History of Nueva Ecija

HISTORY OF NUEVA ECIJA
If man did, indeed arise from the sea, then it would be perhaps
understandable why Nueva Ecija, given its present boundaries, would be inhabited
quite late. For surrounded by mountain ranges on three sides (North, East and
West) and by a vast land mass on a fourth (the South), it would be a-long-ways off
the sea. Except through a narrow corridor, at a northeastern corner of Manila Bay,
upstream through the Pampanga River, following its graceful undulations, through
the Candava swamps, passing the solitary Mount Arayat, and thence, up, up and up
some more until suddenly there are no more mountains, no more swamps, only
miles and miles of vast lands as far as the eye can see. Eden must have looked like
this.
But how can Primitive Man ever survive in this fastness, so far removed from
his beloved sea, so exposed to the ruthless elements of his primordial world?
And so, He would have gone on and on, upstream, up, up until once more
He finds himself in the comforting protective bosom of the mountains. And there,
He would probably be, to this day, had Time stood still-
Pre-Spanish Period - When the Java-based Madjapahit Empire, in a sudden

burst of aggressive energy, decided to expand its frontiers it hoped from island in
the East Indies until it reached the Philippine Archipelago. Some of these intrepid
travelers, part of a Second Wave of Malay migrations that took place between 300
and 200 B. C. , set up settlements along the western coast of Luzon. These
coastal settlements formed the nucleus of what was to be the Pampango Empire,
"established and consolidated from 1335 to 1400 by Prince Balagtas, the first
Pampango sovereign. This empire includes all areas in Luzon from Manila up to
Cagayan in the North.
In order to exercise even nominal control over such a large territory,

command outposts must certainly be established. It is for such an exigency that
settlements in Nueva Eciia were established- Early accounts mention the towns
of Carranglan and Pantabangan and Barrio Puncan near the source of the Rio
Grande de Pampanga, as already thriving communities when the Spaniards arrived.
These same towns were used by the Spanish forces, together with their Filipino
mercenaries (cuetas) as bases of operators in their colonial push upwards to the
Cagayan Valley.
Spanish Period- The fall of famed Pampanga Empire came with the defeat of
the native chieftains Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Soliman in 1572 by Spanish forces
under the command of Martin de Goiti, Legaspi-s field commander. Shortly
thereafter, the conquistadores began their long upward trek towards the lush
Cagayan Valley and the mineral - rich Mountain Provinces. Tc) achieve this goal,
they necessarily 'have to pass through Nueva Eciia.
First, the soldiers then, the friars in 1595, the town of Gapan was officially
founded by Father Contreras, Tendilla, Caballo and Salazar. A big pueblo, it
embraced an area as far as North as Cabanatuan; East, as the Sierra Madres,
South, as San Miguel, Bulacan, and West, as Candaba, Pampanga. Development
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Provincial Planning and Development Office
in the area, therefore, proceeded from two points. Southward by the soldier,
Northward by the clergy.
In 1705, Nueva Eciia was born, it started as a small Spanish Commandancia

(Fort) which was part of the territory of Tayabas, under the jurisdiction of the
Province of Manila- Its founder and first governor, Fausto Cruzar, must have
waxed nostalgic and bestowed upon it the name Nueva Ecija, after his native town
of Ecija Andalucia Spain.
For, indeed there were some similarities between the New and the old World
Ecija- Both were washed by navigable rivers - the former, by the Pampanga River;
the latter by the river Genil, Cruzar probably spending most of his town in the
northern outpost of Pantabangan and Carranglan, must have complained of the
hot climate; Ecija, in Spain, was known as "el saten" or the frying pan because of
the "heat in the summer."
The Spanish expedition to the North proved successful and by April 25, 1801,
when Nueva Ecija was formally organized as a separate province, it covered not
only the old commandancia boundaries, but as far North as Palanan, Isabela; as far
east as Baler, Casiguran, and Polilio Island, Tayabas; as far south as Gapan; west
as the territorial limits of Pampanga; and Northwest as the towns of Rosales,
Umingan, and Tayug Pangasinan- The largest extent of its area was attained in
1848 with the cession, by Adjudication of the towns of Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao,
San Antonio and Aliaga which formerly belonged to the Province of Pampanga.
Thereafter, the province began losing territories.
First, Baler and Casiguran, which were returned to Tayabas in 1853 followed
in 1856 by the transfer of the town of Palanan to the newly created Province of
Isabela. Two years later Binangonan and Polilio, along the Pacific Ocean were
segregated and made into separate district Infanta.
Thus, from an expansive territory covering in part or in full seven provinces Nueva
Eciia congealed into its present-day boundaries.
The impact of these constant change of.boundaries on migratory patterns in the

Province becomes readily apparent when one views the ethnic constitution of its
active population. To be sure the origins of the different pueblos of Nueva Ecija are
as diverse as the number of Municipalities.
There are, for instance, towns like Gapan which attributes its establishment to the
missionary zeal of the Spanish friars. But there are also colorful episodes, like that
of Carranglan, whose founders belonged to renegade cuetas (native troops) who
took to the hills to avoid further conscription by the Spanish crown. But the scarce
data available seem to point out to some discernible patterns.
After the establishment of the Pampanga Empire, Central Nueva Ecija, which is
almost all flatlands, became an in hospitable place. The native Aetas, llongots,
and Dumagats, succumbing to the superior technology of the conquering Malays,
took to the hills. The newcomers, on the other hand, found the plains impossible to
defend. Except for some settlements along the Pampanga River and some of its
tributaries (which at the time were easily navigable)- The native chieftains chose to
build fortifications at mountain foothills. This move served double purpose; first they
held in cheek the hostile indigenous natives right at the mountains where they were
holed up, and secondly, the mountains afforded protection even for the conquerors
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themselves especially since most defensible positions usually hugged the
mountainsides.
This situation - a seemingly delicate modus vivendi - was to continue until the arrival
of the Spaniards. They in turn drove the Malays away from their places of
fortifications.
What happened to these Pampanga Chief tains is a matter of conjecture- Some of

them must have been driven towards their Ilongot, Aeta, and Dumagat enemies
where they were ostensibly absorbed into the ethnic community. Others must have
returned home to Pampanga- While still other must have decided to stay behind and
serve the Spaniards, mingling with other native mercenaries who formed the nucleus
of the native cabezas de barangay, police, tax collector, builders, etc.
Thereafter, in line with Spanish encomienda system which grants huge tracts of
lands in exchange for services to the Crown of the Province was divided into large
estates.
The present boundaries of Nueva Ecija was supposed to have started from a mere
nine encomiendas. Prototype to the more recent haciendas these encomiendas are
owned exclusively by Spanish nationals, since the natives were not allowed to
posses such extensive landholdings. The problem, then of these Spanish
landowners, was what to do with their vast possessions, considering that most of
them are usually in absentia. This need triggered off a wave of migration that was
Deons and workers imported from neighboring provinces.
The industrious Ilocanos and Pangasinenses occupied most of the northern sections
of the Province where, this day, they account for more than 70% of the population-
The Western fringes were manned by Pampangos and a smattering of Zambales-
Finally, the Central and Southern portions were settled by the "River people", the
Taga-ilogs or (later) Tagalogs, some coming from the Bulacan while others from as
South as Manila, Quezon, Laguna and Batangas.
Most historians would probably trace the roots of Nueva Ecija's participation in the
Philippine Revolution to agrarian unrest. This conclusion would not be too
farfetched, as the Philippine Revolution, itself was supposed to have arisen, at least
in part, due to abuses connected with the land. Up to and until the Hukbalahap,
Movement and later NPA - Land Reform was still considered the basic issue in the
province.
But to attribute Nueva Ecija's uprising solely to agrarian unrest, or to conclude that
the province participation in the Revolution was a sporadic and selfish act, would be
too simplistic.
We find, for instance that the'"First Cry of Nueva Eciia" signaling the Province's entry
into the Revolution, was made September 2, 1896, a scant nine days after the First
Cry of Pugad Lawin, which Andres Bonifacio initiated on August 23rd. This would
indicate that Nueva Eciia was, indeed, an integral part of the Revolutionary
"Conspiracy". The time difference - even as most history book will bear out - is
simply the time it took for the news of the revision of the Revolutionary time table to
reach the province.
Furthermore, the "First Cry of Nueva Eciia", though officially crediting the towns of
San Isidro as its locate, was a surprise attack not only on the San Isidro garrison,
itself (site of the Province's capital during the period) but was simultaneously carried
out in Gapan, General Tinio, (then Papaya) and Pefiaranda against their respective
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Spanish detachments. This would be proof that even before the "First Cry of
Pugad-Lawin", Novo Eciianos under the leadership of General Mamerto Natividad,
Mariano Llanera, Manuel Tinio already had a plan for carrying out the
Revolution. The prominent places occupied by three generals in Bonifacio’s and
later Aguinaldo’s – War Council is, again, evidence of the Province’s direct and
immediate involvement in the Philippine Independence Movement.
Thus, to attribute a ray of the sun in the National Flag to Nueva Eeija as being one of
the first eight provinces to rise up in arms against Spain, is, in a way, misleading, as
it seems to point out that these uprisings were isolated events. In the case of
Nueva Eciia, at least, there would seem to be no doubt that the Province
participated, in the Revolution as an integral part of an elaborate plan to throw off the
Spanish yoke.
American Period. Nueva Eciia played a more prominent role in the American Phase
of the Philippine Revolution.
For one thing, the beleaguered of Aguinaldo forces, when forced to leave Malolos,
site of the Revolutionary Government, decided to transfer the capital of the foundling
Republic to the Nueva Eciia Provincial capital of San Isidro. Where before the
Nueva Ecija troops were content simply to act as rear guard to the Philippine
offensive, they were now given the unenviable role of protecting the Republic, itself.
This appointed task the Novo-Ecijanos fulfilled with flying colors- Up to the end,
when President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela, in 1901, it was
the Filipino contingents under General Manuel Tinio who were rushing to the site of
the capture to deliver the President from American hands. History, in fact, records
that the Filipino mercenaries who infiltrated Aguinaldo-s camp and paved the way for
the capture, posed as General Tinio's men. The President, actually anticipating the
arrival of Tinio's troops any day, was easily led on into the trap.
(One episode that gave the Province as semblance of notoriety was the infamous
assassination of the illustrious General Antonio Luna by Aguinaldo's troops in
Cabanatuan on June, 1899. A saving grace for the
Province, however, was the indubitable courage shown by Luna's aide, Francisco
"Paco" Roman, who refused to leave the General-s side and thus died with him-
Roman was a Novo Ecijano-)
After Aguinaldo's capture it simply became a matter of time for the Philippine
Revolution to break down. One by one, the heroic generals surrendered or were
captured. Upon establishment of the first civil government on June 11, 1901
headed by Governor Jacob F. Kreps, fighting in Nueva Ecija was declared officially
over.
The task of assimilating the Province into the American democratic set-up fell upon
the first appointed, later elected governors. Fortunately for the province, these
leaders included such illustrious personages as Epifanio de los Santos, Isauro
Gabaldon, Manuel Tinio, Benito Natividad, Aurelio Cecilio, and Gabriel Belmonte.
Under their able stewardship, Nueva Ecija rose to become a prosperous and
progressive Province.
The outbreak of the Second World War once again focused on Nueva Ecija's
strategic position in the area. As the Japanese hordes bore down from the North, the
Province posed as. a fastline of defense for the beleaguered Manila. Heavy fighting
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broke out at the Northern frontiers, the most famous of which is the Battle of Dalton
Pass.
On the Western Front, USAFE troops, swept by the Japanese offensive from the
sea, fled towards Nueva Ecija and thence to the mountains of Sierra Madre. From
there, they engaged in a persistent guerrilla campaign, pestering Japanese troops
wherever and whenever they can.
The province contributed more than its share, both in human and material resources,
to this guerrilla movement- Cols. Lapham, Fischer and Cushing, who had bases in
the ares, continuously hounded the Japanese troops who, on their own, decided that
Nueva Eciia is a strategic stop-over for troops traversing the Manila- Baguio route-
There were numerous camp sites and large
garrisons in the province, the most famous of which was the Pangatian Campsite in
Cabanatuan where hundreds if American prisoners-of-war were destined. This camp
was the site of a dramatic rescue by Filipino-American forces of some 800 detainees
during the closing days of the War- More recently, these garrisons and campsites
are being re-visited and reviewed by three groups of interested individuals:
historians and researchers, who are trying to reconstruct a less distorted picture of
the dark days of the Japanese occupation Balikbayans and Oldtimers, on
sentimental journeys; and treasure- hunters who assume, with perhaps, some of the
gold and treasures from Baguio en route to Manila might have been dumped in the
area by the fleeing Japanese.
Post-Independence Period. July 4,1946. The final relinquishment of American rule in

