5 - Chemistry

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL
Session : 2019-20
Class-XII
CHEMISTRY
A WORD TO MY DEAR STUDENTS
It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Students' Support Material to all KV students of
class XII.
The material has been prepared keeping in mind your needs when you are preparing for final
exams and wish to revise and practice questions or when you want to test your ability to
complete the question paper in the time allotted or when you come across a question while
studying that needs an immediate answer but going through the text book will take time or
when you want to revise the complete concept or idea in just a minute or try your hand at a
question from a previous CBSE Board exam paper or the Competitive exam to check your
understanding of the chapter or unit you have just finished. This material will support you in
any way you want to use it.
A team of dedicated and experienced teachers with expertise in their subjects has prepared
this material after a lot of exercise. Care has been taken to include only those items that are
relevant and are in addition to or in support of the text book. This material should not be
taken as a substitute to the NCERT text book but it is designed to supplement it.
The Students’ Support Material has all the important aspects required by you; a design of the
question paper, syllabus, all the units/chapters or concepts in points, mind maps and
information in tables for easy reference, sample test items from every chapter and question
papers for practice along with previous years Board exam question papers.
I am sure that the Support Material will be used by both students and teachers and I am
confident that the material will help you perform well in your exams.
Happy learning!
Santosh Kumar Mall

Commissioner, KVS
FOREWORD
The Students’ Support Material is a product of an in-house academic exercise undertaken by
our subject teachers under the supervision of subject expert at different levels to provide the
students a comprehensive, yet concise, learning support tool for consolidation of your
studies. It consists of lessons in capsule form, mind maps, concepts with flow charts,
pictorial representation of chapters wherever possible, crossword puzzles, question bank of
short and long answer type questions with previous years' CBSE question papers.
The material has been developed keeping in mind latest CBSE curriculum and question paper
design. This material provides the students a valuable window on precise information and it
covers all essential components that are required for effective revision of the subject.
In order to ensure uniformity in terms of content, design, standard and presentation of the
material, it has been fine tuned at KVS Hqrs level.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will serve the purpose
of enhancing students' confidence level to help them perform better. Planned study blended
with hard work, good time management and sincerity will help the students reach the
pinnacle of success.
Best of Luck.
U.N. Khaware
Additional Commissioner (Acad.)
Chemistry
STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

ADVISORS
Shri Santosh Kumar Mall, IAS, Commissioner,

KVS (HQ), New Delhi
Sh. Saurabh Jain, IAS Sh. U.N Khaware,
Additional. Commissioner (Admn.) Additional. Commissioner (Acad)
KVS (HQ), New Delhi. KVS (HQ), New Delhi.
CO-ORDINATION TEAM KVS (HQ)
 Dr.E. Prabhakar, Joint Commissioner (Training/Finance)KVS(HQ),New Delhi.

 Smt. Indu Kaushik, Deputy Commissioner(Acad),KVS (HQ),New Delhi.
 Shri Ravindra Kumar Sharma, Assistant Education Officer, KVS(HQ), New Delhi.
CONTENT TEAM
 Ms. K.R, Chugh, Assistant Commissioner,KVS, RO Gurugram

Region
 Mrs. Prem Lata Semnol, Principal , K V No.-3 , Faridabad
 Dr. C.Srinivas, PGT(Chemistry), K V No1 AFS Gurugram
 Ms.Anju Bala, PGT(Chemistry), K V No-2 Faridabad
 Dr.Anjali Grover, PGT (Chemistry), K V AFS Gurugram
 Dr. Shashi Chhabra, PGT (Chemistry), K V NSG, Manesar
 Ms. Vandana Dikshit, PGT (Chemistry), K V Palwal
 Ms. Gunjan Rawat , PGT (Chemistry), K V Nahara
 Mr. Naresh Kumar, PGT(Chemistry), K V AFS Gurugram
REVIEW TEAM
 Ms. K.R. Chugh, Assistance Commissioner, KVS RO Gurugram Region.

 Mrs. PremLataSemnol, Principal, KV No.-3, Faridabad.
 Dr. C. Srinivas, PGT(Chemistry), KV No.-1 AFS Gurugram.
 Ms. AnjuBala, PGT(Chemistry), KV No.-2 Faridabad.
 Dr. Anjali Grover, PGT(Chemistry),KV AFS Gurugram.
 Dr. ShashiChhabra, PGT(Chemistry), KV NSG, Manesar.
 Ms. VandanaDikshit, PGT(Chemistry), KV Palwal.
 Ms. GunjanRawat, PGT(Chemistry), KV Nahara.
 Mr. Naresh Kumar, PGT (Chemistry),KV AFS Gurugram.
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CONTENTS
Sr. CHAPTERS Page No.
No.
1 SOLUTIONS
2. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
3. CHEMICAL KINETICS
4. SURFACE CHEMISTRY
5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
6. THE p BLOCK ELEMENTS
7. THE d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS
8. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
9. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
10. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS & ETHERS
11. ALDEHYDES, KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
12. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
13. BIOMOLECULES
14. POLYMERS
15. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
16. APPENDIX A ( IMPORTANT FORMULA / IMPORTANT DIAGRAM/ GRAPHS / MIND
MAPPING)
17. APPENDIX – B (NAME REACTIONS )
18. APPENDIX – C ( DISTINGUISH BY A SINGLE CHEMICAL TEST )
19. APPENDIX – D ( ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPT BASED QUESTION & ANSWER )
20. APPENDIX – E ( CROSS WORD PUZZLE )
21. APPENDIX – F ( SYLLABUS 2019-20)
22. DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
23. QUESTION PAPER WITH MARKING SCHEME AND BLUE PRINT
24. TIPS FOR STUDENTS
25. PREVIOUS YEARS CBSE QUESTION PAPERS
SOLUTIONS (UNIT -1)
SOLUTION is the homogeneous mixture of two or more than two components. Most of the solutions are
binary i.e. consists of two components out of which that is present in the largest quantity iscalled solvent & one
which is present in smaller quantity called solute.
EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
 Mass percentage: Mass of solute per100gof solution Mass % = (mass of solute / total mass of solution) X 100
 Volume percentage : volume of soluteper100mlof solution Volume % = (volume of solute/ total volume of solution) X 100
 Parts per million:parts of a component per million (106)parts of the solution.
ppm = no. of parts of the component / total no. of parts of all components of the sol. X 106
 Mole fraction(x): It is the ratio of no. of moles of one component to the total no. of all the components
present in the solution . For binary solution :‐ the no. of moles of A and B are nA and nB respectively
so, xA= nA/nA+nB ; xB= nB/ nA+nB
In binary solution x A+ x B= 1
 Molarity: No. of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution .
Molarity(M) = moles of solute/ vol. of solution in litre
 Molality(m) : No. of moles of solute per kg of the solvent.
Molality(m) = moles of solute/mass of solvent in kg
Molality is independent of temp. whereas molarity is a function of temp. because vol. depends on temp. and
mass does not.
HENRY'S LAW
It states that at a constant temp. the solubility of the gas in liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the
gas above the surface of the liquid .
It also states that the partial pressure (p) of a gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the
gas (x) in the solution.
P=KHX
KH is Henry's law constant .
APPLICATION OF HENRY'S LAW
 To increase the solubility of CO2 in soda water and soft drinks the bottle is sealed under high
pressure.
 To avoid bends , toxic effects of high concentration of nitrogen in the blood the tanks used
Used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with He.
RAOULT'S LAW :‐ it states that :
1) For a solution of volatile liquid , the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
PA= P0 A XA PB= P0 B XB
The total pressure is equal to sum of partial pressure. Ptotal = PA + PB
2) For a solution containing non‐volatile solute the vapour pressure of the solution is directly proportional
to the mole fraction of the solvent.
P Aα X A P A = P 0 A X A
IDEALSOLUTION
The solution which obeys Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration when enthalpy of mixing and vol.
of mixing of pure component to form solution is zero.
CONDITIONS
I. AP =PA0 XA PB= P0 B XB
II. ∆Hmix= 0
III. ∆Vmix= 0
This is only possible if A‐B interaction is nearly equal to those between A‐A and B‐B interactions. Ex:‐
solution of n‐hexane and n‐heptane.
NON IDEAL SOLUTIONThe solution which do not obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentrations.
CONDITIONS :
I. PA ≠P0 A XA and PB≠ P0BXB
II. ∆H mix≠0
III. ∆Vmix ≠0
The vapour pressure of such solutions is either higher or lower than that predicted for Raoult's law .
I. If vapour pressure is higher, the solutions shows positive deviation (A‐B interactions are weaker than those
between A‐A and B‐B ).
Ex: mixture of ethanol and acetone .
PA>PA 0 XA ; PB > PB0 XB
∆Hmix = Positive ; ∆Vmix= Positive
II. If vapour pressure is lower, the solution shows negative deviation (A‐B interactions are stronger than those
between A‐A and B-B).
III. Ex: mixture of chloroform and acetone .
IV. PA <PA0 XA ; PB< P0 B XB
V. ∆H mix= negative ∆Vmix= negative
AZEOTROPE
Mixture of liquid having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at constant temp.
Azeotropes are of two types :‐
a) Minimum boiling azeotrope :‐ the solution which shows a large positive deviation from Raoult's law . Ex‐
ethanol – water mixture.
b) Maximum boiling azeotrope :‐ the solution which shows large negative deviation from Raoult's law. Ex‐
nitric acid – water mixture.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Properties of ideal solution which depends upon no. of particles of solute but
independent of the nature of the particles are called colligative properties.
1. RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
P0A– PA/P0A= XB
XB= nB/ nA+nB
For dilute solution, nB<< nA, hence nB is neglected in the denominator.
P0A– PA/P0A= nB/nA
P0A– PA/ P0A= W B MA/MB W A
2. ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT
∆Tb= kbm Where , ∆Tb= Tb– T0b
Kb= molal elevation constant / Ebullioscopic constant
m = molality
M= kb 1000 WB/∆Tb WA
3. DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
∆Tf= Kfm where, ∆Tf= T0f– Tf
Kf= molal depression constant / Cryoscopic constant
m = molality
M= kf 1000 W B/∆Tf W A
4. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The excess pressure that must be applied to a solution side to prevent osmosis i.e. to stop the passage of
solvent molecules into it through semi‐permeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
Π= CRT
Π= n/VRT ( n= no.of moles; V= volume of solution(L)
R= 0.0821 L atm mol–1 ; T= temperature in kelvin
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
Two solutions having same osmotic pressure and same concentration are called isotonic solutions.
Hypertonic solution have higher osmotic pressure and hypotonic solution have lower
osmotic pressure than the other solution.
0.91% of sodium chloride is isotonic with fluid present inside blood cell.
VAN'T HOFF FACTOR (i)
Ratio of normal molecular mass to the observed molecular mass of the solute.
i = normal molecular mass/ observed molecular mass
= observed colligative properties / calculated value of colligative properties
i<1 (for association ) i>1 (for dissociation)
MODIFIED FORMS OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
1) P0A-PA / P0A = i n B / n A
3) ∆Tb = iKb m
4) ∆Tf = iKf m
5) Π= iCRT
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (1 MARK QUESTIONS)
Q 1. Two liquids X and Y boil at 380 K and 400K respectively, which of them is more volatile?
Ans. X is more volatile since it has low boiling point.
Q2. How does the molarity of a solution change with temperature?
Ans. Molarity decreases with increase in temperature as volume of solution increases with increase in
temperature.
Q3. Under what condition do non ideal solutions show negative deviation ?
Ans. When the new forces of interaction between the components are stronger than those in the pure
components, then non ideal solutions show negative deviation.
Q4. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give one example.
Ans. Minimum boiling azeotropes are those which boil at lower temperature than boiling point of each
component in pure state, e.g., 95.5% ethyl alcohol and 4.5% water by mass.
Q5. What do you understand by the term that Kf for water is 1.86 K kg/mol?
Ans. It means that the freezing point of water is lowered by 1.86 K when 1 mol of non volatile solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of water.
Q6. Why is osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl higher than 1 M urea solution ?
Ans. This is because KCl dissociates to give K+ and Cl– ions while urea being a molecular solid does not
dissociate into ions in the solution.
Q 7. What is the value of van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of
(i) K2SO4 in water
(ii) acetic acid in benzene.
Ans .(i) 3 (ii) 1/2
ASSERTION -REASON TYPE

