort.

In that experience, I’ve learned that it is indeed important to master your topic and when
you are going to present something in front you need to be armed and ready. You also need a
lot of time and put effort in everything you do. Always remember that you are a future educator
and it is required for you to face a lot of people in the future. I am actually happy at that time
that we’ve given the opportunity to experience that kind of demo teaching. I will surely
remember this experience and I will apply my learnings in this kind of activity to the future.