the Philippines found in Nueva Ecija in a state of turmoil. Barely recovering from
the scourge of War, a dramatic new problem confronted the Province-s otherwise
capable political leadership.
The disruptive effects on the social life of the people started to be felt- Farmers
and landowners who were displaced by the War returned to find their properties
claimed by others. Likewise, the initial euphoria of post-war activities, bringing
with it a semblance of prosperity, injected a new morality of materialism into the
otherwise staid Philippine society. Finally, the breakdown of the Old Families and
the rise of the nouveau riche saw Filipinos confronted with a social mobility never
before experienced.
The proliferation of firearms acquired during the war years did not help any. Soon,
the Communist Party of the Philippines graduated from rhetories to actual
dissidence. Backed by the Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan (HMB), the liberation
version of the "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" (Hukbalahap) of the war
years, it began to wage a campaign of agitation and provocation that culminated in
the ambush in 1949 of Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, widow of the late
Commonwealth President, at Barrio Labi, Bongabon, near the Tayabas (now
Quezon) border. The stage was set for a confrontation between the fledgling
Philippine Republic and the Communists.
Nueva Eciia became deeply embroiled in this confrontation, not only was it the site
of some of the largest haciendas in the country and thus rife with agrarian problems
- it was also evolving a political ideology of its own. The Socialist Wing of Juan Feleo
was the dominant Communist faction in the area. Somewhat more moderate than
Tarue-Lava Group, his assassination in 1946 at Baluarte Gapan dealt the
Communist movement in the Province its most serious blow. Thereafter, Nueva
Eciia was relegated to the role of the-supplies and logistics base for the dissident
movement in the area.
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To be sure, there were a number of legitimate grievances. A new breed of corrupt
and/or corruptible officials began to dominate the political scene. The imposition of
Martial Law in the area in 1949 saw further oppression of the masses in the hands of
the notorious Civilian Guards who, in most instances, were in the payroll of big
landowner. People in the rural areas were tyrannized on two fronts.. by the Huks
extorting support for their cause in the form of food and supplies; and by
Government troops, who seemed bent on-out terrorizing the dissidents.
The unhappy state of affairs began to ebb with the ascendancy of Ramon
Magsaysay as Secretary of National Defense, Sweeping the 1953 Presidential
elections by a runaway margin of almost 7, to 1 (he lost in only one municipality, San
Jose), President Magsaysay lived up to his promise of uplifting the Common Man.
By the time of his untimely death in an airplane crash in 1957, Nueva Eciia, as far as
the dissident movement is concerned, was almost completely pacified.
But, while Government efforts in the area, particularly in the field of social welfare
and rural development, met with some success, the priority problem in the area
remained-and to some extents still is Land Reform. The initial steps taken by Pres.
Diosdado Macapagal towards the institution of Land Reform was only moderately
successful. It took the full force of Martial Law and a Presidential Decree
Emancipating the farmers to finally give Agrarian Reform its much needed bite.
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HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE
The Province of Nueva Ecija

In 1705, Governor Fausto Cruzar created a portion of Pampanga into a military
commandancia of that province. He named the district Nueva Ecija in honor of his
native Ecija in Southern Spain, in the province of Seville. In that newly-created
military district, what is now the province of Nueva Ecija had its beginnings.
From this humble origin, Nueva Ecija grew into a province of extensive dimensions.
In 1818, her limits extended to the pacific and included regions which now belong to
other provinces. The towns of Palanan, Baler, Casiguran, Infanta and Polilio were
also included within the territory of Nueva Ecija.
Through the territory of Nueva Ecija was extensive, her population up to the middle
of the nineteenth century remained comparatively small being only 9,165 in 1945.
This population was raised to 69,135 in 1848 when the towns of San Isidro, Gapan,
Cabiao, San Antonio and Aliaga were separated from Pampanga and added to
Nueva Ecija. The addition of these five towns further enlarged her vast territory.
It was not long, however, before big portions of this territory were taken away and
Nueva Ecija was reduced to practically her present limits. In 1853, the district of
Principe which is now a part of Tayabas was formed out of Casiguran, Baler and two
other towns of Nueva Ecija. When Isabela was created into a province in 1856,
Palanan and the neighboring regions were added to it.
Two years afterwards Binangonan and Polilio were separated from Nueva Ecija and
made part of Infanta which became a military district that year.
When in 1782 Governor Jose Basco established the tabacco monopoly to increase
the revenue of the government, Nueva Ecija, together with the Cagayan Valley, the
Ilocos and Marinduque, was declared a tobacco monopoly area.
The seat of government of Nueva Ecija was transferred from one place to another at
various times. Baler was the first capital, Bongabon the second, and Cabanatuan
the third. In 1852, the capital was moved to San Isidro where it remained until 1912,
at which time it was restored to Cabanatuan. Today the seat of government was
named to Palayan City.
Nueva Ecija was one of the first eight provinces that rose in revolt against Spain. It
remained a rebel territory right up to the capture and surrender of General Emilio
Aguinaldo in Palanan in 1901. For this feat, Nueva Ecija was awarded a ray in
national flag.
The Spaniards were driven out of the province in 1898. A revolutionary government
was formed in Nueva Ecija with San Isidro as seat of provincial government and
Felino Cajucom as head.
With the outbreak of Filipino-American hostilities, and the towns of Malolos, Bulacan
and San Fernando, Pampanga having fallen into American hands successively,
President Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the seat of the First Philippine Republic to
San Isidro where it remained for more than five months until October 11, 1899 when
it, tool, fell to the American forces.
With the cessation of hostilities, a civil government was established by the
Americans in Nueva Ecija on June 11, 1901. In 1912, the provincial capitol was
again transferred to Cabanatuan with Benito Natividad as governor.
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ALIAGA
Aliaga was originally called "Pulong Bibit," because it was a dumping place
for a human skeletons. Upon its establishment as a town in 1849, it was named after
Aliaga, a town in Spain and the birth place of its first gobernadorcillo, Don Aniceto
Ferry.
With Ilocanos as its first inhabitants, Aliaga was one of the most beautiful
towns in Nueva Eciia during the Spanish regime. The present Nueva Eciia towns of
Zaragoza, Quezon, Talavera and Sto. Domingo were formerly barrios of
Aliaga- It had fine roads, long lines of bazaars,an imposing catholic church, a
beautiful public plaza,etc. For this reason, it earned the name " Maynilang Munti"
( Little Manila ).
But in 1873 during the administration of Gobernadorcillo Don

Anastacio Dimaliwat, there occurred an unusually strong typhoon, followed by a big
flood that brought havoc to buildings, roads, bridges, farm crops,etc. Then in 1878
when Don Alejandro Santiago was the gobernadorcillo, the river which served as a
drainage of the town was closed by the frequent floods. As a sad result, the water
changed its course. it flooded the town throughout the year. Because of the
annual floods, Aliaga came to be known as "Venice of Nueva Eciia". After the floods,
sands and dusts in the streets were almost knee-deep. Hence, the name "Sahara
Desert of the Philippines"- The floods deposited several inches of mountain
soil to the town each year, so much so that the buildings were gradually buried.
The years that followed spelled additional misfortunes for Aliaga.

From 1885 to 1887, for instance. locusts raided the rice plants in this locality,
causing crop failures and widespread hunger and starvation- The year 1901
witnessed the outbreak of cholera- The dreadful disease wiped out no less than
one third of the population of the town. Don Cornelio Ortega, then the
Gobernadorcillo, failed to cope with the situation. Not the least, a great drought
occurred in 1897.
Today, however, Aliaga is slowly inching its way to progress. It has risen from
the ravages brought about by natural calamities and World War II. It should be
recalled that Aliaga suffered immensely during the Japanese occupation. It is
now a flourishing hamlet inhabited by over 27,000 industrious peaceloving people,
most of whom are Tagalogs and Ilocanos- Its total land area of 8,470 hectares
abounds with fertile ricelands and rivers teeming fishes. At the very center of the
town stands like a watchful sentinel the imposing town hall over looking the green
vegetation yonder.
All indication show that a few years from now Aliaga will regain its former
grandeur. All told, therefore, Aliaga is slowly but surely advancing to the front.
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BONGABON
As records show, the Augustinian missionaries that brought Religious doctrine
in the province of Pampanga, within a very short time continued their mission in a
province, now called Nueva Eciia.
In 1659, Santol (present day Barrio Santor in Bongabon) was established, not
long after these missionaries arrived, the town of Bongabon was established. And in
1760, after 101 years, the town become the parish of St. Francis of Assissi.
Bongabon became the first capital of the province and the old building made
of bricks situated in the town plaza was the debris of the first capitol. During the
Spanish regime, the town was headed by a Captain(now equivalent to a municipal
mayor ). The Catholic religion and the high esteem for women are the two important
influences Spain has engraved into the hearts of the people not only in Bongabon
but all over the Philippines.
The land is very rich and suitable for any kind of crops, especially palay, onion
and cabbage. The fertility of the land makes farming the main occupation and source
of living of the people.
It was in 1901 when the Americans took over our country, hence, also this
town. When the Americans took over the Philippines, the operations and activities in
the town were likewise grasped by them. Democracy taught and improvements took
rapidly- It was during these days when the young breeds started making a high
and long leap towards development of themselves. And the ideals and goals to
contribute in the urbanization of their community is clearly reflected up to these days.
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CABIAO
Cabiao got its name from the word “ Kabyawan “ a stone device operated by
means of carabao and which was used to crush sugar cane to get juice which later
was made into molasses or crude sugar. Its name was later on shortened to
Kabyaw, the spelling of which was altered by the influence of the foreign alphabet
letters.
Galang and Lapuz were among the first clans that originated in this area.
They emigrated from Candaba and Macabebe. The early settlers found the area a
place of wilderness and they had to clear the lands where rice and sugar cane were
soon planted.
Cabiao was one of the members of Lakandula confederation of Tondo before
arrival of the Spaniards. The existence of the Filipino independence states ended
and were subjected to pueblos and barrios. When the Spaniards came, a chain of
gobernadorcillo served the town, among which were Pablo Galang, Doroteo
Santiano, Apolonio Parungao, Anastacio Relucio, Faustino Sugay, Silverio Sagkal,
Andres Romero, Regino Ortiz Luis, Alipio Tecson and General Mariano Llanera who
set the fire of the revolution in Cabiao in 1896.
With the coming of the Americans in 1903, a number of schools rose in the
place using English language as a medium of instruction. Pedro Oreta was elected
the first chief executive of the town under the American civil regime. From 1907-
1909, Cabiao was placed under the jurisdiction of San Isidro. Oreta served the town
for more than three years, from 1903-1906. Before the end of 1906, he was
succeeded by Salvador Relucio whose term of office lasted in 1909, then Juan
Orquiza, 1909-1912; Potenciano Romero, 1912-1917, Gonzalo de Leon, 1917-1923,
Manuel Tecson, 1923-1926; Manuel Crespo, 1926-1929; Silvestre Borja, 1929-1934;
Jose Lapuz, 1934-1937; and Prudencio Ortiz Luis, 1938-1940. Jose Garcia was in a
position when World War II broke out. Against his will and policy, the Japanese
practiced dictatorship. By the year 1944, Mayor Garcia with some of the municipal
officials was kidnapped by the resistance movement. His shadow was never seen
then.
When the Philippines acquired its independence, Mariano Guevarra was
appointed chief executive of the town in 1945. It did not take long however, and
Cabiao was placed under the military government headed by Pablo Aligada. Aligada
did much in pacifying the dissidents but his initiative was never completed when
another bunch of mayors took over one after the other. Gregorio Crespo assumed
the position in 1968.
Now Cabiao maintains its peaceful, orderly and clean community. Its people earn
their living and the municipality sets its own, mark in increasing rice production which
corresponds well to the call of self sufficiency program of national government.
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CABANATUAN CITY
Cabanatuan City is one of the sixty five chartered cities of the Philippines. It is
at the forefront of the total national effort to secure social and economic
advancement. It is an inseparable part of the rice bowl of the country. It has
risen as a typical community at the edge of the Pampanga River- But today,
the potential of Cabanatuan City cannot be discounted by any reckoning- It has
made enormous gains in social, political, economic and cultural endeavors. As the
gateway to the lush Cagayan Valley, Cabanatuan City holds tremendous promise not
only for its body politic but also for the entire nation as well.
Several versions account for the origin of the name of Cabanatuan; however,
three are popularly accepted- One is from the Tagalog word kabatuhan,
which means abundant stones. The other is kaban ng tuwa, meaning a chest of
happiness. The latest origin to crop is that Cabanatuan possibly came from still
another local word, banatu, a kind of sturdy vine which before, amply grew along the
swampy banks of the river. Whichever of the three popular versions is correct is not
of great moment, for the City of Cabanatuan and its people have lived true to these
versions of the origin of its name. Cabanatuan City has become a sturdy pillar for
national growth and advancement and at present, the people are relatively happy in
their existence- Cabanatuan City has been endowed with considerable natural
assets: its farmlands are rich and protective; its people are imaginative and
hardworking; and its spirit remains firm and strong-
The majority of the original inhabitants of Cabanatuan came from