A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct
choice from the options given below:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
1. Assertion : In an ideal solution, ∆mix H is zero.
Reason : In an ideal solution, A - B interactions are lower than A-A and B-B interactions.
( Ans -c)
2. Assertion : Osmosis does not take place in two isotonic solutions separated by semi-permeable
membrane.
Reason : Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure. ( Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Lowering of vapour pressure is not dependent on the number of species present in
the solution.
Reason : Lowering of vapour pressure and relative lowering of vapour pressure are colligative
properties. ( Ans - d)
4. Assertion : 1 M solution of KCl has greater osmotic pressure than 1 M solution of glucose at
same temperature.
Reason : In solution KCl dissociates to produce more number of particles. ( Ans - a)
5. Assertion : Two liquids nitric acid and water form a maximum boiling azeotrope when mixed in
the ratio of 68% and 32% respectively.
Reason : Interaction between nitric acid and water are stronger than nitric acid - nitric acid
interactions and water - water interactions. ( Ans - a)
One - word answers
1. Liquid ‘Y’ has higher vapour pressure than liquid ’ X’ . Which of them will have higher boiling
point. ( Ans - X)
2. Liquids A and B on mixing produce a warm solution. Which type of deviation from Raoult’s law is
shown? ( Ans - Negative deviation)
3. Under what condition Van’t Hoff factor is less than 1? ( Ans - Association)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. State Henry's law. What is the significance of KH ?
Ans. Henry's Law: It states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is directly proportional to
the mole fraction of the gas(x)in the solution” , and is expressed as : p=KH x where,K is the Henry's Law constant
H
Significance of KH : Higher the value of Henry's law constant KH ,the lower is the solubility of the
gas in the liquid .
Q2. How is that measurement of osmotic pressure is more widely used for determining molar masses of
macromolecules than the elevation in boiling point or depression in freezing point of their solutions?
Ans. The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over elevation in boiling point or depression in
freezing point for determining molar masses of macromolecules because
1. Osmotic pressure is measured at the room temperature and the molarity of solution is used instead of molality.
2. Compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions.
Q3. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular interaction in the following pairs :
i) N-hexane and n-octane
ii) methanol and acetone
Ans. i) Dispersion or London forces as both are non-polar.
ii) Dipole-dipole interactions as both are polar molecules.
Q4. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of C9H8O4 is
dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN .
Ans. Mass of solution = 6.5g + 450g = 456.5g
Mass of aspirin
Mass % of aspirin =
=6.5/456.5 X 100 = 1.424% Mass of solution x 100
3 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Non-ideal solution exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law. What are these
deviation and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type.
Ans. When the vapour pressure of a solution is either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult's
law, then the solution exhibits deviation from Raoult's law. These deviation are caused when solute -solvent
molecular interactions A – B are either weak or stronger than solvent – solvent A – B or solute – solute B – B molecular
interactions. Positive deviations : When A – B molecular interactions are weaker than A – A and B – B molecular
interaction . For example, a mixture of ethanol and acetone.
Negative deviations: When A – B molecular interaction are stronger than A – A and B – B molecular interaction.
For example, a mixture of chloroform and acetone.
Q2 .a) Why is an increase in temperature observed on mixing chloroform and acetone?
b) Why does sodium chloride solution freeze at a lower temperature than water?
Ans: a) The bonds between chloroform molecules and molecules of acetone are dipole-dipole interactions
but on mixing, the chloroform and acetone molecules, they start forming hydrogen bonds which are stronger
bonds resulting in the release of energy. This gives rise to an increase in temperature.
b) When a non- volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure decreases. As a result, the solvent
freezes at a lower temperature.
Q3. A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500g of water. This solution has a
boiling point of 100.42C while pure water boils at 100-C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make the solution ? (Kb of
water = 0.512 K kg/mol)
Ans. ∆Tb = 100.42°C‐ 100°C = 0.42°C or 0.42K; WA = 500g ; Kb = 0.512 K kg / mol ;
MB = 92 g /mol Substituting these values in the expressions,
WB = ∆Tb x MB x WA
Kb x 1000
WB = 0.42 x 92 x 500 = 37.73 g

0.512 x 1000
Q4. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75
atm at 27⁰C.
Ans. π = i x WB x R x T
MB x V
Molar mass of CaCl ,M =40+22 X 35.5

B = 111 g mol –1
Therefore, Molar mass of CaCl2, WB = 0.75 atm x 111g/mol x 2.5 L
2.47 x 0.0821 x 300 K
= 3.42g
Q5. The molar freezing point depression constant for benzene is 4.90K kgmol–1. Selenium
exists as polymer SeX. When 3.26 gm of Se is dissolved in 226gm of benzene, the observed freezing point is 0.1120C
lower than for pure benzene. Decide the molecular formula of Selenium.(At.wt. of selenium is 78.8 g mol‐1)
1000 x Kf x WB
Ans ∆Tf =
W A X MB
0.112 K=1000x4.9x 3.26
226 x MB
MB= 1000X4.90X3.26/226X0.1112=63g/mol
No. of Se atoms in a molecule=631g / mol/78.8 g/mol=8
Therefore, molecular formula of Selenium = Se8
5 MARKS QUESTION
Q1. a) State Raoult's Law for a solution containing volatile components.
How does Raoult's law become a special case of Henry's Law?
b) 1.00 g of a non‐electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of a benzene by
0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol–1)
Ans. a) For a solution of volatile liquids , Raoult's law states that the partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution, i.e., pA∝xA
OR
o
pA = p A x A
According to Henry's Law , the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p)is
Directly proportional to mole fraction (x) of the gas in the solution.
i.e., p = KHx on comparing it with Raoult's Law it can be seen that partial pressure of the volatile component or
gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction in solution
i.e; p ∝x
only the proportionality constant K differs from p0 . Thus, it becomes a special case of
Henry's law in which K = po . H A
b) Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation MB = Kf x WB x 1000

∆Tf x WA
–1
MB = 5.12 x 1.00 x 1000 = 256g mol
0.40 x 50
Q2.a) Calculate the molarity of a sulphuric acid solution in which the mole fraction of water is 0.85.
b) The graphical representation of vapour pressure of two component system as a function of
composition is given alongside.
i) Are the A – B interactions weaker, stronger or of the same magnitude as A – A and B – B
ii) Name the type of deviation shown by this system from Raoult's law.
iii) Predict the sign of ∆mixH for this system.
iv) Predict the sign of ∆mixV for this system.
v) Give an example of such a system.
vi) What type of azeotrope will this system form, if possible ?
Ans. a) nA = 0.85 .......................... i)
nA + nB = 1‐0.85 = 0.15 ........................................ ii
nB
nB + nA
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
nB 0.15 or 0.15 or nB = 0.15 x 1000
1000/18 =
0.85
nA = 0.85 0.85 x 18
nB
hence molality = 9.8 m
b) i) Stronger
ii) Negative deviation
iii) Negative
iv) Negative
v) 20% acetone and 80%
chloroform by mass
vi) maximum boiling
azeotrope
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Define mole fraction
Q2. What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and acetone?
Q3. What do you understand by “colligative properties” ?
Q4. Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water lower than that of water?
Q5. State any two characteristics of ideal solutions.
Q6. Some liquids on mixing form “azeotrpoes”. What are azeotropes ?
Q7. Define molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant .
Q8. What is “reverse osmosis “ ?
Q9. Derive an equation to express that relative lowering of vapour pressure for a solution is equal to the
mole fraction of the solute in it when the solvent alone is volatile.
Q10. State Raoult's law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity
between Raoult's law and Henry's law ?
Q11. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63oC. How much sucrose is to be added to 500g of
water such that it boils at 100oC ?
Q12. 18 g of glucose , C6 H12 O6 (Molar Mass = 180 g mol 1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan.
1
At what temperature will this solution boil ? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol , boiling point of pure
water = 373.15 K )
Q13. After removing the outer shell of the two eggs in dil. HCl, one is placed in distilled water and the other
in a saturated solution of NaCl . What will you observe and why ?
Q14. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa, respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a
mixture of 26.0g of heptane and 35.0 g of octane ?
(MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION)MCQ
1. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour
pressure?
(i) mole fraction
(ii) parts per million
(iii) mass percentage
(iv) molality
2. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the
following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid?
(i) Sugar crystals in cold water.
(ii) Sugar crystals in hot water.
(iii) Powdered sugar in cold water.
(iv) Powdered sugar in hot water.
3. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is __________.
(i) less than the rate of crystallisation
(ii) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(iii) equal to the rate of crystallisation
(iv) zero
4. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when
small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is _________.
(i) saturated
(ii) supersaturated
(iii) unsaturated
(iv) concentrated
5. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid
solvent does not depend upon ____________.
(i) Temperature
(ii) Nature of solute
(iii) Pressure
(iv) Nature of solvent
6. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
____________.
(i) low temperature
(ii) low atmospheric pressure
(iii) high atmospheric pressure
(iv) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
7. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(i) Methanol and acetone.
(ii) Chloroform and acetone.
(iii) Nitric acid and water.
(iv) Phenol and aniline.
8. Colligative properties depend on ____________.
(i) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(ii) the number of solute particles in solution.
(iii) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(iv) the nature of solvent particles.
9. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point?
(i) 1.0 M NaOH
(ii) 1.0 M Na2SO4
(iii) 1.0 M NH4NO3
(iv) 1.0 M KNO3
10. The unit of ebulioscopic constant is _______________.
(i) K kg /mol or K (molality)–1
(ii) mol kg/ K or K–1(molality)
(iii) kg mol–1 K–1 or K–1(molality)–1
(iv) K mol kg–1 or K (molality)
11. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M
MgCl2 solution is _____________.
(i) the same
(ii) about twice
(iii) about three times
(iv) about six times
12. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because
_____________.
(i) it gains water due to osmosis.
(ii) it loses water due to reverse osmosis.
(iii) it gains water due to reverse osmosis.
(iv) it loses water due to osmosis.
13. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance
_____________.
(i) is higher than that at a dilute solution.
(ii) is lower than that of a dilute solution.
(iii) is same as that of a dilute solution.
(iv) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution.
14. Which of the following statements is false?
(i) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different solvents will have the
same depression in freezing point.
(ii) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation Π = CRT ( where C is the molarity
of the solution).
(iii) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride,
potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(iv) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
15. The values of Van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are _____________.
(i) 2, 2 and 2
(ii) 2, 2 and 3
(iii) 1, 1 and 2
(iv) 1, 1 and 1
16. Which of the following statements is false?
(i) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
(ii) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region
of lower concentration of solute to a region of higher concentration.
(iii) The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent.
(iv) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.
17. Value of Henry’s constant KH ____________.
(i) increases with increase in temperature.
(ii) decreases with increase in temperature.
(iii) remains constant.
(iv) first increases then decreases.
18. The value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________.
(i) greater for gases with higher solubility.
(ii) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(iii) constant for all gases.
(iv) not related to the solubility of gases.
19. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific composition then
_______________.
(i) A–B interactions are stronger than those between A–A or B–B.
(ii) vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and B can
escape from the solution.
(iii) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the
liquids escape from the solution.
(iv) A–B interactions are weaker than those between A–A or B–B.
20. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labeled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations 0.1M,
0.01M and 0.001M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions will be in the
order______.
(i) iA < iB < iC
(ii) iA > iB > iC
(iii) iA = iB = iC
(iv) iA < iB > Ic
Answers:
(i) 2. (iv) 3. (iii) 4. (ii), [Hint : If added substance dissolves, the solution is unsaturated. If it
does not dissolve solution is saturated. If precipitation occurs solution is supersaturated.]
5. (iii) 6. (ii), [Hint : Body temperature of human beings remains constant.] 7. (i) 8. (ii) 9.
(ii) 10. (i) 11. (iii) 12. (iv) 13. (i) 14. (i) 15. (ii) 16. (ii) 17. (i) 18. (ii) 19. (i) 20. (iii)
FLOW CHART
Expressing Conc of Solution
SOLUTIONS
Ideal Solution Non Ideal Solution

i) P =Po X
A A A
P =Po X
B B B
ii) ∆H=0
iii) ∆ V=0 Positive Deviations Negative Deviations
(i) P > Po X i) P < Po X
A A A A A A
o o
P >P X P<P X
B B B B B B
(ii) ∆H > O (+ve) ii) ∆H< O (‐ve)

(iii) ∆V> O (+ve) iii) ∆V < O (‐ve)
ELECTROCHEMISTRY (UNIT‐2)
KEY POINTS
Resistance – obstacle to the flow of electricity.
Resistivity – resistance offered by the conductor when it is of unit length and has unit area of
cross section.
Conductivity – conductance of the ions present in 1 cubic centimeter solution. It is the reciprocal of resistivity.
1. Effect of dilution on conductivity – conductivity decreases with dilution because number of ions per ml of
solution decreases.
2. Effect of dilution on molar conductivity – molar conductivity of strong electrolyte increases with dilution
because ionic mobility increases, whereas molar conductivity of weak electrolyte increases because
degree of dissociation of it increases so number of ions increase .
3. Kohlrausch law – conductivity of an electrolyte at infinite dilution is the sum of individual contribution of
anion and cation of the electrolyte .
4. Faraday's law of electrolysis ‐ First law – amount of substance deposited at the electrode during
electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through electrolyte .
Second law – when same amount of electricity is passed through different electrolytic solution, amount of
substance deposited is proportional to the chemical equivalent weights .
5. Fuel cell – it converts combustion energy of fue l into electricity . H2 and CH4 can be used as fuel in it .
6. Corrosion – corrosion of metal is an electro chemical phenomenon .
7. Anode :‐ 2 Fe →2Fe2+ + 4 e–(oxidation)
Cathode :‐ O2 + 4 H+ + 4e– → 2H2O (reduction)
Atmospheric Oxidation:‐ 2Fe 2+(aq)+ 2H2O (l) + ½ O2 → Fe2O3 (g) + 4H+ (aq)
Rate of corrosion increase in acidic medium also increase in the presence of salt and oxygen but rate decreases
in basic medium .
Prevention of corrosion
1. By Galvanization: ‐ coating of Zn on iron
2. By Cathodic protection :‐ Mg is joined with iron which behaves like anode and iron as cathode .
3. By painting and oiling
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
S. Formula What to calculate Another formof theformula
No
1 E° cell = E°cathode– E°anode Cell potential of a cell can be E° cell = E°R ‐ E°L
calculated by this equation
0.0591log1/[M]
E cell = E° cell –
n
2 Cell potential of a half cell can be
+[
calculated by this expression
3 Ecell = E0cell – 0.0591log [P]/[R] Cell potential of a cell can be

n calculated by this expression
E° cell= 0.0591 log Kc

n log Kc=
4 To calculate cell potential from Kc
and vice versa n x E° cell 0.0591
5 ∆G° =- nF E° cell To calculate cell potential from °

E° cell = - ∆G° /nF
free energy change and vice
versa
6 To calculate resistance
R = ρ l /A ρ=
7 G* = R Ќ Ќ = G/ R
To calculate cell constant
8
K x 1000 To calculate the molar conductivity
ᴧ m = M
9 W=Z×I×t Amount of a substance produced at

Z = E/96500 any electrode
10 W1 W2 E1 /E2 Amount of a substance produced at

=
an electrode of different cells
connected in a series
Frequently asked question
1 Mark
1).What is meant by limiting molar conductivity?
Ans Molar conductivity of an electrolyte at infinite dilution.
2.) Give the relationship between molar conductivity and specific conductivity ?
Ans. ᴧm = k (1000\M)
3.) What is meant by limiting molar conductivity ?

