VITAMINS

VITAMINS:
 Vitamins are organic substances which cannot be synthesized

within the body and essential for the maintenance of normal
structure and function of cells.
 It must be provided in human diet and it may be in form of

plant and animal origin.
 It does not take place in production of energy.
ETIOLOGY:
 It occurs due to malnutrition of dietary origin.
 Individual vitamin deficiencies are noted particularly in

children, adolescent, pregnant woman.
 Chronic alcoholism is a common denominator in many of the

vitamin deficiencies.
CLASSIFICATION:
 It is divided into two types:
 Fat soluble vitamins.
 Water soluble vitamins.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
 There are four fat soluble vitamins like A,D,E,K

 Their deficiencies occur due to conditioning factors
(secondary deficiency).
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
 This group is conventionally consists of vitamin C and

members of B complex group.
 Besides choline, biotin, flavanoids are added.
 Their deficiencies occur due to primary factors (primary

deficiency).
 Being water soluble they are easily get lost during cooking.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
 VITAMIN – A
 Retinol is a fat soluble alcohol and it is available in diet in

two forms.
 One form is from dietary sources of which are animal derived

foods. Another form is derived from carotene containing
foods such as yellow plants and vegetables such as carrot and
potatoes etc.
 Retinol is stored in liver and released only after binding to a

protein.
FUNCTIONS:
 Maintenance of normal vision.

 Maintain the structure and function of specialized epithelium.
DEFICIENCY DISORDERS:
 Ocular lesions including night blindness, xeropthalmic and

cutaneous lesions including xeroderma
 VITAMIN –D
 It is fat soluble vitamin which exist in two activated forms
 Vitamin D2- Calciferol

 Vitamin D3- Cholecalciferol
 The material is originally described as vitamin D1 which is

found in sterols.
 Since vitamin D2 and D3 have same metabolism and function

and therefore referred to as vitamin D.
SOURCES:
 It is obtained by both endogenous and exogenous.
 80% of vitamin D is met by endogenous synthesis by form of

irradiation and it can directly enter in to the body through
skin.
 The other form is exogenous which is obtained from deep
sea fish, fish oil, eggs, butter, milk, plants and grains.
 Rickets in growing children and osteomalacia in adults and

tetany
 VITAMIN- E.
 It is mostly found in most of ordinary foods such as

vegetables, grains, nuts and oils.
FUNCTIONS:
 Antioxidant activity
 Inhibits prostaglandins synthesis
 Degeneration of neurons retinal pigments, axons of peripheral.

 Reduced red cell lifespan.
 Sterility in male and female.
 VITAMIN –K
 It can exist in two forms i.e. vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.
 It is obtained from dietary sources such as vegetables and

normal intestinal flora.
 Its function of in hepatic microsomal carboxylation.

 Hypoprothrombinaemia
 Bleeding disorders
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
 VITAMIN- C
 It is exist as L – ascorbic acid and the major sources of
vitamin -C are from citrus fruits such as orange , lemon etc
and also from vegetables
 This easily get destroyed by heat so pasteurized milk lack

vitamin C
FUNCTIONS:
 Antioxidant and reducing agents
 Scurvy, skeletal lesions, delayed wound healing, anaemia,

skin rash.
 VITAMIN B COMPLEX:
 This term was originally coined for substance capable of

curing beri – beri.
 It is a group of essential compounds which are biochemically
unrelated but occur together in certain food such as green
leafy vegetables, cereals, yeast, liver and milk.
 They involved in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
 Deficiencies of :
 Thiamine – vit B1 which causes beri beri, cardiac manifestations and

Korsakoff’s syndrome.
 Riboflavin-vit B2 which causes ariboflavinosis, dermatitis and ocular lesions.
 Niacin-vit B3 which causes pellagra, dramatis, and diarrhea.
 Pyridoxine-vit B6 which causes vague lesions and seroblastic anemia.
 Folic acid which causes megablastic anemia
 Cyanocobalamin- vit B12which causes pernicious anemia.
 Biotin which causes mental and neurological symptoms.
CHOLINE:
 It is precursor form of acetylcholine and betaine.

 It is distributed as lecithin food such as egg yolk and milk.
 It is also synthesized in liver.
 Deficiency of choline causes fatty liver and skeletal muscle

damage.
FLAVANOIDS:
 It is in form of polyphenols which is present in several fruits and

vegetables.
 These are rich in berries, grapes, apples, broccoli, onions etc.
FUNCTIONS:
 Antioxidant and cell signaling.
 They also involved in the prevention of neurodegenerative

diseases, osteoporosis, and diabetes.
REFERENCE:
 Harsh Mohan Textbook of Pathology – 7 th Edition

VITAMINS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VITAMINS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VITAMINS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VITAMINS:

 Vitamins are organic substances which cannot be synthesized

 It must be provided in human diet and it may be in form of

 It does not take place in production of energy.

 It occurs due to malnutrition of dietary origin.

 Individual vitamin deficiencies are noted particularly in

 Chronic alcoholism is a common denominator in many of the

 It is divided into two types:

 Fat soluble vitamins.

 Water soluble vitamins.

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:

 There are four fat soluble vitamins like A,D,E,K

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 This group is conventionally consists of vitamin C and

 Besides choline, biotin, flavanoids are added.

 Their deficiencies occur due to primary factors (primary

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:

 Retinol is a fat soluble alcohol and it is available in diet in

 One form is from dietary sources of which are animal derived

 Retinol is stored in liver and released only after binding to a

 Maintenance of normal vision.

 Ocular lesions including night blindness, xeropthalmic and

 It is fat soluble vitamin which exist in two activated forms

 Vitamin D2- Calciferol

 The material is originally described as vitamin D1 which is

 Since vitamin D2 and D3 have same metabolism and function

 It is obtained by both endogenous and exogenous.

 80% of vitamin D is met by endogenous synthesis by form of

 Rickets in growing children and osteomalacia in adults and

 It is mostly found in most of ordinary foods such as

 Degeneration of neurons retinal pigments, axons of peripheral.

 It can exist in two forms i.e. vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.

 It is obtained from dietary sources such as vegetables and

 Its function of in hepatic microsomal carboxylation.

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS:

 This easily get destroyed by heat so pasteurized milk lack

 Antioxidant and reducing agents

 Scurvy, skeletal lesions, delayed wound healing, anaemia,

 This term was originally coined for substance capable of

 They involved in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

 Thiamine – vit B1 which causes beri beri, cardiac manifestations and

 It is precursor form of acetylcholine and betaine.

 Deficiency of choline causes fatty liver and skeletal muscle

 It is in form of polyphenols which is present in several fruits and

 Antioxidant and cell signaling.

 They also involved in the prevention of neurodegenerative

 Harsh Mohan Textbook of Pathology – 7 th Edition

You might also like