Bulacan and Morong (Rizal Province), other early settlers came from
Pampanga. Many Tagalogs came from Tayabas (now Quezon). The first
barrios of Cabanatuan when it became a municipality were Sangitan,
Mayapyap, Aduas, Samon, Talipapa, and Cabu- The barrios on the western part
were settled by Tagalogs, while the vicinity around Sangitan were inhabited by
Pampanguenos and Ilocanos.
At the early turn of the century, the vast Parang District was slowly inhabited.
Before, this was unexplored but sturdy and determined Ilocano folks in search of
new lands settled in these rich virgin plain which now comprise the barrios of Mataas
na Kahoy, Sapang Kawayan, Balangkare Talabutab Norte and Sur, Picaleon,
Balaring, Belen, Mag-asawang Sampalok, Platero and Piñahan. The more
adventurous group reached as far as Macatbong, Calawagan and Kalikid.
In 1959, by virtue of Republic Act No. 1863, the Municipality of General

Natividad was created and constituted into a separate and independent political
subdivision. The new Municipality embraced the barrios of Mataas na Kahoy,
Balangkare Norte, Balangkare Sur, Sapang Kawayan, Mag-asawang sampalok,
Talabutab Norte and Sur, Platero, Belen, Picaleon, Piñahan, Kabulihan, Pasong
Hari, Balaring, Pulong Singkamas, Panaksak, Bravo, Sapang Bato, Burol, Miller, Tila
Patio, Pula, Carimay and Acacia. This reduced the size of Cabanatuan by almost
one-half.
Cabanatuan started as a small barrio of the municipality of Gapan during the

term of the Spanish Military Governor Colonel Monet. Monet Converted it into a
Pueblo or town on July 14, 1777- At that time, Nueva Ecija was a part of the
jurisdiction of Tayabas. But later, when Tayabas was sub-divided and the
northeastern portion of the subdivision was annexed to the eastern portion of
Pangasinan, another territorial section was formed, and the province of Nueva Ecija
came into being, with Baler as its capital. But being too far a town, the seat was
transferred to Bongabon toward the end of 1785. A little later, Cabanatuan became
the capital of the province.
11
Unfortunately, a conflagration hit the town in. 1816 and razed all its public
buildings to the ground. The capital was transferred to San Isidro, which was then a
flourishing municipality. It was only in 1912 that Cabanatuan, having recovered from
the ashes, was restored as the capital.
During the Spanish regime, the leading town official was called
governadorcillo. Later, the title was changed to Capitan Municipal.
When the early news of the struggle against the Spanish sovereignty reached
the place toward the end of 1896, the people readily responded and a great number
voluntarily enlisted their services- Notable names that Cabanatuan contributed to
the revolutionary cause included Mariano Apan, Ramon Tombo, and Jose Tombo,
among many others-
When the tide of the revolution turned against the American forces, the
assassination of General Antonio Luna and his aide, Colonel Francisco (Paco)
Roman, at the Cabanatuan Catholic Church convent on June 5, 1899, made history
for the city. The remains of the fallen heroes are said to have been interred in the
present site of the public market which at that time was a cemetery.
With the advent of the American rule, Cabanatuan continued as a political

subdivision and the municipal government began to function in the year 1901. Since
then, Cabanatuan made great strides in economic, cultural, and political
development.
The extension of the Manila Railroad line in Cabanatuan in 1904 made the
town a pivotal center of trade and industry. Since then, business had increased by
leaps and bounds- But its steady march to progress was disrupted when on
December 8, 1941, the Pacific War broke out.
Cabanatuan was occupied by the Japanese on December 29, 1941 but

only after a terrible ordeal. For almost a month, houses were put to torch by the
enemy and so extensive was the destruction wrought by the occupation army that
even today the inhabitants have yet to fully recover from the effects of the war.
Two places in this city may be considered hallowed grounds as they remain
grim reminders of enemy atrocities. During the occupation, Camp Pangatian,
which before the war was a military training camp for 20-years, was converted into
a Prisoner of War Camp for Survivors of the infamous Death March from Bataan
and Corrigidor in April - May, 1942.
On the night of January 30,1945, elements of the 6th Ranger battalion, U-S.
Army and Filipino Guerrillas rescued 513 prisoners that included 486 Americans, 23,
British (some defenders from Singapore), 3 Netherlanders and one
Norwegian. They were remnants of an, original army of about 10,000 men in 1942.
The rest died of diseases, malnutrition and mistreatment, some were moved to other
camps.
Another was the former site of the Nueva Eciia Chinese School along Gen.
Luna Street, which during the occupation housed the Japanese "Kempetai".
Here, members of the underground and those suspected of anti- Japanese activities
were incarcerated, tortured, maimed and killed.
12
Soon after the liberation, the municipal government, was re-
established through the joint efforts of the 485th Counter Intelligence Corp(CIC)
Detachment and the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) No. 3.
By virtue of Republic Act No. 526, Cabanatuan was converted into a
chartered city in 1950. Cabanatuan officially begun functioning as a city on July
24,1950, the official inauguration, however, was held on Feb. 1951 -
Cabanatuan today is a metropolis with more than a hundred thousand people.

The trend to converge in this place, added to natural population growth, swelled the
population to reach a high density.
Cabanatuan is yet far from ideal. It has its own share of manifold problems to
solve. The thrust forward has developed tremendous pressures for adaptation and
change.
13
CARRANGLAN
Long before the Spanish missionaries reached this place, the Aetas and
Ilongots were already thriving amidst its wilderness. It was not until the Cuetas
(Filipino unit of Spanish Army) fled for safety that this place was settled by the
Christian Filipinos. The rebelling Cuetas composed of Ilocanos, Pangasinenses,
Pampangos, and Tagalogs first settled and established a miniature community in
Carranglan “ a sitio of General Luna” in Carranglan. They transformed the area into
a farm where they raised rice, sugarcane, fruit trees and vegetables for their
livelihood. Beside agriculture these people also tried hunting and fishing after
winning the trust and cooperation of the belligerent Ilongots and Erales (Aetas). One
time, when these groups went on hunting, they found a wide plain covered with thick
bushes, which they believe could be converted into an agricultural land. While they
were clearing the new site, they found thick bushes of dangla that completely
covered the wide plain. It was from the of this bushes of dangla where the people
got its name, Cadanglaan. When the Spanish missionaries arrived to propagate
Christianity, they mispronounced the word “Carranglan”, name which up to this time,
the town bears.
In 1830, the Spaniards established the Municipality of Carranglan. They
introduced Christianity as well as their civilization among the inhabitants. The
people constructed a church made of bricks and stone using locally made lime as
their cementing material. People were taught to build more durable and better
homes which were ravaged and raged at the outbreak of World War II. A trail was
constructed connecting Carranglan to nearby towns. This famous trail was the
Spanish trail going up the Caraballo Mountain to the province of Nueva Vizcaya
which is still discernible and still being used up to the present especially by the non-
Christian composed of the Igorots and Ilongots.
When the Americans came, they reached even this far-flung mountain town of
Carranglan. Education was revitalized giving emphasis in the training of leaders for
self government. More schools were opened and better roads were constructed like
the San Jose – Sta. Fe Road, and the Digdig-Carranglan Road. The latter links the
town to the national highway and paved a way to the development of large tract of
land such as the Puncan Plantation company covering the area of 1,500 has.
Because of its vast land area, cattle raising and other agricultural crops like corn and
palay were found dominant and rich. With improved farm practices, agricultural
production increase to some extent enabling the people to export and share with
neighboring town their excess crops.
Carranglan has the largest land area among the municipalities in the
province. It lies at the foot of Caraballo and Siera Madre mountains with its virgin
forest abounding with vast natural resources and raw materials such as ore,
manganes, rattan, timber, almacega and wild life. It is from these mountains where
large bodies of water, river and creeks originate that serve as source of irrigation.
At present, there are still cultural minority groups that inhabit the mountains of
the locality. These minorities were trained by the local authorities to plant diversified
crops like ginger, sweet potato, gabi, ubi, coffee, vegetables and upland palay.
14
CUYAPO
Cuyapo came from a Pangasinan word “kuyapo” (kiapo or Quiapo) which