Ans. The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar conductivity
4.) What is the unit of molar conductivity?
–1 2 –1
Ans . ohm cm mol
5.) What is the effect of dilution of concentration on specific conductance ?
Ans. Specific conductance decrease with dilution because it is the conduction power of ion present in unit
volume of solution and number of ion in unit volume decreases on dilution. Specific conductance increases
with concentration.
6.) What type of metals can be used in cathodic protection of iron against rusting?
Ans. A metal which is more electropositive than iron i.e. having lower reduction potential. Example-
Zn, Mg etc.
7. Why mercury cell gives constant voltage throughout its life?
Ans. As the overall reaction does not involve any ion in solution whose conc. can change during its
life.
1. Assertion : Current stops flowing when Ecell = 0.
Reason : Equilibrium of the cell reaction is attained. ( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : A standard hydrogen electrode is also called reversible electrode.
Reason : It can act on both as anode as well as cathode in an electrochemical cell.
( Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Kohlrausch law helps to find the molar conductivity of weak electrolyte at
infinite dilution.
Reason : Molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte at infinite dilution cannot be determined
experimentally. ( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : When a copper wire is dipped in silver nitrate solution, there is no change in
the colour of the solution.
Reason : Copper cannot displace silver from its salt solution. ( Ans - d)
5. Assertion : Fluorine is the best oxidising agent.
Reason : Fluorine has highest reduction potential. ( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce 100g of Ca from
molten CaCl2 ? ( 5F)
2. Name the solid substance produced, during the discharge of lead- storage battery.
( Ans - Lead sulphate)
2 marks
1. What is fuel cell ? Write two chemicals which can be used as fuel.
Ans . The cell which converts combustion energy of fuel into electricity .
Methane and hydrogen can be used as fuel 2H2(g) + 4OH– (aq) → 4H2O(l) + 4e–
O2 + 2H2O (l) + 4e– →4OH–(aq)
2.) What type of battery is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the cathode reaction and the
overall reaction occurring when current is drawn from it (reaction during discharge of it )
Ans. Lead storage battery is the secondary cell. So it can be recharged by passing direct current through it .
Discharge reaction –
At anode : Pb(s) + SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) +2e–
2–
At cathode: PbO2(s) + SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– → 2PbSO4 (aq) +2H2O(l) Overall solution :
Pb + PbO2+ 4H+ + SO42–(aq) → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
3.) How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 1.0 M Hg (NO3)2 solution with a current of
2.00 A for three hours ?
Molar mass of Hg(NO3)2= 200.6 g/mol
Ans . Current = 2A
Time = 3h = 3(60)(60)s
w = ZIt
Z for Hg in compound =200.6/2F
w= 200.6x2x (3)(60)(60)/2(96500)
w= 22.45g
number of moles = 22.45\200.6 = 0.112 mol
4.) Represent the galvanic cell in which the following reactions take place
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
i.) Which one of the electrodes is negatively charged ?
ii.) Write the reaction taking place at each of the electrodes.
iii.) Name the carrier of current within the cell.
Ans .The cell is represented as
Zn(s) │Zn2+(aq) ││Ag+(aq) │Ag(s) │
i) Zn electrode is negatively charged
ii) At anode
Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–
At cathode
+ –
Ag (aq) + e → Ag(s)
iii) Ions are the carrier of current within the cell.
5.) State Faraday's laws. How much charge is required for the reduction of 1 mole of Cu2+ to Cu?
Ans. Statements Cu2++2e → Cu
Charge required for the reduction of 1 mole Cu2+ = 2F
=2(96500 C)
= 193000C
3 marks
1.) Determine the value of equilibrium constant and Δ G0 for the following reaction :
Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq)→ Ni2+ (aq) + 2 Ag(S) (E0 = 1.05V)
Ans. n=2 Δ G0 = ‐nF E0
Δ G0 = ‐2 ( 96500) C (1.05) V
Δ G0 = ‐202650 Jmol -1 = – 202.65 kJ mol-1
‐nFE0 = ‐2.303 RT logKc
logKc =nE0/0.0591
=2(1.05/0.0591) = 35.532 g
Kc = antilog 35.532
Kc = 3.411× 1035
2). Calculate the standard electrode potential of Ni 2+// Ni electrode if emf of the
Ni 2+/Ni(0.01) // Cu 2+(0.1) / Cu (s) electrochemical cell is 0.059V. Given E 0 = 0.34 V
Ans. Ecell = 0.059V
[Cu+2 ] = 0.1 M
0
E Cu = 0.34 V
Ecell = E0 cell‐ 0.0591/n log [Ni 2+ (aq)] / [Cu2+(aq)] 0.059 = E0cell – 0.059/2 log ( 0.01/0.1)
0.059 = E0cell – 0.0295 log 1
10
0.059 = E0cell ‐0.0295 ( log 1 – log 10 )
= E0cell – 0.0295(‐1) 0.059 = E0cell + 0.0295
E0 cell = 0.05g – 0.0295= 0.0295V
E0 cell = E0cathode‐ E0anode
0
0.0295 = 0.34 ‐ E anode
E0 anode = 0.34 – 0.0295 = 0.3105V
3) The resistance of conductivity cell filled with 0.1 M KCl solution is 100 Ohm. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0.02 M KCl solution is 520 ohm, calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of
0.02 M KCl solution . Conductivity of 0.1 M KCl solution is 1.29 m–1
Ans. i) Cell constant G = conductivity ( resistance )
= 1.29 S m (100Ω) 129 m–1 or 1.29 cm–1
–1
ii) conductivity of 0.02 M KCl solution

(k) = cell constant /resistance = 1.29 cm–1/520Ω
2.48 x 10–3 S cm–1
iii) molar conductivity = k x 1000\M = 2.48 x 10–3 x 1000/0.02
= 124S cm2 mol–1
4) Give an example of a fuel cell and write the cathode and anode reaction for it .
Ans. Galavanic cell that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuel like hydrogen , methane,
methanol directly into electrical energy are called fuel cell.
Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq) Anode reaction : 2H2(g) + 4OH–(aq) → 4H2O(l) + 4e– Overall
reaction : 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
5 marks questions
Q.1) i) Define the molar conductivity of a solution and explain how molar conductivity changes with
change in concentration of solution for a weak and strong electrolyte
The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298K is 1500Ω.
ii.)
What is the cell constant, if the conductivity of 0.01M KCl solution at 298 K is
0.146X ( 10–3) S cm–1 ?

Ans.) i) Molar conductivity – it is defined as the conductance of the solution which contain one mole of
electrolyte such that entire solution is in between two electrodes kept one centimeter apart
sharing unit area of cross section
(ii) Given conductivity K = 0.146x (10–3) S cm–1
Cell constant G = k(R)
= 0.146 x 10–3 x 1500= 0.219 cm–1
Q. 2 (i) Write the formulation for galvanic cell in which the reaction
Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
takes place , identify the cathode and the anode reaction in it.
ii) Write Nernst equation. Calculate the emf of the following cell:
Sn(s) / Sn2+(0.04M) // H+ (0.02M) / H2(g),Pt(s) (given E0 Sn2+/Sn = 0.14V )
Ans.) Cu(s) →Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– ( at anode )

2Ag+(aq) + 2e–→2Ag (s) Cu /Cu++ ||Ag+ |Ag
Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) →Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(S)
Assignment
1. Calculate the emf of the cell: Mg|Mg (0.001 M)||Cu2+(0.0001 M)|Cu
2+
Given: E0Cu2+/Cu = 0.34V; E0 Mg2+/Mg= ‐2.375V [Hints:2.651V]

2. (a) Explain Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Mention two applications of this law.
(a) Define molar conductivity. How does it vary with temperature?
(b) Resistance of a solution (A) is 50 ohm and that of solution (B) is 100 ohm, both the solution being taken in
the same conductivity cell, if equal volumes of solution(A) and (B) are mixed, what will be the resistance of the
mixture, using the same cell? Assume that there is no increase in the degree of dissociation of (A) and (B) on
mixing. [Hint: 66.66 Ω]
3. The conductivity of 0.001M CH3 COOH is 4.95X10–5Scm–1.Calculate its dissociation constant. Given
limiting molar conductivity is 390.5S cm2 mol –1. [Hints:α=0.126]
4. Calculate the potential of the following cell reaction at 298 K. Sn4+(1.50M) +Zn(s) → Sn2+(0.5M) +
Zn2+(2.0M)
(Eocell = 0.89V.) [Hints: 3.17V]
5. How many moles of electrons are required to
(i) Reduce 1 mol of MnO4– to Mn2+
(ii) Produce 10.0g of Al from molten Al2O3. [Hints: (i) 5 mol of electron (ii) 1.11 mol Al]
6. Why does a dry cell become dead after a long time, even if it has not been used?
[Hints; Acidic NH4Cl corrodes the Zinc container]
7. What type of a battery is lead storage battery? Write the anode, cathode reactions & overall reaction
occurring in a lead storage battery.
8. How can you increase the reduction potential of an electrode.?
[Hints: It can be increased by
a. increase in concentration of Mn+ ions in solution
b. by increasing the temperature].
9. Calculate emf of the following cell at 298K Zn/Zn2+(10 4M)|| Cu2+(10–2M)/Cu
Given: E° Zn2+/Zn = – 0.76V E°Cu2+/Cu = +0.34V [Hints: emf = 1.1591V]
10. Electrolysis of KBr (aq) gives Br2 at anode but KF (aq) does not give F2. Give reason.
11. Explain the meaning of the terms:
(a) Ionic mobility
(b) Over potential
12. What is electrochemical series? List its two characteristics.
13. Account for the following observations:
(a) In a dry cell, the build up of ammonia gas around the carbon cathode should disrupt the electric current,
but in practice this does not happen.
(b) Ordinary dry cells are not rechargeable.
14. Explain the following observations:
(a) The product of electrolysis of molten NaCl are sodium metal and chlorine gas.
(b) The product of electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution are NaOH, Cl2 and H2.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (MCQ)
1. The difference between the electrode potentials of two electrodes when no current is drawn
through the cell is called ___________.
(i) Cell potential
(ii) Cell emf
(iii) Potential difference
(iv) Cell voltage
2. Which of the following statement is not correct about an insert electrode in a cell?
(i) It does not participate in the cell reaction.
(ii) It provides surface either for oxidation or for reduction reaction.
(iii) It provides surface for conduction of electrons.
(iv) It provides surface for redox reaction.
3. An electrochemical cell can behave like an electrolytic cell when ____________.
(i) Ecell = 0
(ii) Ecell > Eext
(iii) Eext > Ecell
(iv) Ecell = Eext
4. The quantity of charge required to obtain one mole of aluminium from Al2O3 is ___________.
(c) (i) 1F (ii) 6F (iii) 3F (iv) 2F
5. The cell constant of a conductivity cell _____________.

(i) changes with change of electrolyte.
(ii) changes with change of concentration of electrolyte.
(iii) changes with temperature of electrolyte.
(iv) remains constant for a cell.
6. While charging the lead storage battery ______________.

(i) PbSO4 anode is reduced to Pb.
(ii) PbSO4 cathode is reduced to Pb.
(iii) PbSO4 cathode is oxidised to Pb.
(iv) PbSO4 anode is oxidised to PbO2.
7. The positive value of the standard electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu indicates that ____________. (i)
this redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than the H+/H2 couple.
(ii) this redox couple is a stronger oxidising agent than H+/H2.
(iii) Cu can displace H2 from acid.
(iv) Cu cannot displace H2 from acid.
8. Conductivity of an electrolytic solution depends on ____________.

(i) nature of electrolyte.
(ii) concentration of electrolyte.
(iii) power of AC source.
(iv) distance between the electrodes.
9. What will happen during the electrolysis of aqueous solution of CuSO4 by using platinum
electrodes?
(i) Copper will deposit at cathode.
(ii) Copper will deposit at anode.
(iii) Oxygen will be released at anode.
(iv) Copper will dissolve at anode.
10. What will happen during the electrolysis of aqueous solution of CuSO4 in the presence of Cu
electrodes?
(i) Copper will deposit at cathode.
(ii) Copper will dissolve at anode.
(iii) Oxygen will be released at anode.
(iv) Copper will deposit at anode.
11. Molar conductivity of ionic solution depends on ___________.
(i) temperature.
(ii) distance between electrodes.
(iii) concentration of electrolytes in solution.
(iv) surface area of electrodes.
12. For the given cell, Mg|Mg 2+|| Cu 2+|Cu
(i) Mg is cathode
(ii) Cu is cathode
(iii) The cell reaction is Mg + Cu 2+ → Mg 2+ + Cu
(iv) Cu is the oxidising agent
13. Under what condition is ECell = 0 or ∆rG= 0?
14. What is electrode potential?
15. Give an example of antirust solution.
Answers:
1. (iii)
2. (iv)
3 (iii)
4. (iii)
5. (iv)
6. (i)
7. (ii), (iv)
8 (i), (ii)
9. (i), (iii)
10. (i), (ii)
11. (i),(iii)
12. (ii,iii)
13.When the cell reaction reaches equilibrium.
14. Tendency to lose and gain electron.
15. Alkaline chromate solution
ELECTROCHEMISTRY MIND MAP

KEY CONCEPTS
CHEMICAL KINETICS (UNIT- 3 )
1. Rate of reaction:‐ For a reaction R → P,
Rate of reaction = change of conc. of R or P / time interval
2. 1. molL–1s–1
Unit of rate of reaction:‐ 2. atm s–1
2. Unifying rate of reaction
For the reaction 2HI → H2 + I
2
3. Differential rate law (Rate law)

a A + b B → c C + dD
This is differential rate equation.