means water plant that looks like a flower. Due to abundance of this plant, the place
lured cow tenders from Panique, Tarlac, to pasture their herds of flock. These cow
tenders, mostly Pangasinenses could be considered as the early settlers of Cuyapo.
Later, Ilocanos from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, and Pangasineses from San Carlos
Pangasinan settled in great number in the town.
In 1849, Cuyapo was segregated from Nueva Ecija and declared a barrio of
Rosales, Pangasinan. However, on October 29, 1859, Cuyapo was separated from
Rosales and made a municipality with Don Juan Pangalingan as the
Gobernadorcillo. It was during his term that the first catholic church and convent
were constructed. The old road to Guimba passing through what is now a barrio
Bantug, and the old road Rosales passing through what is now barrio Meycaban
were also constructed.
During the revolutionary period of the government of the people has shown
their loyalty and patriotism to the cause of the revolution. Under Teniente Isabelo del
Valle, more or less three hundred Cuyapenos ambushed a heavily armed contingent
of Spanish Cazadores who were enroute from Rosales to Tarlac in Besang, now a
part of Meycaban. On the site now stands a marker dedicated to the memory of Lt.
del Valle and his men.
It was in 1893, still during the Spanish period that the first primary school in
town was established.
The Americans arrived in Cuyapo in November, 1899 and appointed Don
Mariano B. Flores, then vice president of the revolutionary government as municipal
president. An accepted historical event during this period was the capture of Mabini,
the “Sublime paralytic”, on the house of Zacarias B. Flores, on December 10, 1899.
On the spot where he was captured, a historical marker prepared by the Philippines
Historical Committee is now situated.
In 1901, the first primary school under the American regime was established.
In the early 1920’s a secondary school, the Cuyapo Institute was founded with Dr.
Eufronio Verzolas, as principal stockholder. The school existed till the outbreak of
the last World War II and was the alma mater of many outstanding Cuyapenos.
The present municipal building was constructed in 1903 during the
incumbency of Mariano B. Flores. Certain improvements had been made by
Municipal Presidents Laureano C. Gonzales, Ignacio Yango, and Mayors Sumalbag
and Divina. The first concrete public market, the slaughterhouse, the central school
building in calle Mercado, the Rizal monument, the two buildings in McArthur St., the
municipal cemetery, the bridge over the Salundipet creek, the railroad, the glorietta
and other concrete buildings were made and improved under their administration.
15
GABALDON
Gabaldon first existed as a barrio of Laur with its old name Irurulong. The
place was blessed with several names before it finally bear the name Gabaldon.
History of its name began from the early days when people from other places
like the neighboring provinces of Tarlac, Pangasinan, and Pampanga, wondered
looking for places to live in. It was during these days when one of those adventures,
an American with a guide named Bitu, on his way to hunt happened to see a big
bird. The American looked up and shouted to the top of his voice, “Bitu, look”.
Passerby heard the American shouting, thereby joining the two words, Bitulok
was formed. Since then, the place was called Bitulok.
It was also discovered that the first settlers of the place was a couple named
Iro and Sabina. The woman was so kind and hospitable, that when she died, the
name of the place was changed to Sabani after her name Sabina. This name was
retained for a long time until lately when Ex-Congressman Juan, with some other
leaders of the locality went to Manila and requested the son of late Isauro Gabaldon
for financial aid for the improvement of the town. With the hope that the aid will be
coming, Ex-Congressman Juan introduced a bill changing Sabani to Gabaldon.
16
GAPAN
Gapan, like other towns, was organized by the Spanish curates and officials
who in their early occupation, exercised great influence over the people and the
things they were doing. History places Gapan as one of the first towns of
Pampanga, founded sometime in the middle part of the sixteenth century. Records
of the first Catholic missions to the Far East, indicated that in 1595 Fathers
Contreas, Tendilla, Caballo and Salazar, were responsible for clearing the forest
which later became a PUEBLO. In this pueblo were constructed a church,
PRESIDENCIA and residential houses made of bricks and lime which which
constituted age-old landmarks of the town.
Historical data recorded that Gapan was founded in 1595 making it the oldest
town in Nueva Ecija and one of the oldest in the Philippines. It was likewise a big
pueblo embracing an area as far as Cabanatuan City in the North, which was its
barrio with the name Cabanatuan before it separated in 1777; the Sierra Madres in
the East; San Miguel, Bulacan in the South; and Candaba, Pamapanga in the West.
Gradually as the Spanish powers waned and economic progress caught up in the
area, the pueblo disintegrated into many pueblos until it remained to comprise only
the towns of Penaranda, General Tinio ( formerly Papaya ) and San Leonardo
(formerly called Manikling), all of Nueva Ecija province. In fact, the patron saint,
Divina Pastora, had its origin or residence in barrio Callos, Penaranda.
Extant records had this town called Ibon and how to come to be known as
GAPAN has its interesting legend. It has already been intimated that this place was
formerly a wilderness. At a time it was so, some Spanish soldiers on certain mission
came here when they saw natives crawling through the thick bushes. The soldiers
halted them, and not knowing the local dialect, asked in Spanish for the name of the
town. The natives knew nothing of the Spanish language and thinking the Spanish
were asking what they were doing, answered in Tagalog, a local dialect: -
“Gumagapang-gapang kami”. The Spanish took it as the name and henceforth
called the pueblo Gapang. In due time, the letter “g” was dropped and the more
finesse name Gapan sticks to this day. Another legend stated the name came from
the climbing and crawling plants that were so numerous in the locality.
Gapan is situated southeast of Nueva Ecija, and presently is bounded on the
North by the Penaranda River; on the East by the towns of Penaranda and Gen.
Tinio; on the South by the Municipality of San Miguel, Bulacan; and on the West, by
the municipalities of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija and Candaba, Pampanga.
The terrain is rolling, going up to the Sierra Madre mountains in the East and
flat on the center down to the West. Generally, the land is clayish and suited to
palay production. The existence of an irrigation system made possible the raising of
two palay crops in a year. The average annual production is 620,000 cavans of
palay.
There was a time when gold mining was undertaken at the sitio of
Guinandusan, near the place where the present hydro-electric plant was erected.
Petroleum and oil companies did some drilling for possible deposits of these fuels in
the barrio of Sta. Cruz. The river banks offer good sources of gravel and sand while
the clayish portion located in the barrio of Pambuan are transformed into veritable
sources of garden vegetables such as cauliflowers, cabbages, pechay and
stringbeans. The mountains of Makatulang are rich with marble deposits that led to
the establishment of a marble factory in Mangino.
Originally, the town had eight barrios namely, Sta. Cruz, Mangino, Pambuan,
San Lorenzo, and San Vicente, San Nicolas, Sto. Cristo, and San Roque or
Baluarte, with San Lorenzo and San Vicente constituting the Poblacion of the
municipality. Thirteen additional barrios or barangays were established by the
Municipal Council or under the barrio Charter and they are: Bungo, Kapalangan,
17
Puting Tubig, Macabaclay, Maburak, Sto. Nino, Bayanihan, Sto. Cristo Norte,
Malimba, Mahipon, Bulak, Parcutela and Marelo.
Majority of the inhabitants are farmers producing palay. The economy of the
community is tied up with palay production. There are at present around thirty two
big rice mills, an NFA modern bodega, stationary and traveling kiskisan all dealing
with palay. Once, before World War II, slippers and shoes factories flourished, noted
for comfort, beauty and durability of their products. However, competition of
machine-made Marikina shoes and slippers and dishonesties on the part of the
dealers of these native products put out of business most of these factories.
The church of Gapan is made of bricks, adobe and lime. The architecture is
Byzantine and was constructed under the successive direction and supervision of
Fathers Loredo, Cornejo and Llaneza for a period of about sixteen years, that is,
1856-1872. This did not mean that previous to this date, the town had no church. It
had one although not of the present size and architecture. In fact, records showed
that since 1740, Gapan has had continuous “CURA PARROCOS” beginning with
Father Francisco Medalla and continued up to the present parish priest Mons.
Paterno Bernabe. Hence, it is also right to assert that the Catholic Church of Gapan
is now over two centuries old.
Like most gigantic work done during the Spanish regime, the church was built
through forced labor. The materials used were taken from Laryuhan in barrio San
Vicente and from Barrio San Lorenzo near Pambuan. To bring the materials to the
site of the Church, laborers had to line themselves straight between the sources of
materials and the site of construction and had to pass the bricks from one hand to
another.
Gapan has two patron saints, the THREE KINGS and the DIVINE
SHEPHERDESS. The feast for the Three Kings is January 6 of every year which
remains so in spite of the Church making the Feast of Three Kings on the first
Sunday of every year, and the Divine Shepherdess is May 1 st. The official town
fiesta as declared by the Municipal Council by an ordinance is January 6. Of the two
patron saints, the Divine Shepherdess has been attributed to work miracles both
upon the devotees and unbelievers. This fact accounted for Gapan to become a
place of pilgrimage for devotees in Central Luzon. There had been various times in
the past that weeks before the May 1st fiesta, caravans of bullcarts full of pilgrims
carrying provisions for weeks coming from Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan and
Bulacan, were lettering the way to Gapan and upon arrival in town, crowded the
church, the streets and the river banks as temporary places of shelters.
The miracles of the Divine Shepherdess has attracted the attention of the
church authorities that on April 26, 1964, she was crown Queen at the church plaza,
thereby making Gapan an official pilgrimage town where her Graces would flourish
for those who visit Gapan in the same manner that the Virgin of Good Voyage would
lavish for those who go on pilgrimage to Antipolo, Rizal.
One of the eight rays in the Filipino flag represents Nueva Ecija as one of the
eight provinces which took up arms against Spain. Participants in this uprising came
from Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao and Peñaranda. Led by General Pantaleon
Valmonte (mentioned as Belmonte in history), Gapan contributed thirteen heroes or
martyrs killed by the Spaniards. They were Epifanio Ramos, Quintin Tinio, Faustino
delos Reyes, Leocadio Liwag, Valentin Liwag, Severino Changco, Saturnino Magno
and Ramon Tinawin. In due recognition of their patriotic sacrifices Gapan had given
them due honors by (1) erecting a monument at the San Vicente plaza called INANG
BAYAN where their names were engraved and by (2) naming the streets in town
after them.
18
Gapaños are fond and in love of music. Presently, they have bands of
musicians, two of which, Estrella and Zabat bands, had won laurels in the national
bands contest held in Manila.
The inhabitants are hospitable though meticulous and critical of one’s
manners, habits and dress which sometimes are mistaken for aristocracy. They are
charitable and would dig deep into their pockets to help persons in distress
especially the bereaved families of deceased persons. Every death in the
municipality is announced by the public crier through BAKTING. This is unique and
perhaps the only one of its kind in the country nowadays.
19
GENERAL NATIVIDAD
General Natividad lies in the hearth of Nueva Ecija. The place was first
known as a barrio of Cabanatuan City. It was then very remote and undeveloped,
almost isolated from its neighboring barrios.
However, the characteristics of its people and strong traits-generous, self-
directed, peaceful and hospitable helped developed the area. The people claimed
independence and the place to be a separate town, the leaders joined together and
presented the cause to their Representative Celestino Juan. The representatives
and other officials worked for the proceedings and successfully obtained their pledge
through Republic Act No. 1863. The Act was signed by President Carlos P. Garcia
on June 22, 1957.
Shortly after its establishment as a separate town, a monument of Dr. Jose
Rizal was erected in front of the municipal hall as a symbol of patriotism and unity of
the people living for their land.
The first elected leaders of the town were Mayor Simeon V. Cruz served for
two consecutive terms.
In the 1967 election, the gentleman that initiated road construction and
pursued development program won the key position. Attorney Marciano Mauricio
strived to maintain order in the town and provided his people better and easier way
in transferring their agricultural products. Four years after, Atty. Mauricio withdrew
his candidacy and his wife got a ticket for mayorship and won.
20
GENERAL TINIO
The town has its beginning as a barrio of Penaranda, then known as Papaya.
In 1957, through the Congressional Act sponsored by then Congressman Celestino
Juan, it acquired its present name after Gen. Mariano Tinio.
When it was segregated from Penaranda, the town was consisted of only one
street stretching from Bo. Sinasajan to the furthest end to Fort Magsaysay with
houses made up of nipa, bamboo and cogon built on both sides of the road facing
each other. With only one street running from East to West, the town was built along
the course of the river from which the residents derived much of their daily needs.
By this time, Gen. Tinio has gone a long way. Big houses have taken the
place of the nipa huts with its people giving their share to help improve their
community. The town is now known for betel leaves grown luxuriantly. The plants
are distributed in almost every market in Central Luzon, as far as the Bicol Region.
Aside from betel leaves, farming, poultry raising, piggery and vegetable raising are
other sources of livelihood of the people.
Some few years back, almost all families in town have maintained a poultry
farm that egg production was in its peak. However, due to raising cost of feeds,
small poultry owners were absorbed by bigger capitalists. Some of them stopped
and resorted to other business. Between planting and harvesting seasons, farmers
made extra income from logging, rattan gathering, fishing, carpentry job and
furniture making.
As a means of transportation, the bull carts, caromatas, and calesas were
replaced by buses, jeepneys and tricycles and other modern transportation units.
After liberation, youngsters of Gen. Tinio have acquires college education
and ventured into professional fields. At present, families of the town have an
average of two to three members who have finished college.
21
GUIMBA
Guimba lies in the northwestern part of the province, bounded on the north by
the municipality of Talugtug, on the east by the municipality of Munoz, on the South
by the municipalities of Sto. Domingo, Quezon and Licab, and on the west by the
province of Tarlac.
Before its present name, the town was known as Juan de Guimba after their
patron saint “ San Juan Evangelista”. But as soon as the civil government was
established by the Americans in 1902, the name was shortened to San Juan.
However, during the incumbency of the late Don Santiago Cudal as Municipal
President of their town, the name San Juan was changed to Guimba which name it
retains up to the present time.
Originally, San Juan de Guimba was a barrio of Munoz. Thus, on February 5,
1865 through the petition of the principals of the Barrio of San Juan de Guimba and
its adjoining barrios and by the proclamation of Queen Isabela of Spain, San Juan
de Guimba was made a municipality and Munoz became its barrio. As a
consequence the seat of the Municipal Government was transferred to the former.
From the time Guimba was declared a municipality, various projects were
undertaken to improve its living standard with emphasis on agriculture and
commerce. The Hinukay River was extended up to lake Canarem of Victoria. It is
now called the Binutuan River all through. A ditch similar to Binutuan River was
likewise made. This canal linked the town of Victoria to transport products between
them. But the most important purpose of connecting the Binutuan River with lake
Canarem was to have some way of transporting to Arayat, Pampanga, a town most
noted for its commercial enterprises in the whole Central Luzon. Merchants of
Guimba, Victoria, La Paz and other towns along the Rio Chico river carried their
goods to and fro along this route.
22
JAEN
Jaen is located south of the province of Nueva Ecija with the Pampanga River
winding through its rich and fertile lands which have been the source of livelihood.
The main crops are palay, corn, mango, and vegetables. Its population earn
additional income through hog raising and poultry.
In 1865, it was merely a part of San Antonio, known with its old name “
Ibayong Ilog “, when the place showed improvements and with its population grew
to a more or less 5,000 people, it became a town through a petition filed by its
inhabitants. The Spanidh officials signed papers granting the petition that “ Ibayong
Ilog” be a town in Factoria (San Isidro) which was then the capital of Nueva Ecija.
The declaration was brought to the Gov. Gen. in Manila, which afterwards
was submitted to the vicar General of the Philippines in the person of Father
Gregorio Melition Martinez. Father Martinez marked his approval but furtherly wrote
his wish, changing the name Ibayong Ilog to Jaen, after the name of the place of his
birth in Spain.
On August 24, 1896, its people revolted against the Spaniards and in
September 4, of the same year, armed with bolos and spears, ambushed and killed
40 Spanish soldiers in Lumanas a historical site and was called “Pinagtambangan”.
Now in this place a marker was erected as a beautiful reminder of this heroic feat.
“Kapitan” dela Cruz became the first head of the community, and was
succeeded by “Kapitan” Apolinario Esquivel. Later on, a municipal president was
elected.
It was under the leadership of Mayor Felix Velarde, a brave guerrilla, that the
town became very peaceful, robbery cases and cattle rustlings ceased and signs of
progress became apparent.
23
LAUR
Before the year 1917, the municipality of Laur was named after its patron
Saint Esteban. Formerly a barrio of Bongabon, it is located in what is now the site of
Pinagbarriohan. Pedro Panginen, Nemesio Peralta and Mariano Roxas, three of its
hardworking and talented citizens, set the cause and initiative to establish the barrio
as a separate municipality.
Through the intercession of Gen. Manuel Tinio, San Esteban was proclaimed
a town by the Governor General Francis Burton Harrison on January 1, 1917,
bearing a new name Laur, in honor of Dona Laureana, the wife of General Tinio.
24
LICAB
Licab, a budding town of Nueva Ecija, 50 kilometers from Cabanatuan City,
was formerly a part of Aliaga. In the 1830’s, it was known as Barrio Samat, a remote
uninhabited dangerous place densely populated with cogon, talahib and trees.
It was during this time that Ilocanos began to migrate to the central plains,
many of which settled in Zaragoza and Aliaga. With the immigrants was the
ambitious young man from Laoag, Don Dalmacio Esguerra.
In 1835, Don Dalmacio Esguerra, together with his brother Tomas, ventured
to survey the area. They were aghast when they discovered the place as a literally
flowing leaves. The brothers, both farmers, toiled to scrape off the thick leaves using
only hoe and pointed twig of hard trees. The Esguerra brothers first called the place
“Pulong Tamat”. Later after years of successful tilling and with families growing
bigger, they renamed the place “Licab” as Ilocano word meaning to scrape off. This
would serve to remind their descendants of the hardship they experienced to
develop the place.
The new settlement with its fertile land and natural means of irrigation
attracted more settlers, prominent families from the North, the Tinios and Gabaldons,
moved to Licab, and Licab, one of the most neglected barrios of Aliaga, become the
town’s biggest revenue contributor among the Northern Nueva Ecija barrios.
Don Dalmacio’s commitment to improve Licab, inspired him to work for its
political identity. The newly found settlement doesn’t even have a semblance of a
political government, no means of communication, no roads available, and at a time
when Friars were vague in the Peninsula not even a priest to guide wayward souls.
Don Dalmacio filed a petition to the national government to make Licab a
formal town. The friars and governor of Aliaga vehemently opposed his petition.
Don Dalmacio persisted until the oppositions relented and Licab was proclaimed an
independent municipality.
25
LLANERA
The critical years preceding the creation of this town paved way to power and
fame of gallant persons who selflessly dedicated their lives towards realization of
their long cherished dream, that was to have a municipality of their own. Thus, the
town was finally founded on May 11, 1955 bearing the name of Gen. Llanera by
virtue of republic Act no. 1221 sponsored by Congressman Celestino C. Juan during
the administration of the late President Ramon Magsaysay.
The dream could not have been achieved without the united efforts of all the
brilliant and courageous pioneers of this community led by the barrio lieutenant of
Bagumbayan, Lieutenant San Jose. Emilio Lagasca was subsequently elected as
the first mayor of the municipality who headed the town for four years.
LUPAO
26
Westward lain at the foot of the junctions of the verdant stretch of the Sierra
Madre and Caraballo Mountains is the fertile plain of an idyllic
community…….”LUPAO’.
Originally, at the time when in abundance that sunflowers bend to the touch of
the sunlight it was a barrio of the town of Rosales, Pangasinan, but which later on
treaded the path to become part of the town of San Jose in Nueva Ecija.
Gifted with the bountiful blessings of the green life of plants and animals
exhilarated by the majestic hills, plains and streams, it breathed existence to a
community of economic, social, moral and physical splendor.
Among its bushy plants is an “itchy shrub” known as “lupa” from which the
cherished name Lupao emerged.
As the time marched by, the good name Lupao, connoting a place of hope,
wealth, challenge and gaiety, spread far and wide, inviting and welcoming many
migrants who became its inhabitants.
Rewarding their toils of clearing the vast plain, the growing number of
inhabitants found the place beneficially encouraging to become the basket of their
productive agricultural endeavors. Farms and gardens multiplied. Vegetables,
palay, corn and other crops were grown in abundance to the great benefit and joy of
its residents. Fate, with all its challenges did not dispel but had more so,
encouraged the growth of the community. The continued increase of its
constituents, insured with the pleasant outcome of their capital labor investments in
work and strengthened with the bond of unity and friendship, became an expression
of contentment and vigor. Closer they folded in, further they looked upward and
energetically they pursued more.
And so finally, in 1913, Lupao was proclaimed and by law became a town of
Nueva Ecija.
MUñOZ
27
It was in 1700 when the vast forest lands of Muñoz was occupied by the
Balugas, probably descendants from the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo mountains,
that in their quest for survival came and inhabited the place. Later on, the Spaniards
came and conquered part of the lands and established their tribes. Successful
among the tribes were those situated in Balante, which was named Papaya.
Despite the presence of the Spaniards, the Balugas remained till Batanga, their
head was killed in an encounter with the Spaniards on the foot hills west of Bo.
Linglingay. Later on Bo. Linglingay was named Villa Isla, as a sign of tribute to him.
Villa Isla is at present the largest Barangay of Muñoz.
After Batanga’s death, the Baluga’s were driven out northward, and the wide
tracts of land which was rich in deer, wild pigs, and wild carabaos became a hunting
ground.
Years later, Ilocanos, Pangasinenses, Pampanguenos and Tagalogs flocked
at the place and tilled the soil. Headed by Sebastian de Castro, these people were
united. Great changes occurred since then. Immigrants from all direction swarmed
like bees and occupied the place. And in 1855, through Sebastian de Castro,
Papaya became a barrio. He was the first gobernadorcillo or little mayor. He
inspired the construction of small and simple municipal hall, a church, and several
stretches of roads which up to now are still passable and known for its name as the
Lumang Bayan.
Father Ortega, a Spaniard who became the first parish priest of the place
choose Sebastian de Castro as their patron. Papaya later was named Muñoz in
honor of Don Francisco de Muñoz, the military governor of the place when the
Spaniards arrived.
It was in 1864 when life in the place turned miserable due to famine and
widespread drought. The vast land of the town became the sanctuary of lawless
elements. Due to prevalence and chaos and disorder, many transferred residence
at Pulong Buli in Baloc and at San Juan de Guimba (Guimba). This events badly
affected the status of the municipality and in late 1869, Muñoz was then appointed
head of the barangay.
When the Filipinos started an uprising against the Spaniards in 1896, Muñoz
have had a great chance to move forward, improved and developed. There was
then a tremendous galloping increase in its population. The memories of the past
events made the people organize themselves and were united. The vast and fertile
forest lands were acquired as homesteads by the inhabitants, established the school
for farmers named Central Luzon Agricultural School ( now the Central Luzon State
University ). With the collaborative efforts of the people, Muñoz again became a
municipality in January 10, 1913.
28
NAMPICUAN
Nampicuan lies in the Tarlac – Nueva Ecija boundary, the line which curves
from the Ongsiako compound in Anao, Tarlac to the present merchandised Alazate
Farm.
Nampicuan today was once a sitio named by the first settlers “Surgue or Suli”.
It originated in a trail called “Curva” situated in the eastern part of the Poblacion
area. This was the point where feeder roads from Moncada, Tarlac turned abruptly
northwest towards the town of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija.
People from Pangasinan used to call the point “Nagpicuan” meaning a curved
road. The names Surgue and Nagpicuan mean the same, thus making the name of
this town more meaningful and realistic-Nampicuan.
Its first leaders who are then called “Alcalde mayores” were Andres
Tabilangan and Feliciano Cuaresma. It was in 1707, when the first church was
constructed by Rev. Fr. Luis Corpuz and the first Gabaldon Primary School was
established with Cloudualdo Bringas installed as the first principal teacher of the
school.
The next year 1908, Nampicuan became a third class municipality of Nueva
Ecija with first set of leaders as Laureano C. Gonzales as President and Simeon
Quiaoit as Vice President.
After the Philippine Revolution, Nampicuan became a barrio of Cuyapo and
folks from other places came here resulting with the speedy growth of the
population.
The municipality as a whole lacks urban prosperity. Economically speaking,
the town has the least income among the municipalities of the province .It lacks
good roads and irrigation systems which can help boost production.
29
PANTABANGAN
The little town of Pantabangan lies at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains.
It was established in the early part of the 17 th century by Elyat, ruler of a native tribe
and Fray Antoline de Alincastre, a Spanish Dominican Friar.
During the Japanese occupation, the town of Pantabangan became the
hideout of thousands of guerrillas, operating in Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley and
Baler, Quezon.
In the year 1962 the idea of building the Pantabangan Dam was conceived
and in May 1969 the defunct congress passed the Upper Pampanga River Project
Act, authorizing the construction of the Pantabangan Dam and other structures and
facilities and providing for project funds. In August 1971, the World Bank approved
a 34 million dollar loan to finance the project. The construction began on the same
year.
The completion of the dam caused the flooding of the old Pantabangan town
that disappeared underwater. Some 3,000 hectares, that used to be good farmland
including 6 barrios went under 217 meters of water. Roads, rice fields, hoses,
church and public building all of the town’s familiar land marks vanished completely
never again to be seen. The whole town was transformed into a huge basin of
water.
Five kilometers away from the old town on a hilly site, an area of about 1,500
hectares adjoining the Tanawan town site southward was also developed for the
three barrios, Cadaclan, Napun-napun and Marikit and 3,000 at Canile between
Maria Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya and Quezon Province.
The new town proper was provided with a municipal hall, a health center,
schools, a public market and a cemetery.
The flooding of Pantabangan, the town that disaapeared, is not a calamity
brought by nature. It is a man-made phenomenon aimed at bringing progress,
irrigating 77,000 hectares of rice fields and providing domestic water supplies, power
generating facilities for electricity and dam-development for tourist attraction. Fist
conservation facilities will be installed within the reservoir.
The people of Pantabangan gradually adjusted themselves to a new life in the
hilly town-site.
Though the town development is very slow and some of the promises to the
people of the town were fulfilled they accepted their new life quietly. It is because
they realized that they have lost town but the loss has helped bring progress to their
country.
30
PALAYAN CITY
On March 26, 1952, leaders of Nueva Ecija composed of then Gov. Leopoldo
Diaz, Congressman Jesus Ilagan, Board Members Dioscoro de Leon and Antonio
Corpus, Don Felipe Buencamino and all Mayors of Nueva Ecija called a special
consultation meeting at Selecta Restaurant at Dewey Blvd. in manila to discuss and
consider the transfer of the capital of Nueva Ecija from Cabanatuan City to other
municipalities.
Some of the proposed sites were Gapan, San Jose, Sta. Rosa, Guimba,
Cuyapo, Talavera, (Papaya) Gen. Tinio, Baloc, Munoz and the government stock
farm within Laur and Bongabon.
After hours of lengthy and conscientious deliberations, it was unanimously