Order of reaction:‐ For the reaction a A + b B → c C + d D Rate = K[A]x [B]y
x + y = order of reaction (where x & y may or may not be equal to stoichiometric coefficient)
Note:‐
i. if x + y = 1, reaction is called I order reaction.
ii. if x + y = 2, reaction is called II order reaction.
iii. if x + y = 3, reaction is called III order reaction.
iv. if x + y = 0, reaction is called zero order reaction.
v. if x + y = fraction , reaction is called fractional order reaction.
5. Units of rate constants and graph between rate and conc.ofreactant
6. Integrated rate equation for zero order and first order reaction
Note:‐ 1. For zero order reaction t1/2 α conc. of reactant.
2. For I order reaction t1/2 is independent of conc of reactant.
3. t α [conc]1-n 1/2
whe n = order of reaction.
7. Arrhenius equation
log K = log A – Ea/2.303RT
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1 Pseudo first order reaction:‐ A bimolecular reaction, in which one reactant is present in large excess
and rate of reaction is independent of its concentration. Such a reaction is called pseudo first molecular
reaction.
Eg. CH3COOC2H5 + H2O → CH3COOH + C2H5OH molecularity of reaction is two and order of reaction is
one.
2. Molecularity of reaction:‐The number of reacting species (atoms, ions or molecules) taking part in an
elementary reaction, which must collide simultaneously in order to bring about a chemical reaction is called
molecularity of a reaction.
Types of reaction based on molecularity
Unimolecular reactions Bimolecular reactions Trimolecular or termolecular
reactions
molecularity of reaction = 1 molecularity of reaction = 2 molecularity of reaction = 3
NH4NO2 →N2 + 2H2O 2HI → H2 + I2 2NO + O2→2NO2
NOTE:‐
i. It is theoretical value.
ii. It cannot be zero or a non integer.
iii. molecularity greater than three is not observed.
iv. molecularity is applicable only for elementary reactions. For complex reaction molecularity has no
meaning.
3. Order of reaction:‐ the power to which conc. term of a reactant is raised in rate law expression is called
order w.r.t. that reactant. The sum of powers of conc. of all reactants in rate law expression is called ov er all order of
reaction.
for the reaction a A + b B → c C + d D
Rate = K[A]x [B]y
x +y = order of reaction.
NOTE:‐
i. Order of a reaction is an experimental quantity
ii. It can be zero and even a fraction
iii. Order is applicable to elementary as well as complex reactions
4. Elementary step:‐ Many reactions complete in a number of steps. Each individual step of a reaction is called
elementary step.
Eg. The reaction 2O3  3O2complete 2O3 → 3 O2
O3 →O2 + O step1 fast reaction
O + O3 →2O2 step 2 slow reaction
Thus the reaction has two elementary steps.
NOTE:‐
i. In elementary step stoichiometric coefficient of balanced equation is order w.r.t. that reactant.
ii. The slowest step in a reaction is called the rate determining step.
5. Activation energy:‐ The additional energy which is required by the molecules of reactants to cause effective
collision is called a ctivation energy. It is denoted by Ea and is given as‐
Activation energy = threshold energy – average energy of molecules of reactants
6. Threshold energy:‐The minimum energy which must be required by the molecules of reactants to
cause effective collision is called threshold energy.
7. Collision frequency:‐ The number of collision of reactant molecules per unit volume of reaction
mixture per second is called collision frequency.
sunlight
8. Examples- Zero order reaction: H2 + Cl2-------------2HCl
I order reaction : All natural and artificial radioactive reactions.
II order reaction : H2 + I2------2HI.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. How does catalyst alter rate of a reaction?

Ans. It increases rate of reaction by providing a new path having low activation energy.
Q 2. A reaction is 50% complete in 2 hours and 75% completes in 4 hours. What is the order of the
reaction?
Ans . Since half life remains constant so it is a first order reaction.
Q 3.Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has the rate expression. Rate = k [A]1/2 [B]3/2
Ans Order of reaction = 1/2 + 3/2 = 2 i.e. second order reaction.

Q 4.Define the term : activation energy
Ans The additional energy which is required by the molecules of reactants to cause effective collision is called
activation energy.
Q5. What is the unit of rate constant for a Pseudo first order reaction?
Ans s–1
Q6. Give an example of p seudo first order reaction.
Ans C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Q7. The rate constant of a reaction is 0.005 molL–1s–1. What is the order of this reaction?
Ans Zero order reaction
1. Assertion : Complex reaction takes place in different steps and the slowest step
determines the rate of reaction.
Reason : Order and molecularity of a reaction are always equal. ( Ans - c)
2. Assertion : Rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature.
Reason : Number of effective collisions increases with increase in temperature. ( Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Order of a reaction with respect to any reactant or product can be zero,
positive, negative and fractional.
Reason : Rate of a reaction cannot decrease with increase in concentration of a reactant
or product. ( Ans - c)
4. Assertion : The rate of a reaction sometimes does not depend on concentration.
Reason : Lower the activation energy faster is the reaction. ( Ans - b)
5. Assertion : For a certain reaction, a large fraction of molecules has energy more than the
threshold energy, still the rate of reaction is very slow.
Reason : The colliding molecules must not be properly oriented for effective collisions.
( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. The magnitude of which parameter changes by the use of a catalyst?
( Ans - Activation energy)
2. What is the molecularity of pseudo first order reaction ? ( Ans - 2)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5mol L–1 to 0.4 mol L–1 in 10
minutes. Calculate the rate during this interval?
Ans Rate = – change in conc. of A/2 x time interval

= – [0.4‐0.5]/2X10 = 0.005 mol litre –1min–1
Q2. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s–1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial
concentration of the reactant to its 1/16th value?
Ans Given = 60 s–1, [R] =1, [R]=1/16, t = ?
o
t = 2.303/k log [R]o /[R]
= 2.303/60 log 16 = 3.84X10–2 s
Q3. Define the following terms : i) elementary reaction ii) half‐life period of a reaction
Ans i) Many reactions complete in a number of steps. Each individual step of a reaction is called
elementary step.
ii) Time during which amount of reactant remains half of its initial amount is called half‐ life period of a
reaction.
Q4. Give three important difference between rate of reaction and rate constant of reaction.
S.No. Rate of reaction Rate constant of reaction

1
It is the change in concentration of It is the rate of reaction when molar conc.
reactant or product in a unit interval of time. of each of the reactants is unity.
2 Its unit is molL 1s 1. Its unit depends upon the order of
reaction.
3 The rate of reaction at any instant of time The rate constant does not depend
depends upon the molar conc. of the upon the molar conc. of the reactants.
reactants at that time.
Q5. Give four important difference between order of reaction molecularity of reaction.
S.No. order of reaction molecularity of reaction
1 It is sum of the powers of the The number of reacting species taking part
concentration of the reactants in the rate in an elementary reaction, which must
law expression collide to give products is called
molecularity of a reaction.
2 Order of a reaction is an experimental It is theoretical value.

quantity.
3 It can be zero and even a fraction. It cannot be zero or a non integer.
4 Order is applicable to elementary as well molecularity is applicable only for

as complex reactions. elementary reactions.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Show that in a first order reaction, time required for completion of 99.9% is 10 times of half life (t1/2) of
the reaction
Ans When reaction is completed 99.9%, [R]n = [R]0 – 0.999[R]0
k = 2.303/t log R0/R
= 2.303/t logR0 /[R]0 – 0.999 R0
= 2.303/t log103
t = 6.909/k
For half‐life of the reaction t1/2 = 0.693/k
t/t1/2 =6.909/0.693 = 10
–1 –1
Q2. The rate constants of a reaction at 500K and 700K are 0.02s and0.07s respectively.
Calculate the values of E a and A.
Ans Logk2/k1=Ea/2.303R log[T2 – T1/T2 x T1]
Log 0.07/0.02 =E a/2.303X8.314X log[700‐500/700X500]
Ea = 18230.8J
log k = log A – Ea/2.303RT
log 0.02 = log A – 18230.8/20303X8.314X500 ,
A= 1.61
Q3. A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.
Ans Given t =40min, [R]o = 100, [R]=100 30=70
k = 2.303/t log R0/R
= 2.303/40 log100/70
= 0.0575(log100‐log70) = 0.0575(2‐1.8451) = 0.00890min–1
t1/2 = 0.693/k = 0.693/0.00890 =77.86min
Q4. The decomposition of hydrocarbon follows the equationk = (4.5 × 1011s–1) e–28000K/T, Calculate
Ea.
Experiment [A]/mol L–1 [B]/mol L–1 Initial rate of formation/
molL–1s–1
I 0.1 0.1 6.0 × 10–3
II 0.3 0.2 7.2 × 10–2
III 0.3 0.4 2.88 × 10–1
IV 0.4 0.1 2.40 × 10–2
Determine i) the rate law ii) order of reaction and iii) the rate constant for the reaction.
Ans Let the rate law is Rate = K[A]x [B]y

Hence, 6.0 × 10–3 = K[ 0.1]x [0.1]y
————i
–2 x y
7.2 × 10 = K[0.3] [0.2] ——————ii
–1 x y
2.88 × 10 = K[0.3] [0.4] ——iii
–2 x
2.40 × 10 = K[0.4] [0.1] y
————— iv
On dividing eq. (i) by eq. (iv), 1/4 = [1/4] , X = 1 on dividing eq. (ii) by eq. (iii) 1/4 = [1/2]y, [ 1/2]2 = [1/2]y, y = 2
x
Therefore,
i) the rate law is Rate = K[A]1 [B]2
ii) order of reaction = X + Y =1+2 = 3
iii) rate constant for the reaction K = Rate/[A]1 [B]2
= 6.0 × 10–3 / /[0.1]1 [0.1]2 = 6.0 mol –2L2s–1.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
(a) The half‐life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archaeological artifact containing wood
Q1. had only 80% of the 14C found in a living tree. Estimate the age of the sample.
(b) A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
Ans (a) Givent1/2= 5730 years, [R]o=100, [R]=80
–4 –1
K = 0.693/ t 1/2 = 0.693/5730 =1.21X 10 year
t = 2.303/K log [R]o /[R] = 2.303/1.21X 10 log100/80 = 1.9033X 10-4(log100 – log80)