agreed that the government stock farm be made as the new capitol site.
In 1955, President Ramon Magsaysay declared the portion of the territorial

area of the government stock farm as open for settlement as NG – 130 pursuant to
Presidential Proclamation No. 115. And on the same year Fort Magsaysay Military
Reservation was also established pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 237.
On June 19, 1965, Congress of the Philippines enacted R.A. 4475 creating
Palayan City as the new Capital of Nueva Ecija comprising the territorial area of the
government stock farm within the municipalities of Laur, and Bongabon along the
Nueva Ecija – Aurora National Road. While the stock farm is not virtually riceland
“Palayan” was chosen as its name, the Province being dubbed as the Rice Granary
of the region and the country.
Finally, the city government of Palayan City was constituted on December 5,

1965 with Gov. Eduardo L. Joson as its Ex- Officio Mayor while the Board Members
constituted its first City Council.
On August 1969, the city was enlarged by virtue of R. A. 6052 authored by

then cong. Angel Concepcion which provided for the inclusion of the military
reservation in Laur and Fort Magsaysay cantonment area within the Municipality of
Sta. Rosa.
Elpido O. Cucio was then appointed City Mayor with Felipe Bautista as Vice
Mayor. In the subsequent local elections, they were elected as first elective local
officials.
The year 1969 also placed the map of Palayan in the national and
international scene when it hosted the national jamboree attended by thousand
scouts and even foreign scouts from other countries. Said Jamboree was dubbed as
the “Jamboree of Experience and History”.
In 1972, by virtue of Proc. No. 983 portion of the government stock farm was
allocated to the displaced population of Pantabangan because of the construction of
31
the Dam. The resettlement site was eventually converted into regular barangay
known as Marcos Village.
In the next local election, in 1980, the city’s leadership was assumed by
Apolinario Esquivel but Mayor Cucio came back after an election protest.
In 1983, the training ground of the Philippine Army was transferred from Fort
Bonifacio to Fort Magsaysay. This paved the way for the development of the
reservation area into a training complex to serve the army’s training requirements.
During the historical EDSA Revolution in February, 1986, nationwide overhaul

of government leadership from national to local took place. Don Pacifico M. Fajardo
was appointed Officer-In-Charge together with Flor Agustin as OIC Vice Mayor by
then President Corazon C. Aquino. Then his brother Engr. Virgilio Fajardo also
assumed as OIC.
Then prior to 1987 election, Vice Mayor Felipe Bautista took office as OIC
with Councilor Aquiles Salcedo, Sr. as OIC Vice Mayor and on that election Pacifico
M. Fajardo and Mabini Ancheta won the mayoralty and vice mayoralty race.
Significant metamorphosis took place during the term of Mayor Fajardo. The
first public high school was established. Concreting of long portion of Nueva Ecija –
Aurora National roads was affected. Overflow bridge linking the city to Gen.
Natividad was opened and increased of barangays to eighteen and its cadastral
survey was initiated that eventually increased the land area of Palayan from
previous record of only 3,000 has. to 17,229 has. which means subsequent
increased also of its Internal Revenue Allotment.
In 1989, the 7th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army transferred its
headquarters from Camp Aquino in Tarlac to Fort Magsaysay, Palayan City and
became strong partner of the local leadership not only in the maintenance of peace
and order but in the full blast development of the city.
To be credited also to Mayor Pacifico M. Fajardo’s administration were the

segregation of Brgy. Militar’s 194 has. from the military contonment area pursuant
to Pres. Proc. No. 709 in 1991 and the segregation of about 1,000 has. from the
[stock farm] agrarian reform area for industrial, institutional and urban expansion of
Palayan City pursuant to Pres. Proc. No. 861 in 1992.
After the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption, Mayor Fajardo opened the door of
Palayan City to about 1500 evacuees and partnership with churches, NGOs and
civic groups three resettlement areas were developed at Pinaltakan, Bacao and
Bagong Buhay.
In the next local election in 1992, Mayor Pacifico M. Fajardo ran for Congress
and his wife was endorsed to take his place. Councilor Juan Bautista Jr. and City
Administrator Roberto Bolinao temporarily assumed as Mayor and Vice Mayor
respectively. That election was won by the tandem of Mayor Leonora C. Fajardo
and Vice Mayor Leonardo Juan.
32
It is of significant record that within a month after her assumption to duty.
Mayor Leonora C. Fajardo opened the first emergency hospital of the city. Tangible
socio-economic activities were accelerated and major infrastructure developments
constructed. For the first time also, the city government acquired firetrucks and
ambulances from donations of SMILE Group of Volunteers, Rotary Club of Sakai
Izumigaoka and Asian Friendship Society of Japan.
It is also another historical laurel for Palayan City to have been the birthplace
of the Asianwide Green Scout Movement in 1993 when the First RP-Japan Bilateral
Ecology Workcamp was conducted in the city that eventually led to the
establishment of Project: Kawayan Buhay and Asian Ecology Forest being
supported by the Asian Friendship Society.
It was also on the same year that Palayan City was declared Ecological Zone
in Central Luzon by Virtue of SP-Resolution No. 84 S. 1993.
The tangible accomplishments and outstanding performance of the lady City
Mayor re-elected her to office in May 1995 together with another lady Vice Mayor
Bibiana Abesamis. Other elected councilors of the Sangguniang Panglunsod were:
Romeo V. Capinpin, Joel Padolina, Eufronio V. Valdez, Antonio J. Malang, Jr.,
Dylan B. Moreno Lacalle, Bonifacio M. Niones, Jr., Rogelio B. Piadozo and Moises
A. Carmona. ABC Pres. Romulo V. Sandoval and SK Fed. Pres. Percival Bautista
where likewise appointed members of the city council.
Accelerated and sustainable development projects are now going on with
double momentum. Infrastructure constructions, social services, ecological
concerns and international partnership are being put in placed.
Just for the year 1995, two more barangays will be added to Palayan City
from 18 to become 20. Barangay Populon formerly of Bongabon has been annexed
by virtue of R.A. 8030 and approval of the people in a plebiscite during the height of
typhoon Mameng last October 1, 1995. Then Bagong Buhay one of the three
resettlement areas will soon be converted to a regular barangay during a plebiscite
set on November 26, 1995.
Another historical event is set to happen in Palayan City when it host the 6 th
International Asians Network Seminar Workshop to be participated in by about 16
nations with fifty participants on Nov. 26 to Dec. 1, 1995.
It is significantly to be held during the Pearl Foundation Anniversary of
Palayan City on Dec. 1-5, 1995.
Thirty Years back since 1965, full of challenges, trials and ridicule when
Palayan was being tagged as “Palayan Sityo” or “Alayan City” meaning there’s
nothing on it. Today, 1995, Palayan City is on the go working double time towards its
sustained and accelerated growth as an agro – industrial estate in the province.
Definitely by the year 2025 or 30 years more, Palayan will definitely be the new
capitol site of the province, Convention City, Orchard City and the site of Agricultural
Training Institute, International Center For Asian Studies, Asian Ecological
Management Center, Baptist International Development Center and a real
agropolitan center in this part of eastern Central Luzon.
33
PEñARANDA
The town of Peñaranda was formerly a barrio of Gapan. It was then called
Mapisong. Mapisong means a place abounding in big stones.
The distance between Gapan and Mapisong was considered remote during
the old days although it is only about seven kilometer. The poor means of
transportation at that time and the persistent pleadings of the Cabezas de Barangay
of mapisong moved the town officials of Gapan and the Cura Parroco to recommend
to the Spanish Administration a separate and independent administration for
Mapisong. By a royal decree issued in May 1851, the plan to make Mapisong a
town was approved.
The public improvements of Mapisong was constructed and supervised by a
Spanish Military Engineer named Jose Maria Peñaranda. For the important role that
he played in the program of public improvements not only in the new town of
mapisong but also throughout the island of Luzon during the Spanish regime under
the administration of his uncle Governor General Enrile, the name “Mapisong” was
changed to Peñaranda in the honor of the engineer.
In 1893, a change in the administrative system of the provinces has also
changed the title of Governadorcillo to Captain Municipal Eusebio Padilla was the
first of the Capitanes. He was followed by Capitan Ponciano Abesamis and then
Capitan Ysidro Abesamis, Capitan Ponciano was the first Captain under the
revolutionary government.
As a result of the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American war, an
American Military Government was established in January 1901. The title of the
town head was changed from Capitan to Alcalde from January to October 1901.
The democratic regime practically started with the election of Pedro
Villanueva as Alcalde Mayor and the election of the municipal councilor instead of
the old cabesas de barangay. Three Filipino curas de parroco namely Mariano dela
Paz, Escolastico Pingson and Esteban Aviles succeeded each other in the
administration of the religious affairs of the town after short terms.
Pedro Padilla acted as the first Presidente Municipal when the title was
changed from alcalde to presidente. He was succeeded by Policarpio Lacuna in
1902. The Administration of Policarpio Lacuna was greatly handicapped by several
calamities that befell the town. A big fire razed many houses to the ground, and the
cholera epidemic broke out in Papaya on June 13, 1902. It spread to the town
proper five days later and lasted until October. It claimed not only human lives but
also those of the work animals. During the administration of Pedro Villanueva as
municipal president, the construction of the Manila railroads line reached the town.
This was in January 1908 and after the completion of the railroad station the line
was inaugurated in February of he same year. The educational progress received a
set back when the cogon school house at the site now occupied by the Gabaldon
Building was destroyed by continuous hard rain and flood which occurred in April
and May 1908. Undaunted by the destruction, the Principal Lino Sison and many of
his teachers spared no efforts and made sacrifices to continue holding classes under
the ruined building and in the convento. But their suffering did not seem to have an
end. On October 4, 1908 during the feast of the Patron Saint of the town, a strong
typhoon which lasted twelve hours again lashed the town and destroyed many
houses, betel leaf gardens, and the railroad bridge across the Peñaranda river. Two
big fires occurred in 1909, one uptown which came from the railroad and the other of
accidental origin downtown along the street leading to San Leonardo. More than
one hundred houses were burned in these two fires.
34
Isidro Abesamis (1910-1913) who succeeded Pedro Villanueva died in office
after one year of service. His vice presidente acted as presidente municipal for the
rest of the town. Two important events took place during the incumbency of
Alejandro Abes. These were the second visit of the Archbishop of Manila who
confirmed hundreds of children in the church. The other was the bounty rice harvest
in 1912, the richest ever known in the history of the town.
Segundo Bernardo for two successive terms, 1913-1916 and 1916 to 1918
served the town. His achievements consisted of three important public
improvements. The first artesian well was drilled near the town plaza early in 1914.
The elementary school building popularly known as the Gabaldon Building was
constructed in the same year. The present market was constructed during his
second term. Due to drought, rice worms, and locusts, there were poor rice harvests
in the years 1913 and 1915.
The coming of the Japanese saw Dr. Aquilino Aberin as Alcallde Municipal
(1944-1949). His administration was marred by the burning of the municipal building
at the present sight of the Puericulture Center. Later in 1949 Casiano Abes again
acted as Alcalde Municipal. Due to the war the railroad line connecting the town of
Manila and Cabanatuan was destroyed.
The return of the Americans in 1945 saw Casiano M. Abes as the “liberation”
Alcalde Municipal. He was the first Alcalde under the Republic of the Philippines
which was inaugurated on July 4, 1946.
Amado B. Ramos was appointed and later elected Alcalde Municipal 1946-
1947, and 1947-1951. During his administration public improvements and new
industries were given much encouragement. Some of the noteworthy achievement
of his administration were the construction of the Peñaranda High School Building in
1950, the Puericulture Center, and the two additional artesian wells. The belfry of
the church was remodeled under the administration of the Parish Priest, Father
Paterno Bernabe. Father Enrique Reyes who succeeded Father Bernabe completed
the other church improvements started by his predecessor. New industries sprung
during his administration. These were rattan furniture manufacturing and poultry
raising. In 1948 the population of the town was 9,629. There are now more than
one hundred fifty men and women representing almost all walks of life.
35
QUEZON
During the Spanish era and until the arrival of the Americans in 1898, Quezon
was only a small barrio of the municipality of Aliaga in the province of Nueva Ecija.
Before the coming of the first Ilocano immigrants, Quezon was a mere field of
buri, cogon and other tall grasses and weeds. Quezon was then named “Toto”,
because of the great bulk of cattle grazing there owned by a certain Joaquin
Samson. The barrio was christened anew by the “Gobernadorcillo” of Aliaga in
honor of its patron, “ Sto. Niño “ of Aliaga. Among the first Ilocano settlers, were the
families of : Simplina, Cruz, Quitan, Suner, Sajor, Lubay, Nicolas, Capalungan,
Duldulao and Lagasca. Subsequently, the next group of settlers were the families of
; Joson, Villasan, Samson, Magno, Domingo, Tolentino, Evangelista and many
others. These industrious immigrants started clearing the fields and planting them
with palay, then pretty soon the whole barrio was a big, wide ricefield.
On November 15,1915, realizing that the barrio is fast becoming self-
sufficient, the prominent, influential people of the place helped make it into a
municipality. The people who initiated this big step forward were; G. Tomas Joson,
Martin Villasan, Jose V. Cruz, Ariston Cebrero, Victor Domingo, Francisco Magno,
Gaudencio Tolentino, Jose Jacinto, Pedro Capalungan and Florentino da Jose.
During that time, the honorable Isauro Gabaldon was a representative of the
Province of Nueva Ecija. With his help the barrio of “Sto. Niño” became a
municipality and its named was changed to Quezon in honor of Manuel L. Quezon
who was then our commissioner in the United States of America and who also gave
the proper recommendations to convert this barrio into a municipality of the province
of Nueva Ecija. Also during that time, the governor of Nueva Ecija was Honorable
Feliciano Ramoso.
On January 17, 1916, the municipality of Quezon was inaugurated with
Honorable Pedro Capalungan the second president.
36
RIZAL
The municipality of Rizal came into existence on December 26, 1912. The
first inhabitants of this town were mostly Ilocanos. These people settled themselves
in a small fertile valley around a great spring, (bobon in Ilocano) at the western slope
of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Due to its fertility the seedlings (bonobon in Ilocano)
were so healthy that the pioneer settlers named the sitio “Parnag Bonobon”. This
became the sitio of barrio Cabucbucan which was within the territorial district of the
municipality of Bongabon.
In 1904 the sitio of Bonobon was elevated into a barrio called Nazaret and
became a barrio of Bongabon. Two years later (1906) due to increasing population
of the barrio, Don Julian Paraiso headed a group of people and petitioned the insular
government for the township of the barrio. Luckily through the untiring effort of the
late Governor General Tinio and Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon, a corresponding
bill was approved by the legislative.
On December 26, 1912, Vice Governor Newton signed the act and
simultaneously issued a proclamation creating the town of Rizal. The town was
named after our great hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. Don Julian Paraiso took his oath of
office and on January 1, 1913, as the first President of the Municipality of Rizal. In
1917 and 1918, surveyors of the bureau of land surveyed the Municipality into
homestead lots and residential lots.
The town of Rizal has a land area of 20,000 hectares. It is bounded in the
north by the Tulo-tulo river of Pantabangan, in the east by Giniat, Baler, in the south
by Kapinyahan, Talabutab Norte, and in the west by Mataas na Kahoy, Bugtong na
Bule, Kapisungan thru Parella and some part of Porais, San Jose. For the sole
reason that the places around Rizal were declared towns years earlier, a change in
its total area occurred and now estimated to only 15,110 hectares.
37
SAN ANTONIO
San Antonio, the present official name of this town was given in 1843 in honor
of its patron, Saint San Antonio Abad, by Father Leocadio Luis, the first priest of the
town.
Before its organization and recognition as a town by means of a decree
promulgated by the Insular Government of the Philippines during the Spanish
regime, this town was formerly a barrio of the Municipality of Gapan, then known as
“Delinquente”.
Old residents of this place claimed that the former name “Delinquente” was
originated from the sinking of a casco (big banca) fully loaded with palay in the
Pampanga River (then called Rio Grande dela Pampanga) which passes along the
Southern boundary of the town proper.
The movement for the separation of barrio Delinquente from the town of
Gapan was initiated in 1839 by the then Don Evaristo dela Cruz, the barrio’s
lieutenant counselor.
In 1840, when Don Raymundo Fernando was lieutenant counselor, the
residents of the barrio presented another petition to superior authorities. A
representation committee composed of Messenger Nicolas Trajano, Isaac Trajano
and Benito Sicat appeared before the proper authorities in Manila. At the same time,
lieutenant counselor Don Raymundo Fernando presented the application for
separation to the Alcalde Mayor Don Jose Urbina Raxis on the very same day that
the Municipality of San Isidro was declared and recognized as an independent town
from Gapan.
The petition of the residents of Barrio Delinquente was finally approved in
November 1842, but the definite separation from the town of Gapan took place in
1843.
In 1843 when Don Gregorio Luis was the Captain, the construction of the
Roman Catholic Church was started by it was completed in 1884. A severe
earthquake in 1881 greatly damaged the church. Its reconstructions were
undertaken in the same year and on the same site but were finished in 1882.
The Presidencia (Casa Tribunal) was erected in 1851 under Don Nicolas
Trajano. This building was later converted into a convent.
In 1896 the Philippine Revolution broke out. Don Cecilio Maninang, the last
Gobernadorcillo of the town and all the employees of the town were imprisoned.
They were charged with complicity in the attack of the capital of the province on
September 2, 1896. San Isidro was then the capital of Nueva Ecija.
In 1898 the Spanish forces were reconcentrated in San Isidro. In June 1898
the local “Voluntarios” led by Don Jose Fernandez, the “guardian civiles”, the
company of “Casadores”, and all the Spanish residents of the municipality of San
Antonio, including Fray Father Servule de Origoites, were transferred to the
provincial capitol. On the same day that the Spaniards marched out of the town of
San Antonio the revolutionists took possession of it. They used the Municipal
building as their barracks; they controlled the town until the arrival of the American
forces in the locality.
In the month of August or September 1898, the local government of the
revolutionists was established. General Mariano Llanera, whose arrival and
departure from this town was announced by the ringing of the church bells, directed
the establishment of the municipal government and presided over the election of the
officials.
38
Don Severino de Mesa was elected Presidente Local, but he resigned after a
few months. Don Nazario Cando assumed the position. Later Don Nazario Cando
left the presidency and was succeeded by Don Baldomero de Guzman. When Don
Lorenzo Cando resigned as Deligado de Justicia, Don Prudencio Toledo was
appointed to the office. Simeon Toledo remained in office until the coming of the
Americans.
In later months of 1899, the reorganization of the local government under the
Military Regime began. Mr. Juan Pallagud and Mr. Prudencio Toledo were elected
President and Vice-President respectively. However, Mr. Pallagud refused to accept
the position. In view of this, another man, don Santiago A. Cruz received the
rejected position.
On February 14, 1900, the Municipal Council approved the first municipal
ordinance which provided for ways and means of maintaining peace and order in the
municipality. The ordinance embodied rules and regulations which dealt with the
improvement of public hygiene and town beautification.
Public school buildings were constructed in the poblacion and in some
barrios. The school buildings in the poblacion were constructed out of funds from
voluntary contributions of well-to-do residents, while the barrio school buildings were
built by the barrio people.
From the beginning of the American Administration, public instruction was one
of the primary concerns of the government, and the participation of the people
contributed immensely in carrying out the American policy on education. In order to
insure the advancement of public instruction, the municipal council created the
Board of School Inspector and Examiners. The constituted body gave quarterly
examination thereafter.
By the end of March 1901, the Positions of Municipal Mayor and Municipal
Registrar were abolished and Mr. Nazario Cando became the Municipal Presidente
while Mr. Carlos Lustre was appointed Vice President.
As soon as peace was restored the civil government was established. The
Filipinos were given important positions and under guidance of American Army
officials they managed their own committees. They were trained in the democratic
practices of popular government and on July 4, 1901, the civil government was fully
established.
The last officials of the Military Regime in the Municipality of San Antonio
were allowed to hold their respective positions and they became the first officials
under the new form of government.
When the Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on November 15,
1935, the provincial and municipal officials of the former government were allowed to
continue holding their respective offices.
In spite of the calamities that took place in the municipality that resulted in
loss of lives and property and financial crises, the municipal officials headed by
Mayor Antonio Lamson up to 1941 made successful measured for the welfare of the
people. School buildings were erected, additional pump wells were installed which
assured safe and potable water supply for the residents.
The outbreak of World War II likewise affected the Municipality. The
Japanese took a foothold of the municipality. In January 1942, at the incumbent
Mayor Antonio Lamson and the chief of police, Manuel Mercado, were arrested by
the Japanese in Cabanatuan because they were suspected of connivance with the
39
guerillas. The two received inhuman punishments that led them to become
physically incapacitated to hold office.
The Japanese authorities appointed Mr. Pedro Geron as Municipal Mayor to
succeed Mayor Lamson. When Mr. Geron was transferred to Gapan as Municipal
Treasurer, Mr. Dionisio V. Pili succeeded him. Mr. Epifanio Viesca succeeded Mr.
Pili as Municipal Mayor. Viesca served the town well and protected the people
against the atrocities of the Japanese. Unfortunately, Mayor Viesca disappeared.
To the vacant position occasioned by the mysterious disappearance of Mayor
Viesca, Mr. Mariano R. Ventura was appointed Mayor of the town. Ventura
occupied the position until the arrival of the Americans on January 25, 1945.
As soon as the Americans liberated the town, steps were taken by the
municipal officials to restore peace and order in the municipality. School were
opened in the Poblacion in April 1945. Classes in the barrios were organized as
well. School District Supervisor Tiburcio Empaynado worked hard for the opening of
all schools in the barrios. Teachers who served before the War and during the
Japanese occupation were reassigned in their teaching positions. New teachers
were recruited to fill up vacant teaching positions in the barrios.
The municipality of San Antonio is situated at the southwestern corner of
Nueva Ecija. It is bounded on the North by the municipality of Zaragoza; on the east
by the municipality of Jaen; on the south by the Pampanga River; on the west by the
Chico River.
San Antonio embraces, in its entirety, a territorial expanse of 15,590 hectares
and from its original populace of some 6,000 plus in 1903, the population to date has
soared to 40,000.
A greater bulk of the municipality acreage is devoted to palay. Seasonal crop
however, such as “pakwan” ranks first in the field of agriculture. Average annual rice
production in this part of the republic is 500,000 cavans.
From out of its historic beginning dating as far back as 1843, San Antonio has
metamorphosed into what is today, a -4th- class municipality.
40
SAN ISIDRO
In the beginning, San Isidro was a wilderness. Except for the Negritos (called
Ita or Baluga by the natives), who lived by hunting and gathering fruits and herbs in
the dense forest, the town had no other settlers.
A long, long time ago, many, many years before the Spaniard came, a group
of Tagalog-speaking people composed of several clans or angkan came to the place
in big flatboats called cascos and settled in areas along the river. For in those days,
aside from serving as transportation routes, the rivers also served as the people’s
source of water supply, the place for fishing, bathing, and washing clothes.
Finding the soil fertile, the new inhabitants started clearing the thick forest.
The Negritos who were driven farther inland into the wilderness, were persuaded to
help in clearing in return for rice, salt, and dogs. These mountain people relished
dog meat which they believed made their blood warmer and their bodies stronger,
and would fell trees and dig stumps in return for this delicacy.
The settlers found the soil suited for raising palay and corn. They did not
have plows yet. They cultivated the field by means of bamboo and wooden sticks.
They built houses made of bamboo and wood, grass or palm leaves. They were the
original founders of the town.
That the town had been settled already long before the Spaniards came can
be reduced from an early Spanish account:
San Isidro: This town was founded in 1843 under the advocation of the same
name, and it was evident in the year 1218, tributaries situated beside a river; the
distance from San Miguel de Mayumo is three hours walk to the southern part by the
east of Gapan; it takes 25 minutes by carriage; and in the west of Cabiao, one hour
distant. Many of its inhabitants are dedicated to the planting of palay and corn which
constitute the principal riches.
Many years afterwards, but still before the Spaniards came to the town, a
group of Chinese came to the place. Some of them married native wives.
The Name of the Town. The Augustinian friars who came in 1843, seeing that
the town’s chief industry was farming, named the place San Isidro, in honor of San
Isidro Labrador, patron saint of farmers and laborers.
According to a legend told by the Spanish missionaries, whom the old folks
handed on to their children, Isidro was the tenant of a rich landlord known as Señor
Vargas. Every morning, instead of going directly to his farm like what the other
tenants were doing, he would hear mass first and offer his morning prayers to the
Lord. In the afternoon, he would go home before six o’clock so that he could pray
the Angelus together with his family.
The neighbors began branding Isidro as lazy. They told the landlord that
Isidro always came late to the field and that only a small portion of his farm had been
cultivated.
Angered, Señor Vargas confronted the saintly farmer one day.
“Isidro, you are lazy, deceitful man!” He shouted. “You have never rendered a
day’s work in the farm! You go there when the sun is already up and you go home
when the sun is still up!”
Isidro said not a word of excuse or defense. He bowed his head meekly and
promised that he would plow the field and finish it in time for planting.
41
Señor Vargas did not take Isidro’s promise seriously. One day, he, himself,
went to Isidro’s farm to see if the farmer had been working as he had promised.
How great was his astonishment when he saw the field almost finished! But
immeasurable was his amazement when he saw four angels plowing the field!
Awed and humbled, Señor Vargas knelt before the saint and begged for
forgiveness.
Another name given to San Isidro during the Spanish occupation of the town
was Factoria (pronounced Pakturya by the natives). How the town came to be
known by this name is explained in the following account:
During the Spanish regime, San Isidro was made a tobacco district. The
townsfolk were required to plant tobacco in their farms. Each family was given a
quota of plants to rise annually. The government purchased the entire crop at a
price that was very low. If a farmer was not able to raise his quota, he was fined.
Government agents searched the houses of farmers for hidden tobacco leaves.
Those who were caught hiding the leaves were imprisoned. Persons who were
caught smoking by the guardian civiles were made to swallow the butts of their
cigarettes.
In the poblacion, within the compound of the gobierno (capitol) was a big
building called Pakturya by the natives were the farmers brought their tobacco
leaves to be checked by the government agents who would give them their factura
(invoice). Farmers from all over the province brought their tobacco harvests to their
Factoria. It was a common sight in those days to see carabao-drawn carts filled with
tobacco leaves being driven by farmers to town. These farmers, when asked where
they were going, were wont to say Sa Pakturya (To the Factoria). Hence, the name
Factoria.
San Isidro: Capital of the First Philippine Republic