= 1.9033X 10–4 (2‐1.9031) = 1.9033X 10–4 (0.0969) = 1845 year
(b) (i) Rate = K[A]1 [B]2
(ii) Rate = K[A]1 [3B]2 = 9K[A]1 [B]2 hence, it becomes 9 times.
(iii)Rate = K[2A]1 2[B]2 = 8K[A]1 [B]2 hence, it becomes 8 times.
ASSIGNMENTS
Q1. Which is the rate determining step in the elementary steps? 1
Q2. Define collision frequency. 1
–5 –1 –1
Q3. Identify the order of reaction if k = 2.3 × 10 L mol s 1
Q4. Define the terms:‐ i) Threshold energy ii) Elementary reaction 2
Q5. A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if 2
concentration of the reactant is (i) doubled (ii) reduced to half ?
Q6. Explain effect of i) temperature ii) presence of catalyst on the rate of reaction 3
th
Q7. Give the relation between half‐life and concentration of reactants for n order of reaction.
Also draw graph for zero and first order reaction showing relation between t 1/2 &
concentration of reactant. 3
Q8. For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required for the
completion of 90% of reaction. 3
Q9. The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the
energy of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature. 3
Q10. For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543K, the following data are
obtained. 5
t (sec) P(mm of Hg)
0 35.0
360 54.0
720 63.0
Calculate the rate constant.
HOTS QUESTION
1 Consider the reaction R → P. the change in concentration of R with time is shown in the following plot :
[R]
Time
I. Predict the order of reaction
ii. Derive the expression for the time required for the completion of reaction
iii. What does the slope of the above line indicate?
MCQ
1. The role of a catalyst is to change ______________.
(i) Gibbs energy of reaction. (ii) enthalpy of reaction. (iii) activation energy of reaction. (iv)
equilibrium constant.
2. In the presence of a catalyst, the heat evolved or absorbed during the reaction ___________.
(i) increases. (ii) decreases. (iii) remains unchanged. (iv) may increase or decrease
3.Which of the following statements is not correct about order of a reaction.
(i) The order of a reaction can be a fractional number.
(ii) Order of a reaction is experimentally determined quantity.
(iii) The order of a reaction is always equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants
in the balanced chemical equation for a reaction.
(iv) The order of a reaction is the sum of the powers of molar concentration of the reactants in the
rate law expression.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
(i) The rate of a reaction decreases with passage of time as the concentration of reactants decreases.
(ii) The rate of a reaction is same at any time during the reaction.
(iii) The rate of a reaction is independent of temperature change.
(iv) The rate of a reaction decreases with increase in concentration of reactant(s).
5.A first order reaction is 50% completed in 1.26 × 1014 s. How much time would it take for 100%
completion?
(i) 1.26 × 1015 s (ii) 2.52 × 1014 s (iii) 2.52 × 1028 s (iv) infinite
6. Rate law for the reaction A + 2B ⎯→ C is found to be Rate = k [A][B]. Concentration of reactant
‘B’ is doubled, keeping the concentration of ‘A’ constant, the value of rate constant will be______.
(i) the same (ii) doubled (iii) quadrupled (iv) halved
7. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the collision theory of chemical reaction?
(i) It considers reacting molecules or atoms to be hard spheres and ignores their structural features.
(ii) Number of effective collision determines the rate of reaction.
(iii) Collision of atoms or molecules possessing sufficient threshold energy results into the product
formation.
(iv) Molecules should collide with sufficient threshold energy and proper orientation for the collision
to be effective.
8. Which of the following statements are applicable to a balanced chemical equation of an
elementary reaction?
(i) Order is same as molecularity.
(ii) Order is less than the molecularity.
(iii) Order is greater than the molecularity.
(iv) Molecularity can never be zero.
9. In any unimolecular reaction ______________.
(i) only one reacting species is involved in the rate determining step.
(ii) the order and the molecularity of slowest step are equal to one.
(iii) the molecularity of the reaction is one and order is zero.
(iv) both molecularity and order of the reaction are one.
10. For a complex reaction ______________.
(i) order of overall reaction is same as molecularity of the slowest step.
(ii) order of overall reaction is less than the molecularity of the slowest step.
(iii) order of overall reaction is greater than molecularity of the slowest step.
(iv) molecularity of the slowest step is never zero or non interger.
ANSWER KEY:1.(iii) 2.(iii) 3.(iii) 4.(i) 5.(ii) 6.(iii) 7.(iii) 8.(i),(iv) 9.(i),(ii) 10.(i),(iv)
MIND MAP
SURFACE CHEMISTRY (UNIT 4)
KEY POINTS
 The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of surface phenomena.
 Adsorption:The phenomenon of attracting and retaining the molecules of a substance at the surface of the
solid oraliquidresulting intohigher concentration of the moleculeson the surface than in the bulk.
 Adsorbent: The substance where adsorption occurs.
 Adsorbate: The substance that get adsorbed.
 Absorption: The phenomenon in which the particles of gas and liquid get uniformly
distributed throughout the body of the solid.
 Desorption: The process of removal of an adsorbed substance from the surface on which it is adsorbed.
 Sorption: When both absorption and adsorption occur together and are not distinguishable.
 Mechanism of adsorption : arises due to unbalanced force of attraction on the surface of solid that are r
responsible for attracting the adsorbate particles on the surface.
 The extent of adsorption increases with increase in surface area.
Gibbs energy change during adsorption : During adsorption, there is always decrease in residual force i.e.,
there is decrease in surface energy, which appears as heat. Therefore adsorption is an exothermic process i.e. ΔH
= – ve .
Also movement of the particles are restricted in this process. Therefore ΔS = – ve According to Gibbs Helmholtz
equation : ΔG = ΔH – TΔS, or ΔG = (–ΔH ) – T(–ΔS)
for adsorption to occur. ΔG must be negative which is possible only when ΔH >TΔS
 Types of Adsorption: physical and chemical adsorption
1. Physical adsorption : When the particles of adsorbate are held to the surface of adsorbent by weak
Van der Waals forces,
Characteristics of physical adsorption: Lack of specificity, low enthalpy of adsorption, reversible in nature, no
activation energy required,decrease with increase in temperature .
2. Chemical adsorption : When the molecules of adsorbate are held to the surface of adsorbent by strong
chemical forces.
Characteristics of chemical adsorption: Highly specific in nature, high enthalpy of adsorption, Irreversible in nature,
initially it increases with increasein temperature as it needs activation energy, very slow .
Adsorption Isotherm: The variation in the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent with pressure at constant
temperature can be expressed by means of a curve termed as adsorption isotherm.
(Its a plot / curve between extent of adsorption( x/m) and pressure P at constant T).
Freundlich adsorption Isotherm
x/m = K.P1/n(n>1)
Log x/m = logk + 1/n logP
The factor 1/n can have values between 0 & 1.
When 1/n=0, x/m = constant which shows that adsorption is independent of pressure.
When 1/n=1,x/m = kP, the adsorption varies directly with pressure.
 The variation in the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent with temperature at constant pressure can
be expressed by means of a curve termed as adsorption isobar.
Adsorption isotherm in term of Freundlich.
P – Constant
P – Constant
x/m x/m
Temperature  Temperature 
Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption
Factors Affecting adsorption

 Nature of adsorbent : Transition metals act as good adsorbents for gases due to vacant or half filled d-
orbitals and high charge‐size ratio.
 Surface area of adsorbent : surface area α adsorption.
 Nature of adsorbate : Easily liquefiable gases like ammonia, HCl, carbon dioxide etc. a r e a d sorbed to
a much greater extent than permanent gases like nitrogen, Hydrogen,etc.
 Pressure : At constant temperature , adsorption α pressure
 Temperature : adsorption α 1/T.
 Activation of solid absorbent : It is done by subdividing the solid into smaller particles or by passing super
heated steam to increase its adorsbing power.
Adsorption from solutions : In case of adsorption from solution phase.
Extent of adsorption ( x/m) α 1/T.
Extent of adsorption ( x/m) α surface area of the adsorption.
Extent of adsorption (x/m) α concentration of the solute.
The extent of adsorption depends on the nature of adsorbent and the adsorbate.
APPLICATIONS OF ADSORPTION:
(a) Gas masks
(b) Production of high vacuum
(c) Humidity control
(d) Removal of colouring matter from solutions
(e) Heterogeneous catalysis
(f) Separation of inert gases
(g) Softening of hard water
(h) De‐ionization of water
CATALYSIS: Substances which alter the rate of reaction, themselves remaining chemically and quantitatively
unchanged after the reaction and the phenomenon is called catalysis.
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS‐ When the reactants and the catalysts are in the same phase
2SO2 (g)+ O2 (g) NO(g) 2SO3
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS‐ The catalytic process in which the reactants and the catalysts are in different
phases.
Fe(s)
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) 2NH2
AUTO CATALYSIS– when one of the products increases the rate of reaction by acting as a catalysts.
FEATURES OF SOLID CATALYSTS‐
1. ACTIVITY –The activity of a catalysts depends upon the strength of chemisorption to a large extent. The
reactants must get adsorbed reasonably strongly on to the catalyst to become active.
eg‐ 2H2O + O2 → 2H2O
2. SELECTIVITY‐ The selectivity of a catalyst is its ability to direct a reaction to yield a particular product.
Ni
CO(g) + 3H2 (g) CH4 + H2O
Cu/ZnO-Cr2O3
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
Cu
CO(g) + H2(g) HCHO
ZEOLITES : are shape‐ selective catalysts because of their honey comb like structures. Chemically
microporus aluminosilicates.
The reaction taking place in zeolites depend upon :The size and shape of reactant and product molecules and
pores and cavities of the zeolites.
 Zeolites widely used as catalysts in petrochemical industries for cracking of
zeolite catalysts used in petroleum industries. ZSM‐5, converts alcohols directly Iinto
gasoline(petrol)
COLLOIDAL STATE
 The substances whose solutions could pass through filter paper and animal membrane,
having higher rate of diffusion are called CRYSTALLOIDS.
 Substances whose solution can pass through filter paper and not animal membrane, having slower
rate of diffusion are called COLLOIDS. Particle size 1nm to 1000nm
Classification is based on following criteria
 Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
 Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
 Types of particles of the dispersed phase
Dispersion phase {DP} and Dispersion medium {DM}
 The phase which is dispersed in the other (medium) is called DP or internal phase, or
discontinuous phase.
 The phase or medium in which the dispersion is made is called dispersion medium (DM) orexternal phase
or continuous phase.
ClassificationonthebasisofaffinityofDPforDM:lyophobicand lyophiliccolloids
 Lyophobic colloids (solvent hating colloids ) : These colloids cannot be prepared by simply mixing
dispersed phase with dispersion medium, they need stabilizing agent to preserve them , irreversible. Ex:
colloidal solutions of gold , silver, Fe(OH)3, As2S3, etc.
 Lyophilic colloids ( solvent loving): Directly formed by mixing DP with a suitable dispersion
medium), self‐stabilizing , reversible sol, sol of starch, gum, gelatin, rubber.
Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase
 Multimolecular colloids : Consists of aggregates of a large number of atoms or whose diameter
is less than 1 nm. Ex Au sol
 Macromolecular colloids: In these colloids the molecules have sizes and dimensions to
colloidal particles. Ex: proteins, starch, cellulose.
 Associated colloids: At low concentrations, behave as normal, strong electrolytes and at higher
concentrations exhibit colloidal state properties due to the formation of aggregated particles
(micelles). e.g Soaps and detergents
 The temperature only above which the formation of micelles takes place is called Kraft
temperature (T K) .
 Critical Micelle Concentration: The concentration above which micelle formation takes place place
Preparation of Lyophobic sols
 Condensation methods : Particles of atomic or molecular size are induced to form aggregates
 Oxidation method:Sulphur colloids are prepared by oxidation of H2S by O2.
SO2 +2H2S → 3S (sol) +2H2O
 Reduction : Silver colloids are prepared by passing H2 through a saturated aqueous solution of silver oxide at
65° C.
 Hydrolysis : Dark brown Fe(OH)3 colloidal solution is prepared by adding FeCl3 into boiling
water.FeCl 3 + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
 Double decomposition : Arsenious sulphide colloidal solution is prepared by passing of H 2S gas into a
solution of As2O3.
 Exchange of solvent : Colloidal solution of phosphorus is prepared by addition of alcohol into a solution
phosphorous in excess water.
 Dispersion methods & Mechanical disintegration
 Peptisation : Process of converting of a fresh precipitate into colloidal particles by adding suitable
electrolyte is known as peptisation.
e.g. Fe(OH)3 solution is formed from FeCl3.
 Electro‐disintegration (Bredig's arc method) Purification of colloids:
Dialysis : Purification of colloidal solutions from the impurities(electrolytes) by diffusion through a
porous membrane such as parchment, collodion, etc.
 Electro dialysis : When dialysis process is accelerated by the application of a potential
difference across the membrane, So ions migrate faster than the colloids .
 Ultra filtration : purification of colloidal solution using special filter paper called ultra filters (filter
paper which is impregnated with gelatin or collodion followed by hardening in formaldehyde)
Colloidion: it is 4% nitrocellulose soln in alcohol and ether.
Properties of colloids:
 Optical properties: Tyndall effect : Due to scattering of light by colloidal particles by which t he beam of light
becomes visible.
 Brownian movement: Zig‐ zag movement of colloidal particles due to collision between
particles of DP & DM, responsible for stability of colloids.
 Electrophoresis:Movement of colloidal particles under influence of electric field.
 Electro‐osmosis: molecules of dispersion medium allowed to move under influence of electic f ileld
 Coagulation or flocculation: Process of settling of colloidal particles into precipitate or float on surface by
addition of electrolytes.
Hardy schulze law : Coagulating power of an electrolyte increases rapidly with the increase in the valency of cation
or anion.
Fornegatively charged sol, the coagulating powerof electrolytes are:
AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl or Al3+> Ba2+> Na+
For positively charged, then the coagulating power of electrolytes follow the following order:
K4 [Fe(CN)6 ] > PO4 3–> SO4 2– >Cl–
Emulsion: liquid – liquid colloidal system..e.g. milk, Na‐soaps, vanishing cream, etc
. Types of emulsions:
Oil in water: when oil is the dispersed phase and water is the dispersion medium, e.g. milk.
Water in oil: when water is the dispersed phase and oil is the dispersed medium, e.g. butter, Applications of
colloids:
(a) Rubber plating (b)Sewage disposal (c) Smoke screen
(d) Purification of water (e)Cleaning action of soap (f) In medicine
(h) Photography (i)Artificial rain (g) Formation of delta
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Very short answer type questions (1 mark each)
Q1.What is the sign of ΔH and ΔS for adsorption of bromine on charcoal?
Ans. Both ΔH and ΔS are negative.
Q2. Why are substances like platinum and palladium often used for carrying out electrolysis of aqueous
solutions?
A2. Platinum and palladium are inert materials & are not attacked by the ions of the electrolyte or the
products of electrolysis therefore used as electrodes for carrying out the electrolysis.
Q3. Why does physisorption decreases with the increase of temperature?
A3. Physisorption is an exothermic process i.e, heat is produced in the process.
Solid (adsorbent) + gas (adsorbate) gas/solid(gas adsorbed on solid) + heat
According to Le‐Chatelier's principle, if we increase the temperature, equilibrium will shift in the backward
direction, i.e, gas is released from the adsorbed surface.
Q4). Why is it necessary to remove CO when ammonia is obtained by Haber's process?
A4). CO acts as a poison for the catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process.
Q5) What is the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium of froth?
A5. Dispersed phase is gas, dispersion medium is liquid.
Q 6. What is shape selective catalysis?
A 6. It is the catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore structure of the catalyst and size of the
reactant and product molecules.
Q7. Why lyophilic colloids are more stable than lyophobic colloids?
A 7. Due to (i) solvation (ii) charge on the colloidal particles .
Q8) What is the cause of Brownian movement among colloidal particles?
A8 Due to unequal collision between particles of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Q9) Write the main reason for the stability of colloidal sols.
A9. Brownian movement / charge on colloidal particles.
Q10) Give an example of micelle system?
A10. Sodium stearate (C17 H35 COO Na+).
Q11) Write down the example of positively charged sol?
A11. Ferric hydroxide sol.
1. Assertion : A colloidal sol scatters light but a true solution does not.
Reason : The particles in a colloidal sol move slowly than in a true solution. ( Ans - b)
2. Assertion : Activation energy for both the forward and backward reactions is lowered to the same
extent by a catalyst.
Reason : A reaction cannot become fast by itself unless a catalyst is added. (Ans - c)
3. Assertion : Hydrolysis of ester is an example of auto - catalytic reaction.
Reason : A catalyst speeds up the process without participating in the mechanism. ( Ans - c)
4. Assertion : Hydrated ferric oxide can be easily coagulated by sodium phosphate in comparison to
KCl.
Reason : Phosphate ions has higher negative charge than chloride ions. Hence, they are more
effective for coagulation. ( Ans - a)
5. Assertion : During preparation of ice - cream, gelatin is added in it.
Reason : Ice -creams are emulsions which get stabilised by gelatin as it acts as an emulsifying
agent. ( Ans - a)
One - word Answer
1. Which phenomenon is responsible for formation of delta? (Ans - Coagulation)
2. Name a cheap material useful for causing artificial rain ? (Ans - Electrified sand)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Q9). Explain what is observed
(i) When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal soln.
(ii) Electric current is passed through a colloidal soln.
A9). (i) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light becomes visible. This is
known as Tyndall effect.
(ii) On passing an electric current , colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrodes
where they loose their charge and get coagulated. This process is called electrophoresis.
Q10). Explain: (i) Electrophoresis (ii) Coagulation
A10). (i) The phenomenon involving the migration(movement) of colloidal particles under the influence of
electric field towards the oppositely charged electrode
(ii) The process of conversion of sol into precipitate, usually done by addition of suitable electrolytes.If the
coagulated particles float on the surface of dispersion medium, the coagulation is known as flocculation.
Q11). What are micelles? Give an example of a miceller system.
A11. Micelles are produced by the aggregation of a large number of ions in concentrated sol . Aggregated
particles are known as micelles also known as associated colloids.eg: soap, synthetic detergents..
Q12). (i) Why is ferric chloride prefered over potassium chloride in the case of a cut leading to bleeding?
(ii) Why is desorption important for a substance to act as a good catalyst ?
A12. (i) Blood is +vely charged colloid.One molecule of ferric chloride produces 3 –ve chloride ions while one
molecule of potassium chloride produces one –ve chloride ion. Greater the –ve charge, faster the coagulation.
(ii) After the reaction is over between the adsorbed reactants, the process of desorption must take place to remove
the product molecules and create space for other reactant molecules to adsorb on the catalyst surface
Q13) Differentiate between lyophilic colloids and lyophobic colloids?
Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids

These are easily formed by direct mixing These are easily formed by special methods.
b) Particles of colloids are not easily visible even Particles of colloids are easily visible under ultra
under ultra microscope. microscope.
c) These are very stable. c) These are unstable.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

(3 MARKS EACH)
Q14) Account for thefollowing:
(i) What is colloidion?
(ii) Why do we add alum to purify water?
(iii) Of physisorption and chemisorption, which type of adsorption has a higher enthalpy of adsorption?
A14. (i) It is a 4% sol. of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether.
(ii) Alum coagulates colloidal impurities present in water.
(iii) Chemisorption has higher enthalpy of adsorption on account of formation of chemical bond.
Q15) (i) How can colloidal sol. of sulphur in water be prepared?
(ii) What is electrophoresis due to ?
(iii) Why is Fe(OH)3 colloid +vely charged when prepared by adding FeCl3to hot water?
(i) It is prepared by oxidation of H2S by dil.HNO3. H2S + [O] HNOH3 2O + S
(ii) Colloidal particles carry a charge, either +ve or –ve. On passing electricity, they migrate towards the
oppositely charged electrode.
(iii) The colloidal sol. o f hydrated ferric oxide adsorbs +vely charged Fe3+ ion and therefore the colloidal sol.
becomes +vely charged.
Q16) How are the following colloids different from each other in respect of dispersion medium and
dispersed phase? Give an example each.
(i) An aerosol (ii) A hydrosol (iii) An emulsion A16. (i) An aerosol
is a colloidal dispersion of liquid in a gas, eg, fog
(ii) A hydrosol is a colloidal sol. of a solid in water as the dispersion medium, eg, starch sol.
(iii) An emulsion is a colloidal system with dispersed phase as well as dispersion medium as liquids, eg, oil in
water.
Q17) Account for thefollowing:
(i) On the basis of Hardy Schulze rule , explain why the coagulating power of phosphate is higher than
chloride?
(ii) How does a delta form at the meeting place of sea and river water ?
(iii) Why is chemisorptions referred to as activated adsorption?
A17. (i) Minimum quantity of an electrolyte required to cause precipitation of a sol is called its coagulating
value. Greater the charge and smaller the amount of electrolyte required for precipitation higher is the
coagulating power of electrolyte.
(ii) River water is a colloidal sol. of clay and sea water contains a lot of electrolytes . Coagulation takes place at
the meeting place of sea and river water the coagulated clay forms delta.
(iii) Chemisorption involves formation of bonds for which activation energy is required.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q18). What is adsorption ? How adsorption is classified? How does adsorption of a gas on a solid surface
vary with (i) temperature (ii) pressure.
A18. Adsorption is a phenomenon in which concentration of solute is more at the surface and less in the
bulk. Adsorption is classified as physisorption & chemisorption.
Physical adsorption of a gas on solid decreases with increase in temperature and increases with increase in
pressure.
Chemical adsorption first increases and then decreases with increase in temperature.
Chemical adsorption first increases and then becomes independent of pressure with increase in pressure.
Q19) a. Define : (i) Kraft temperature (ii) Zeta potential (iii) Brownian movement
b. Arrange the following ions in increasing order of flocculating power to precipitate As2S3 sol : [Fe(CN)6 ]4–
, PO4 3–, SO4 2–, Cl–
c. Give an example of oil in water & water in oil type emulsion.
A19. (i) Kraft temperature‐ a particular temperature only above which formation of micelles takes place.
(ii) Zeta potential‐ it is the potential difference between the fixed and diffused layer of opposite charges
around the colloidal particles.
(iii) Brownian movement‐ It is a continuous zig-zag motion of colloidal particles. It is due the unbalanced
bombardment / collision of the particles by the molecules of dispersion medium. It depends upon the
size of the particles and viscosity of the solution.
b. [Fe(CN)6]4–> PO43–> SO42–> Cl–
c. Oil in water‐ milk and vanishing cream, Water in oil‐ butter and cold cream.
.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Why adsorbate particles are attracted and retained on the surface of adsorbent?
2. Write down the example of negative sol?
3. What is the difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids ? Give one example each.
4. What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts?
5. Why adsorption is always exothermic?
6. (a) Define each of the following terms
(i) micelles (ii) peptization (iii) desorption (b) Explain what is observed when,
(i) an electric current is passed through As2S3 sol
(ii) a beam of light is passed through a sol.
7. “Chemisorption is highly specific.” Illustrate with an example.
8. “Adsorbents in finely divided form are more effective.” Why?
9. Name two compounds used as adsorbent for controlling humidity.
10. Name the catalyst used in the following process :
(a) Haber process for the manufacture of NH 3 gas.
(b). Ostwald process for the manufacture of nitric acid.
11. What happens :
(a) When animal charcoal is added to a solution of methylene blue dye.
(b) When aqueous solution of raw sugar is passed over bed of animal charcoal.
12. Suggest a mechanism of enzyme catalysed reaction along with the diagram.
13. Diffrentiate between(a) catalysts and enzymes
(b) promoters and poisons (with the help of an example).
14. (a) Which property of colloids is responsible for the sun to look red, at the time ofsun set?
(b) Explain the process of electrical precipitation of smoke, with diagram.
(c) Arrange the gases CO, N2 and CH4 in increasing order of adsorption on the surface of charcoal in a closed
vessel. Give reason.
MCQ ON SURFACE CHEMISTRY
1.In Freundlich Adsorption isotherm, the value of 1/n is
a)1 in case of physical adsorption
b)1 in case of chemisorption
C)Between 0 and 1 in all cases
d)Between 2 and 4 in all cases
2. Which one of the following statement is incorrect about enzyme catalysis?
a) Enzymes are denaturated by ultraviolet rays and at high temperature
b) Enzymes are least reactive at optimum temperature
c) Enzymes are mostly proteinous in nature
d) Enzyme action is specific
3. The protecting power of lyophilic colloidal sol is expressed in terms of
a) Critical miscelle concentration
b) Oxidation number
c) Coagulation value
d) Gold number
4. Which one of the following is an example for homogenous catalysis?
a) Hydrogenation of oil
b) Manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process
c) Manufacture of sulphuric acid by Contact process
d) Hydrolysis of sucrose in presence of dilute hydrochloric acid
5.Which one of the following does not involve coagulation?
a) Peptization
b) Formation of delta regions
c) Treatment of drinking water by potash alum
d) Clotting of blood by the use of ferric chloride
6. Among the electrolytes Na 2SO4, CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3 and NH4 Cl, the most effective coagulating agent for
Sb2S3 sol is
(a) Na2SO4
(b) CaCl2
(c ) Al2(SO4)3
(d) NH4Cl
7. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding physisorption?
(a) It occurs because of van der Waals forces
(b) More easily liquefiable gases are adsorbed readily
© Under high pressure it results into multimolecular layer on adsorbent surface
(d) Enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH adsorption) is low and positive
8.Rate of physical adsorption increase with
(a) increase in temperature
(b) decrease in pressure
© decrease in temperature
(d) decrease in surface area
9.Gold numbers of protective colloids A, B, C and D are 0.50, 0.01, 0.10 and 0.005 respectively. The correct
order of their protective powers is
(a)B < D < A < C
(b)D < A < C < B
©C<B<D<A
(d)A < C < B < D
10.The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is deduced using the assumption
(a) The adsorbed molecules interact with each other.
(b) The adsorption takes place in multilayers.
© The adsorption sites are equivalent in their ability to adsorb the particles.
(d) The heat of adsorption varies with coverage.
11.A plot of log x/m versus log p for the adsorption of a gas on a solid gives a straight line with slope equal
to
(a) N
(b) 1/n
© log K
(d) - log K
12. In Langmuir's model of adsorption of a gas on a solid surface
(a) the adsorption at a single site on the surface may involve multiple molecules at the same time.
(b) the mass of gas striking a given area of surface is proportional to the pressure of the gas.
© the mass of gas striking a given area of surface is independent of the pressure of the gas.
(d) the rate of dissociation of adsorbed molecules from the surface does not depend on the
surface covered.
13.Which of the following electrolyte will have maximum flocculation value for
Fe(OH)3 sol?
(a) Na2S
(b) (NH4)3PO4
© K2SO4
(d) NaCl
14. Which one of the followings forms micelles in aqueous solution above certain concentration?
(a) Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
(b) Glucose
© Urea
(d) Pyridinium chloride
15.During the adsorption of Krypton on activated charcoal at low temperature
A ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
B ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0
C ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
D ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0

16.The basic principle of Cottrell's precipitator is
A Le-Chatelier's principle
B Peptisation
C neutralisation of charge on colloidal particles
D scattering of light
17.The colour of sky is due to
A absorption of light by atmospheric gases
B wavelength of scattered light
C transmission of light
D All of these
18. Among the following, the surfactant that will form micelles in aqueous solution at the lowest molar
concentration at ambient conditions is
A CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br−
B CH3(CH2)11OSO3−Na+
C CH3(CH2)16COO−Na+
D CH3(CH2)11N+(CH3)3Br−
19. 2SO2(g) is an example for
A irreversible reaction
B heterogenous catalysis
C homogenous catalyst
D neutralization reaction
20. When a sulphur sol is evaporated sulphur is obtained. On mixing with water sulphur sol is not formed.
The sol is
A Reversible
B Hydrophobic
C Hydrophilic
D Lyophilic
ANSWERS
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.(C ) 19.B 20.B
Classification of Colloids
Solid + Solid =
Solid Sol
B) Based on Lyophilic Colloid

Interaction of
Solid + Liquid =
Dispersed Phase
Sol & Dispersion
Medium Lyophilic Colloid
a) Based on
Physical State Solid + Gas =
Aerosol Macromolecular
Liquid + Solid = C) Based onTypes

Gel of Particles of Multimolecular
Dispersed Phase
Liquid + Liquid =
Emulsion Associated
Properties of Colloids
Tyndall effect : scattering of light, path of light visible.