The small town of San Isidro was once the capital of the country.
During the outbreak of Filipino-American hostilities, Malolos and Pampanga
having fallen into American hands, President Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the seat of
the First Philippine Republic to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija where it stayed for five
months till, it, too, fell to the American forces.
Agoncillo writes:
American superiority in arms, military science and tactics showed in the
results of the struggle north and south of Manila. Striking swiftly, MacArthur
captured one town after the other north of the city…In the face of the enemy’s swift
advance; Aguinaldo decided to evacuate the government to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
On March 29, 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the
Philippine Republic from Malolos to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija to avoid capture of
himself by the Americans.
As has been mentioned earlier, Aguinaldo and his wife, together with his
cabinet and military guards, stayed in the Sideco house while in San Isidro.
Aguinaldo’s sojourn in San Isidro did not leave memories of the great general due
perhaps to the fact that his stay in town was kept secret to prevent his betrayal to the
American forces which were pursuing him. What the old folks remember was the
looting of the Chinese merchants Posiciones by Aguinaldo’s men. Whether the
general knew about this or not, they could not tell.
42
SAN JOSE CITY
Years before it became a city, San Jose was a wilderness, a mere clearing at
the foot of the Caraballo Mountain ranges, a veritable hunting ground for wild
animals by the inhabitants of its neighboring towns. The earliest inhabitants were
known as Negritos (Baluga) headed by one Kapitan Danding, a Negrito convert
residing in Pinagcuartelan. These early inhabitants had depended mostly on hunting
and fishing for their livelihood. Some hunters from the neighboring towns had found
San Jose a good place for settlers due to its wide and uncleared plains of
agricultural land. The first group of settlers made some clearings (Kaingin) in the
outskirts by instinct to the mountains upon the arrival of the early Christian settlers
composed of Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Batangueños, and Pampangueños, who are part of
the great northward exodus of the 17 th century. This perhaps accounts for the
conspicuously cosmopolitan population of this town speaking different dialects,
observing various customs and traditions and possessing various traits that are
diverse and inconsistent. Yet it was a happy conglomeration and because of love
and adventure, they have learned to co-exist and confraternize among themselves
through the century of colorful existence. Literally speaking, in those days, this town
was where civilization ended in the North Central Luzon and where the unexplored
wilderness of the Cagayan Valley began.
Originally, San Jose was part of Puncan, but due to its proximity to Lupao, it
was made later into a barrio of the latter. Hence, the history of San Jose can be
traced back to the early history of Puncan and Lupao. Formerly, San Jose was
known as barrio “Cabaritan” derived from “Barit” an Ilocano word which is the name
of a plant that belongs to the rattan plant. “Cabaritan” means the place where “Barit”
grow in abundance.
On March 19, 1894, San Jose became a town; its name was derived after St.
Joseph, the patron saint of the place. Thus,it became independent from Lupao with
an interim government headed by a Kapitan Municipal.
43
SAN LEONARDO
For two centuries, this town was called “Manikling”. According to the legend,
the name “Manikling” was derived from the word “tikling” a kind of bird that is found
numerous in this place.
There are many tales about “Manikling” or how this place acquired its name.
Another version goes this way: One day five Spanish soldiers lost their way. They
found a trail leading to a group of houses. There, they met some men carrying
baskets and strings. In Spanish language, the soldiers asked the men where they
were or what the name of the place was. Sounding strange, the natives remained
unspoken and simply made wide grins. The soldier’s anxiety rose and in harder
voices repeated their question. Their voices frightened the natives who did not know
what to utter. One of them, thinking that they were asked where they were going
answered: maninikling …. Maninikling … (we’ll go to hund birds).
The Spanish soldier felt satisfied, thinking that they got the proper answer to
their queries, nodded and whispered “Maniclin, this is Maniclin”.
Since then, the long lines of Spaniards that were assigned in Gapan, which is
just an adjacent town called this place “Manikling”. The soldiers were imitated by the
Filipinos and the name “Manikling” become widely accepted.
Later on, Manikling was changed to San Leonardo.
44
STA. ROSA
The town Sta. Rosa, formerly Banga-banga, was then a part of Cabanatuan.
It was called Banga-banga because women in this place were used to fetch water by
mens of banga (clay pot), which they carried on their heads from the spring to their
homes.
According to Marcelo D. Liwag, a revolutionary during the Spanish time, on
his research; the first Spanish Missionaries saw women carrying “banga” on their
heads. He reached Cabanatuan and asked its inhabitants. It was misinterpreted
that the missionaries were asking what were those on the heads of the women, they
answered “banga-banga”, since then, the place was called as such.
Banga-banga became a town and developed rapidly, so the barrio leaders
appealed for their independence and to be separated from the town of Cabanatuan.
It was granted by the Spanish leaders but the name of the place was changed to
Sta. Rosa, after the name of the image of a virgin found in a certain hut, and it
became the Patron of the town.
The Municipality has a total land area of 16,140 hectares with 17 barangays.
Its population grew to 25,732.
45
STO. DOMINGO
Bounded in the west by the town of Quezon and Licab: on the east by
Talavera, on the north by the town of Muñoz, and on the south by Aliaga, formerly a
barrio of Aliaga and Talavera what is now the town of Sto. Domingo.
The natives of Ilocos and the Tagalogs from Cabanatuan were the first
settlers of this town. Their only view in coming to this place was to have their own
lands to till in order to secure a stable means of livelihood. At that time, the place
had no name, but due to the abundance of “buli”, they called it “Pulong Buli”. Later
on, they changed the name to Sto. Domingo in honor of their patron saint Sto.
Domingo de Guzman.
In the year 1863, its population increased due to continuous migration of
people from other places. These people inhabited and improved the place, till
officials of Aliaga decided to make the place a part of their town.
The people of the place did not stop from here and with firm determination
and love of independence; they worked for the conversion of the place into a
separate town. Led by the Bishop of Cabanatuan and the Governor of Nueva Ecija,
the people acquired the signature of Governor General Roman Blanco, transforming
the place into a town.
Unfortunately, in 1903, by the order of the Civil Commission of America, Sto.
Domingo was again converted to a barrio, this time of Talavera. Prominent and well-
known sons of Sto. Domingo resisted the decision and moved, now harded and
firmer to regain its status. And this time, the names Aquino, Constantino, Pascual,
Salvatierra, Castro and many others deserve pages in the history of the town, for
these people remained strong defenders and perpetuators of the standard of the
place.
46
TALAVERA
The town began as a small part of Cabanatuan. According to its history, the
first name of this town was “Katugian”, gotten from the name of a rootcrop tugui
which was abundant in this place then. Due to the distance of the place to the
center of Cabanatuan, the growing inhabitants appealed to the Provincial
Government requesting the governor to make their place a town. The petition dated
July 1852 was sent by the “Alkalde Mayor”of Nueva Ecija to the Governor General of
the Spanish Government in Manila. After the preparation of the plan, the census of
he inhabitants and arrangement of all requirements, Governor General Marquez
dela Solana issued a decree on November 12, 1852 declaring Katugian as a town.
When Katugian was declared a town, the town leaders decided to change its
name. On February 11, 1853, the name Katugian was changed to “Talavera”, after
the honor of the crown of the Princess of Spain.
The first barrios that comprises the town of Talavera were La Torre, Pulong
Bule (now the town of Sto. Domingo), Concepcion and Valle. By the authority of the
Parish Priest of Cabanatuan, Father Gregorio Crisostomo appointed the first officers
of the town and sent his coadjutor to serve as a laymen to perform masses during
Sundays and Holidays. Under the leadership of the first officers, this town improved
gradually and roads were opened in the town.
Municipal Presidents and Mayors of the town reinforced peace and order,
worked on the installation of electricity and construction of bridges, drainages, public
schools and other important public facilities.
47
TALUGTUG
The past (and any study on it) is in itself dry and meaningless, if it didn’t bear
any reference to the present, and much more, to the future. Sweet memories are
gladly dug up only in order to vivify the dullness of the present. And so one could
smile with enough courage to face up to the challenges of the present, the risks of
the future notwithstanding. Memory and expectation are two complementary poles
that make up the attitude proper and necessary for meaningful living.
In this particular study on the municipality of Talugtug, it is therefore proper,
that we look back to the past that accompanied the painful birth of a small
community into a stable municipality. So that from the lessons of the past, we could
march onward to the future with greater courage armed with lessons painfully carved
out through the years into pillars of wisdom.
The municipality of Talugtug for its name from its location. It means “top”.
There used to be a balite tree on a hilltop near the Cuyapo-Muñoz trail.
Under this Balite tree, travelers and shepherds in the good old days, used to rest,
enjoying the cool noon breeze and the beautiful view of the surrounding area.
Eventually, the people referred to the place as “Talugtug-Balite”, which later on
became a barrio of the municipality of Cuyapo in 1917. Its first barrio Lieutenant
was the last Councilor Simeon Ramos. The municipality of Cuyapo’s administration
built the first school house which was later neglected. The municipal officials of
Guimba took over and a portion of Talugtug-Balite was named “San Isidro” which
became a barrio of Guimba. Crisanto Baldovino were its first outstanding “teniente
del barrio”. For Talugtug-Balite the outstanding “tenientes del barrio” were Mariano
Mendoza, Pablo Dacayo, Andres Dumandan and Severo Cachuela.
Two decades has passed without much progress for the two barrios, which
are now the seat of the poblacion. The start of the war in 1941 found the barrios of
the present municipality with a good crop. When the people in the “poblaciones”
evacuated to Talugtug-Balite and the surrounding barrios, there grew an artificial
business activity. People waited in trembling hope for a surprise comeback of the
USAFFE, but in vain. The fall of Bataan and Corregidor taught the people to
consider their thoughts of non-cooperation with the Japanese, and many evacuees
returned to their homes.
Scarcely had Bataan fallen when armed soldiers banded themselves into
guerilla units. That was in May 1942. Some sort of discipline and organization was
adopted, although the people feared and distrusted them because of their rawness
and lack of principles. The presence of two Americans, Robert Lapham and Harry
McKenzie, gave some hope and inspiration to the guerillas. They moved now and
then to the barrios of Buted, Maasin, Saverona, Baloy and others.
Liberation came with its triumphs and joys, but after liberation in 1945, armed
bands called “Hukbalahaps” tried to persuade and eventually coerced the people to
join a peasant organization PKM, whose doctrines were against the government.
With the promise of economic uplift and with armed persuasion, some joined the
organization. On the whole, people could not love such an organization, that
continuously ask for supplies and put them in danger. As most of the people were
small landowners, they had nothing to gain from the doctrines of the Huks.
In 1946, after liberation, because the inhabitants of the surrounding barrios
were gathered for the first time in Talugtug, the barrio leaders, at the insistence of
Mr. Romualdo Estillore, seriously considered the creation of the municipality. A
meeting of the people was held on November 3, 1946, and a committee to negotiate
for the creation of the proposed municipality was organized. Mr. Romualdo Estillore
was chosen Chairman, Mssrs. Aniceto Feliciano, Simeon Ramos and Fermin
48
Ancheta, Vice-chairman and Auditor, Secretary and Treasurer respectively. The
barrio lieutenants were made members of the committee. The move was pushed in
real earnest. It was an all-out struggle. The people generously contributed for
expenses. If the proposed municipality will be created and organized, there would
be no further evacuations and farm work would not be neglected. The situation was
critical and immediate action was needed.
A petition was drafted and signed by the inhabitants of the different barrios,
and then presented to the Provincial Board on December 6, 1945. It was approved,
but the Department of the Interior demanded essential data, emergency reason
notwithstanding. On February 12, 1947, the Provincial Board with the Municipal
Mayors of the Municipalities of Guimba, Cuyapo, Muñoz and Lupao came to
Talugtug for a meeting. They found out that the people were unanimous and
insistent in their clamor for the organization of a municipal government. They noted
too the increase in population, and the number of houses under construction. The
Provincial Board passed Resolution No. 92 corroborating the statement of Major
Nocete, the provincial Commander, that the emergency conditions demanded the
organization of municipal government.
By April 1947, all papers were ready for approval. But the clearheaded Dr.
Marciano Roque, then Undersecretary of the Interior, required the comments of the
councils of the mother towns and a possible revision of the estimates of the income.
Mr. Romualdo Estillore was almost at the point of despair, but he was supported
and sustained by Mr. Aniceto Feliciano, members of the committee and friends. All
means had to be exhausted.
In the same year, the municipal council of Guimba generously endorsed the
petition to make Talugtug a municipality. Those of Cuyapo, Muñoz and Lupao
disapproved the petition, two of which wanted to have a plebiscite to determine the
will of the people. However, Gov. Gabriel Belmonte and Board Member Alfonso
Faigal, convinced by the arguments and proofs of the plebiscite and in Res. No. 315,
s-1947, reiterated approval of the petition and recommended that objections be
disregarded.
The Department of Interior considered the reasons of the opposing Municipal
Councils of Cuyapo, Muñoz and Lupao as selfish and unimportant, disregarded the
objections and forwarded the petition through other departments and finally to the
President of the Philippines. After formalities and technicalities were observed or
remedied, President Manuel Roxas signed Executive Order No. 113, creating
Talugtug as the 26th municipality of the province of Nueve Ecija in the presence of
Nueva Ecija leaders, Sec. Manuel Gallego, Gov. Gabriel Belmonte, Jose O. Corpuz,
Meliton Rigor, Teodoro Santiago, Mayors Pastor Domingo, Anastacio Tobias, Gil
Dizon, Tomas Corpuz and Dioscoro de Leon of Lupao, Muñoz, Guimba, Cuyapo and
Gapan respectively.
The big celebration came on January 10, 1948 and the people of the barrios
all turned out to meet Gov. Chioco. Board Members Rigor and Lustre, together with
other officials and officers of the PC, among who were Mayor Camua and Capt.
Fallaria.
Talugtug remained isolated till 1955 when the Talugtug-Guimba road was
opened and finished. The project was started in 1949 and was declared open in
1955. This vital lifeline of the town reduced the priced of the commodities and raised
the selling price of the local products.
49
ZARAGOZA
The developed town of Zaragoza began in a forested place. The first men in
this town were the Igorots, followed by Ilocanos during the early years of the 19 th
century. The Ilocanos, noted for their industry and patience cleared the lands and
erected their houses in the place called ‘”Ikmuhan” (now Barrio San Isidro), then
to”Sitio Pugo” (Sta. Lucia), “Manggahan Matanda” (San Vicente), and “Sagingan”
(Concepcion). Most of the settlers found their place in San Vicente which was made
a barrio.
In 1877, people from San Vicente and Carmen gathered for a meeting and
proposed the establishment of these barrios into town. The same proposal came in
1878. With the leadership of Atty. Francisco Mas, the people appealed to the
Governor General and their proposal was granted. The creation of the place as a
separate town was celebrated by the people in April 5, 1878, date of which coincided
with the festivity in honor of patron saint, Vicente Ferrer.
Francisco Mas, Spanish lawyer from the city of Zaragoza, Spain, whose
efforts contributed much to the creation of the town, San Vicente was renamed after
his town-Zaragoza. To widen and improve the place, the inhabitants cleared other
lands and added “Kabaruan” and “Pinagulong”. Their land is bounded by Aliaga
from the north to east, Jaen in the southwest, San Antonio in the south, in the
southeast by the river which separates the provinces of Tarlac and Nueva Ecija and
in the northwest, by the town of Licab.
50