Show Colligative properties:
Brownian movem ent : Zig Zag movem ent of particles
Charge on the colloidal particles due to prefrential adsorption of ions, nat ure of
charge is same on all particles
Electrophoresis: movement of colloidal particles towards oppositely charged
electrode in presence of external field.
Electro-osmosis: movem ent of particles of dispersion medium in applied electric field.
Coagulation : Process of setting of colloidal particles
Purification of
colloidal solution
DIALYSIS : Process of ELECTRODIALYSIS:

removing impurities when dialysis is
by using semi permeable carried out with an
membrane. electric field applied.
ULTRA FILTRATION :
using special filters which are
permeable to all ionic
substances except colloidal
particles
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS (UNIT- 5)
FLOW SHEET FOR EXTRACTION OF IRON:‐
Iron ore(Magnetite Fe 3O4)(Haematite Fe2O3)

 Concentration is done by Gravity separation followed by magnetic separation

Calcination &Roasting i.e. Ore + Air +Heat →Moisture,CO2,SO2, As2O3 removed
And FeO oxidized to Fe2O3

 
 Smelting of charge i.e. mixture of ore, coke & CaCO3 takes place in long BLAST
 FURNACE. Following reaction take place at different zones:

Pig iron is obtained, which is remelted
and cooled then cast iron is obtained
FLOW SHEET FOR EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM:‐
Bauxite, Al 2O 3.2H2 O
Concentration of ore is done by leaching. Bauxite is treated with NaOH. Following reaction takes place:‐
Al2O3 +2NaOH + 3 H2O →2 Na [Al (OH)4] and impurities of Fe2O3, TiO2 &SiO2 are removed.

Na [Al(OH)4], then reacts with CO2 then pure Alumina is obtained.
Na [Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 → Al2O3.xH2O + 2NaHCO3

Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina takes place in iron box (cathode) with cryolite (Na3AlF6) &
fluorspar CaF2. Graphite rods act as anode. Following reactions take place:
Atcathode:‐Al3++3e– → Al, At Anode:‐2O2– → O2 +4e–
By this process 98.8% pure Aluminum is obtained.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Q.1. What is slag? (1 mark)
A.1. It is easily fusible material, which is formed when gangue still present in roasted ore combines
with the flux. e.g. CaO (flux) + SiO2 (gangue) → CaSiO3 (slag)
Q.2.Name the metals which can be refined by zone refining.
A3.Silicon, Germanium, Gallium.
Q.3.What is the principle of chromatography?
A3. It is based on adsorption
Q.4. What is the role of graphite rods in electrometallurgy of aluminium?
A.4. Graphite rods act as anode, are attacked by oxygen to form CO2 and sois replaced from time to time.
Q.5. What is the role of cryolite in electrometallurgy of aluminium?
A.5. Alumina cannot be fused easily because of high melting point. Dissolving of alumina in cryolite
furnishes Al3+ ions, which can be electrolyzed easily.
Q.6. What are depressants?
A.6. It is possible to separate two sulphide ore by adjusting proportion of oil to water in froth flotation
process by using a substance known as depressant.e.g. NaCN is used to separate ZnS and PbS.
Q.7. Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not Zn. Why?
A.7. The E0 of Zn is lower than that of Cu thus Zn can displace Cu2+ion from its solution. On the other hand, to
displace Zn from Zn2+ion, we need a more reactive metal than it.
Q.8. Give name and formula of important ore of iron .
A.8. Haematite – Fe2O3, Magnetite –Fe3O4, Iron pyrites FeS2.
Q.9. Give name and formula of important ore of copper .
A.9. Copper pyrites CuFeS2, Malachite CuCO3 . Cu (OH)2, Cuprite Cu2O.
Q.10. Give name and formula of important ore of Zinc .
A.10. Zinc blende ‐ ZnS, Calamine‐ ZnCO3, Zincite – ZnO .
choice from the options given below.
1. Assertion : Copper is obtained during extraction from cuprous oxide, is called blister
copper.
Reason : It has shining surface like blister. (Ans - c)
2. Assertion : Carbon and hydrogen are good reducing agents but they are not used to
reduce metal oxides at high temperature.
Reason : They react with metals to form carbides and hydrides at high temperature.
(Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Sulphide ores are converted to oxides before reduction.
Reason : Sulphides can not be reduced easily while oxides can be easily reduced.
( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Name a method used for refining Indium. ( Ans - Zone refining)
2. Name the method of extraction of low - grade copper . ( Ans - Hydrometallurgy)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Q.1 Describe the method of refining of nickel.
A.1 In the Mond Process, Ni is heated in a stream of CO forming a volatile complex, which then
decompose at higher temperature to give Ni.
At 330 – 35OK : Ni +4CO → Ni(CO)4
At 450 – 4 70K : Ni (CO) 4 → Ni + 4CO
Q.2 What is Zone Refining? Explain with example.
A. 2 Zone refining is a method of obtaining a metal in very pure state. It is based on the principle that
impurities are more soluble in molten state of metal than solidified state.
In this method, a rod of impure metal is moved slowly over circular heater. The portion of the metal being
heated melts & forms the molten zone. As this portion of the rod moves out of heater, it solidifies while the
impurities pass into molten zone. The process is repeated to obtain ultrapure metal and end of rod containing
impure metal is cut off.
Q .3 Write the principle of electro‐refining.
A.3 In this method of purification impure metal is made anode and pure metal is made the cathode. On
passing electricity, pure metal is deposited at the cathode while the impurities dissolve in solution as
anode mud e.g. electro‐ refining of copper: ‐
At Cathode :‐ Cu2+ + 2e– →Cu
At Anode :‐ Cu → Cu+2 + 2e-
Q. 4 Write difference between calcination and roasting.
Q.5 Describe the method of refining of Zirconium and Titanium.
A.5 Van Arkel process is used for obtaining ultrapure metal The impure metal is converted into volatile
compound, which then decomposes electrically to get pure metal.
At 850K :‐ Zr (impure) + 2I2 →Zr I4
At 2075K :‐ZrI4 →Zr (pure) +2 I2
Q.6 Explain the role of –(i) CO in the purification of Nickel (ii)SiO2 in the extraction of copper from
copper matte.
A6.(i) It forms a volatile complex with Ni while impurities do not.
( ii)It remove the impurities FeO to form FeSiO3 which is removed as slag .
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(3 marks)
Q.1 Explain the following :‐
i) Zinc but not copper is used for recovery of Ag from the complex [Ag(CN)2].
ii) Partial roasting of sulphide ore is done in the metallurgy of copper.
iii) Extraction of Cu from pyrites is difficult than that from its oxide ore through reduction.
A.1 i) Zn is more powerful reducing agent in comparison to copper. Zn is also cheaper than Cu.
ii) Partial roasting of sulphide ore forms some oxide. This oxide then reacts with remaining sulphide ore
to give copper i.e. self‐reduction occurs.
2Cu2S+3O2 → 2Cu2O+2SO2.
2Cu2O+2Cu2S →6Cu + SO2
iii) Though carbon is good reducing agent for oxide but it is poor reducing agent for sulphides. The reduction
of metal sulphide does not have large negative value.
Q.2 Explain the method for obtaining pig iron from magnetite.
A.2 Extraction of iron from magnetite takes place in following steps :‐
i) Concentration of ore :‐ It is done by gravity separation followed by magnetic separation process.
ii) Calcination:‐ It involve heating when the volatile matter escapes leaving behind metal oxide.
Fe2O3 x H2O → Fe2O3 + xH2O.
iii) Roasting:‐ It involves heating of ore in presence of air, thus moisture, CO2, SO2, As2O3 removed and FeO
oxidized to Fe2O3.
iv) Smelting of roasted ore: A mixture of ore, coke & CaCO 3 is smelted in long BLAST FURNACE.
Following reaction takes place at different temperature zones :‐
i) Zone of reduction:‐ Temperaturerange 250°C – 700°C 3Fe2O3+CO → 2Fe3O4+CO2
Fe3O4+CO → 3FeO+CO2
FeO+CO → Fe+CO2
ii) Zone of slag formation:‐ Temperature range 800°C – 1000°C CaCO3 → CaO+CO2
CaO+SiO2 → CaSiO3. P4O10+10C → 4P+10CO.
SiO2+2C →Si+2CO. MnO2+2C →Mn+2CO.
iii) Zone of fusion:‐ Temperature range 1150°C – 1350°C
CO2+C → 2CO
iv) Zone of fusion:‐ Temperature range 1450°C – 1950°C
C+O2 → CO2
Thus, Pig iron is obtained from blast furnace.
Q.3 Describe the principles of extraction of copper from its ore.
Q.4 Name the principal ore of aluminium and describe how Al is extracted from its ore.
A.4 Important ores (i) Bauxite Al2O3 x H2O (ii) Corrundum Al2O3. Bauxite is commercially important ore of
Al.
Extraction from Bauxite ore involves the following two stages :‐
i) Purification of bauxite to get pure alumina (Al2O3)
ii) Electrolysis of pure alumina in molten cryolite
Step: 1 ‐ Bauxite is treated with NaOH. Following reaction takes place :‐
Al2O3+2NaOH+3H 2O → 2Na [Al(OH)4] and impurities of Fe2O3. TiO2 & SiO2 are r emoved Na
[Al(OH)4], then reacts with CO2 then pure Alumina is obtained.
Na [Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 → Al2O3 x H2O + 2NaHCO3
Step:2 ‐ Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina takes place in iron box (cathode) with cryolite (Na3AlF6) &
fluorspar CaF2. Graphite rods act as anode. Following reactions take place :‐
At cathode: Al3+ + 3e– → Al,
At anode : 2O2– → O2 + 2e_
By this process 98.8% pure Aluminum is obtained.

Q.5 Described the principles of extraction of Zinc from zinc blende.
A.5 Important ores of Zn:‐ Zinc blende – ZnS. Calamine – ZnCO3, and Zincite – ZnO, ZnS is commercially
important ore of Zn. Various stages involved in the extraction of Zn from ZnS are as following :–
i) Concentraction of ore:‐ It is concentracted by Froth flotation process followed by gravity separation
process.
ASSIGNMENT
Q1 Explain: (i) Zone refining (ii) Column chromatography.
Q2 What is the role of depressant in froth floatation process?
Q3 Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain.
Q4 Why copper matte is put in silica lined converter?
Q5 What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium?
Q6 Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing agent for ZnO ?
Q .The iron pillar near Qutab Minar in Delhi is made up of wrought iron. This iron pillar was made around 400
BC by the Indian iron workers. Though wrought iron rust slowely with time but the Indian iron workers have
developed a process which prevented the wrought iron pillar from rusting even after thousands of years. The
rusting has been prevented because of the formation of a thin film of magnetic oxide of iron on the surface as a
result of finishing treatment given to the pillar, painting it with a mixture of different salts, then heating and
quenching(rapid cooling). The iron pillar is 8m high and 600kg in weight. This iron pillar stands in good
condition more than 200 years after it was made. The iron pillar at Delhi is a wonder of ancient Indian metallurgy.
It tells us that ancient Indians had good knowledge of metals and their alloys
(i) What is an alloy?
(ii) Name two alloys of iron.
(iii) How is an alloy made?
(iv) What are the constituents of stainless steel?
(v) Name any 2 properties of alloys which are different from the properties of the constituent metals.
Answer)
(i) An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (or a metal and small amount of non metals)
(ii) Steel and stainless steel.
(iii) An alloy is prepared by mixing the various metals in molten state in required proportions, and then
cooling their mixture to the room temperature.
(iv) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.
(V) a. Alloys are harder and stronger than the metals from which they are made.
b. Alloys are more resistant to corrosion.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ) (1 Mark)
1-What is the role of Zinc metal in the extraction of Silver.
(i) As Oxidising agent (ii) As Reducing agent (iii) Both of them (iv) None of them
1-Ans.(ii)
2-Name the method that is used for the refining of Nickel
(i)Mond’s Process (ii) Electrolytic Refining (iii) Zone Refining (iv) All of them
2-Ans.(i)
3- Which reducing agent is employed to get copper from leached low grade copper ore.
(i)N2 (ii) H2 (iii) Coke (iv) CO
3-Ans.(ii)
4-Name the depressant which is used to separate ZnS and PbS ores in froth flotation process.
(i) NaCN (ii) NaOH (iii) NaCl (iv) KCl
4-Ans.(i)
5-Silica is used as a flux in the extraction of Metals which is an example of
(i)Basic (ii) Neutral (iii) Acidic (iv) Amphoteric
5-Ans.(iii)
6- What name is given to Carbon Reduction process for extracting the metal.
(i)Roasting (ii) Calcination (iii) Electrolytic (iv) Smelting
6-Ans.(iv)
7-Which process is generally used for the concentration of sulphide ores
(i)Hydraulic Washing (ii) Magnetic Separation (iii) Froth Flotation (iv) Distillation
7-Ans.(iii)
8-Which metal is obtained by reacting the ore with dilute sodium cyanide solution.
(i)Gold (ii) Silver (iii) Iron (iv) Gold
8-Ans.(ii)
9-Which one of the purest form of commercial iron
(i)Pig Iron (ii) Steel (iii) Wrought Iron (iv) None of them
9-Ans.(iii)
10-Name the process by which an ore of tin containing FeCr2O4 is concentrated.
(i)Magnetic Separation (ii) Liquation (iii) Froth Floatation (iv) Leaching
10-Ans.(i)
P‐Block Elements (UNIT‐ 6)
The general valence shell electronic configuration of p‐block elements ‐ ns2 np1–6
th
Group‐16 ELEMENTS
KEY POINTS :‐
1. O, S, Se, Te and Po are present in G‐16th Their general electronic conf. of last shell is ns2,np4.
2. Atomic and ionic radii increases down the group while ionization enthalpy and electro-negativity
decreases with increase in atomic number.
3. Because of compact nature of oxygen atom, it has less negative electron gain enthalpy than sulphur. However
from sulphur onwards the value again becomes less negative up to polonium..
4. Members of group 16 show oxidation number ‐2, +2, +4 and +6. But oxygen shows +1 state in O2 F2.
5. They make MO2 and MO3 type oxides. SO2 is reducing agent whereas TeO2 is oxidizing agent.
6. O2 is gas and other elements are solid.
7. O2 and S2 in vapour state are paramagnetic.
8. CONTACT PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID:‐
S + O2 → SO2 (g)
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (Catalyst‐V2O5) ΔH = ‐196.6 kJ/ mol
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
H2S2O7 + H2O →2H2SO4
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1) Sulphur has more tendency to show catenation than oxygen
Ans.) Due to stronger S‐S bond and due to small size and greater interelectronic repulsion O‐O bond is
weakened so it can't show catenation.
2) Oxygen is a gas but sulphur is a solid .
Ans.) Due to small size oxygen makes pΠ‐pΠ bond andexists as 0=0. That is why oxygen is gas but sulphur is
bigger in size and can't make Pπ‐Pπ bond so exists as polymeric fluid form.
3) Draw structure of H2S2O8
4.) H2S is more acidic than H2O

Ans.) B on d dissociation enthalpy of S‐H bond is lesser than O‐H bond due to bigger size of sulphur.
5.) OF6 compound is not known, why?
Ans.) Due to the absence of d‐orbital in oxygen, it can't make OF6.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 a) SF6 is kinetically an inert substance or SF6 does not hydrolyse easily. Why?
Ans.) SF6 is less reactive because S atom is stearically protected by 6 f luorine atoms.
b) H2 O is liquid while H2S is a gas.
Ans.) H2 O is liquid due to intermolecular H‐ bonding.
2. Draw the structure of SF4 Ans.) SF4 has See‐Saw geometry
3. Draw structure of H2SO4
4. (a) In which form sulphur shows paramagnetism?