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HISTORY OF NUEVA ECIJA

Pre-Spanish Period - When the Java-based Madjapahit Empire, in a sudden

In order to exercise even nominal control over such a large territory,

In 1705, Nueva Eciia was born, it started as a small Spanish Commandancia

The impact of these constant change of.boundaries on migratory patterns in the

What happened to these Pampanga Chief tains is a matter of conjecture- Some of

Post-Independence Period. July 4,1946. The final relinquishment of American rule in

The Province of Nueva Ecija

But in 1873 during the administration of Gobernadorcillo Don

The years that followed spelled additional misfortunes for Aliaga.

The majority of the original inhabitants of Cabanatuan came from

In 1959, by virtue of Republic Act No. 1863, the Municipality of General

Cabanatuan started as a small barrio of the municipality of Gapan during the

With the advent of the American rule, Cabanatuan continued as a political

Cabanatuan was occupied by the Japanese on December 29, 1941 but

Cabanatuan today is a metropolis with more than a hundred thousand people.

Cuyapo came from a Pangasinan word “kuyapo” (kiapo or Quiapo) which

After hours of lengthy and conscientious deliberations, it was unanimously

In 1955, President Ramon Magsaysay declared the portion of the territorial

Finally, the city government of Palayan City was constituted on December 5,

On August 1969, the city was enlarged by virtue of R. A. 6052 authored by

During the historical EDSA Revolution in February, 1986, nationwide overhaul

To be credited also to Mayor Pacifico M. Fajardo’s administration were the

San Isidro: Capital of the First Philippine Republic

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