Ans.) In vapour state.
(b) Sulphur in vapour state exhibits paramagnetic behavior. Why?
Ans) S2 contains unpaired electrons in antibonding M.O.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q.1 Complete the following chemical equation
i.) SO3 + H2SO4 →
ii.) Fe3+ + SO2 + H2 O →
iii) SO + MnO –+ H O →
2 4 2
Ans.) i.) SO3 + H2SO4 →H2S2O7
3+ 2+ 2– +
ii.) 2Fe + SO2 + 2H2O → 2Fe + SO4 + 4H
2– + 2+
iii). 5SO2 + 2MnO4 – + 2H2O → 5SO4 + 4H + 2Mn
Q 2. (a) H2S is less acidic than H2Te . Why ?
Ans. Bond dissociation enthalpy of H‐S bond is less
(b) Boiling point of H2O is more than H2S. Why?
Ans. Water has intermolecular H‐bonding due to more electronegativity and small size of oxygen
atom.Hydrogen sulphide is unable to form hydrogen bond.
Group 17th elements
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine are members of Group 17th.
A) Important reactions
1. 2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2
2. Cl2 + H2O→ HCl+HOCl
3. 4HCl + O2 → 2Cl2+2H2O
4. H2S + Cl2 →2HCl + S
5. In excess of NH3:‐ 8NH3 + 3Cl2 → 6NH4Cl + N2
6. In excess of Cl 2 :‐ NH3 + 3Cl2 → NCl3 + 3HCl
7. In cold and dilute NaOH :‐ 2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
8. In hot and conc. NaOH: 6 NaOH + 3Cl 2 →5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2 O
9. SO2 + 2H 2 O + Cl2 →H2SO4 +2HCl
10. I2 + 6H2 O + 5Cl 2 → 2HIO 3+
10HCl
11. Cl2 + H2 O → 2HCl + O
Coloured substance + O → Colourless substance(permanent bleach)
B) Reasoning questions
1. Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy(ΔegH)
Ans Because they have smallest size in their respective periods
2. F has less electron gain enthalpy than that of Cl but fluorine is stronger oxidizing agent than
chlorine.
Ans F is stronger oxidizing agent due to its low bond dissociation enthalpy and high hydration enthalpy.
3 . F exhibits only ‐1 oxidation state, other halogen shows +1, +3, +5, +7 oxidation states or F does not
exhibit any positive oxidation state. Explain.
Ans F is most electronegative element and due to absence of d orbitals it can not expand its octet so it
does not exhibit positive oxidation state.
4. Iron reacts with HCl gives Fe(II)chloride and not Fe(III)chloride. Why?
Ans Fe + 2 HCl →FeCl 2 + H2 H2 liberated prevents the oxidation of FeCl 2 to FeCl 3
5. Why bond dissociation enthalpy of F2 is less than Cl2 ? .
Ans Due to very small size of F there is lone pair repulsion in F 2 so it has low bond dissociation enthalpy.
6. Fluorine does not undergo disproportionation. Explain.
Ans Disproportionation means simultaneous oxidation‐reduction. F being the most
electronegative element undergoes only reduction but not oxidation.
7. Bleaching by Cl2 is permanent but by SO2 is temporary. Why ?
Ans Cl2 bleaches by oxidation while SO2 does it by reduction. The reduced product gets oxidized again in
air and the colour returns.
8. HF has lower acid strength than HI. Ex[plain.
Ans Due to larger size of I , the H‐I bond is weaker than H F bond so HI is stronger acid.
9. I2 is more soluble in KI than in water. Why?
Ans I2 forms complex with KI
i.e KI + I2 → 2 KI 3
10. Why HClO is stronger acid than HIO?
Ans ClO– is more stable than IO– because Cl is more electronegative, so HClO is stronger acid than
HIO.
11. Why HClO4 is stronger acid than HClO3?
Ans ClO– is more stable than ClO– due to more no. of resonating structures.
4 3
12 OF2 should be calledfluoride of oxygen and not oxide of F, explain.
Ans Because F is more electronegative than O
13. Interhalogens are more reactive than halogens or ICl is more reactive than I2?
Ans They are polar and have weaker X‐X’ bond.
14. HF is stored in wax coated glass bottle
Ans Because HF reacts with alkali present in glass.
15 MF is more ionic than MCl ( M is alkali metal)
Ans Because F– is smaller than Cl– and hence it is less polarisable.
16. Cl2+ KI →brown colour, but excess Cl2 turns it colourless
Ans Cl2 is stronger oxidizing agent than I2. It first oxidizes KI into I2 which imparts brown colour.
Cl2+ KI → I2 + 2KCl In excess of Cl2, I2 is further oxidized to HIO3 which is colourless.
I2 + 6H2 O + 5Cl 2 → 2HIO3 + 10HCl
17. Why HClO 4 is stronger acid than H2SO4?
Ans Oxidation state of Cl in HClO4 is +7. Oxidation state of S in H2SO4 is +6. Greater is the oxidation state of central
atom, more is the acidic strength.
18. Give the reason for bleaching action of Cl2.
Ans Bleaching action is due tooxidation. Cl2 + H2 O→2HCl + O
Colouredsubstance +O →Colourless substance
19 Name two poisonous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas.
Ans phosgene (COCl 2), tear gas (CCl 3NO 2)
20. Write two uses of ClO2.
Ans ClO 2 is used
i) as a bleachingagent for paper pulp and textiles
ii) in water treatment.
21. Why are halogens coloured?
Ans due to absorption of radiations in visibleregion which results in the excitation of outer electrons to
higher energylevel. By absorbing different quanta of radiation, they display different colours.
22 .How can you prepare(i) Cl2 from HCl and (ii) HCl from Cl2? Writereactions only
Ans (i) MnO2 + 4HCl→MnCl 2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (ii) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
23. With what neutral molecule is ClO– isoelectronic?
Ans OF 2 ( other example is ClF. It is a Lewis base)
24. Write balanced equations for the following:
(i) NaCl is heated with sulphuric acid in the presence of MnO2.
(ii) Chlorine gas is passed into a solution of NaI in water.
Ans (i) 4NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4 →MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2
(ii) I2 + 6H2 O + 5Cl 2 → 2HIO 3 + 10HCl
25. Write the reactions of F2 and Cl2 with water.
Ans 1. 2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2
2. Cl2 + H2 O →HCl + HOCl
26. Why are halogens strong oxidising agents?
Ans i) ready acceptance of an electron
ii) Small atomic sizes
iii) highly electronegative nature
iv) Highly negative valueof E0red are thereasons for the strong oxidising natureof halogens.
27. Explain why fluorine forms only one oxoacid, HOF.
Ans Due to high electro negativity and small size,fluorine forms only one oxoacid, HOF.
28 Explain why in spite of nearly the same electronegativity, oxygen forms hydrogen bonding while
chlorine does not.
Ans Because electron density on oxygen atom is much higher than that of Cl atom.
29. ClF 3 exists but FCl3 does not. Or F never acts as central atom in the inter halogen compounds.
Ans Because F is more electronegative than Cl
30. F2 is the most reactive of all the four common halogens, explain .
Ans Because of low F‐F bond dissociation enthalpy
31. HOI is a weaker acid than HOCl
Ans Because Cl is more electronegative than I.
C. Arrange the following as the property indicated against them.
1 F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (increasing order of Boiling Point)
Ans F2< Cl2< Br2< I2
2 F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (increasing order of bond dissociation enthalpy.)
Ans I2< F2< Br2< Cl2
3 F, Cl, Br, I (increasing order of electron gain enthalpy)
Ans I< Br< F < Cl
4 HF , HCl, HBr, HI (increasing order of acidic strength )
Ans HF < HCl <HBr< HI
5 MF,MCl, MBr, MI (decreasing order of ionic character )
Ans MF >MCl> MBr >MI
6 HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 (increasing order of acidic strength ) Ans HClO < HClO 2< HClO3< HClO 4
7 HF , HCl, HBr,HI (decreasing order of B.P.)
8 Ans HF> HBr >HI>HCl
th
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
KEY POINTS
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS : He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe & Rn
General electronic configuration: ns2np 6
 Atomic radii‐ large as compared to other elements in the period since it corresponds to Van der waal
radii.
 Inert‐ due to complete octet of outermost shell, very high ionization enthalpy and more positive
electron gain enthalpies.
The first noble compound prepared by Neil Barlett was Xe + PtF – 6
O2 +PtF6 – led to the discovery of XePtF6 since first ionization enthalpy of molecular oxygen
(1175kJmol–1) was almost identical with that of xenon (1170kJmol–1).
PROPERTIES
1) Xe(g) + F2(g) 673Kbar XeF2(g)
2) Xe(g) + 2F (g) 873K,7bar XeF2(s)
2
3) Xe(g) + 3F2(g) 573K,60-70bar XeF6(s)
4) XeF4+ O2F2 →XeF6+ O2
5) 2XeF2+ 2H2O→2Xe + 4HF + O2
6) XeF6+MF→M+[XeF7]–
7) XeF2+PF5→[XeF]+[PF6]-
8) 6XeF4+12H2O→4Xe+2XeO3+24HF+3O2
9) XeF6+ 3H2O→XeO3+ 6HF
10) XeF6+ 2H2O→XeO2F2+ 4HF(partial hydrolysis)
1 mark questions :
Q1 Why amongthenoble gasesonly Xenonis well known toform chemical compounds ?
Ans. Xenon has the largest atomic size and the smallest I.E. of all the noble gases
Q2 Name the geometries of XeOF4 and XeO3.
Ans. XeOF4 is square pyramidal while XeO3 is pyramidal .
1 marks questions :
Q1 Account for the following
(i) Noble gases are mostly chemically inert .
(ii) Deep sea divers use a mixture of He ( 80%) and O 2(20%) instead of air for breathing .
Ans. (i) It is due to stable electronic configuration and high ionization enthalpies of noble gases.
Ans. (ii) Unlike N 2 of air , He is least soluble in blood even under high pressure . Therefore it does not create
any problem .
Q2 (a) What prompted Bartlett to the discovery of noble gas compound ?
(b) State two importance of noble gases .
Ans. (a) The ionization enthalpy of Xe is similar to that of O2 . He first prepared compond
+
could be
O2+PtF6 –. It prompted bartlett to prepare compond in which O2 of O2 PtF6 –
+
replaced by Xe. This is how Xe PtF – was prepared
6
6 .
Ans. (b) (i) Ar is used in electric bulbs . (ii) Xe is used in head lights of cars these days .
Q3 Apply VESPR theory to deduce the structure of XeF4 and XeF6 .
Ans. XeF4 has square planar structure due to presence of 4 bonded pairs of electrons and 2 lone pairs of electrons.
XeF6 has distorted octahedral structure due to presence of one lone pair of electrons and six bonded pairs of
electrons .
2 marks Question
Q1 Write down the equations for the hydrolysis of XeF4 and XeF6. Which of these two reactions is a redox reaction?
Ans (i) 6XeF4 + 12H2O → 4Xe +2XeO3+24HF +3O2
(ii) XeF6 +3H2O →XeO3 +
6HF
Reaction :
(i) is redox reaction . Reaction
(iii) Is not a redox reaction because theoxidation states of all the elements before and after r em ai n the same .
Q2 (i) Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic size?
(ii) Noble gases are mostly chemically inert .
(iii) XeF2 has a straight linear structure and not a bent angular structure .
Ans (i) Due to completely filled valence shell electronic configuration ,repulsive interaction
Start taking place in the atom , due to which , the atomic size increases in noble gases .
(ii) It is due to stable electronic configuration and high ionization enthalpy of noble gases .
3
(iii) Due to sp d hybridisation of Xe , it has trigonal bipyramid geometry. Three equatorial positions are occupied by
lone pairs of electrons to minimize repulsion, giving a linear shape to the molecule .
ASSIGNMENT
Q1 Noble gases have comparatively large atomic size.Why?
Q2 Helium is used in diving apparatus. Why?
Q3 Draw the structure of i) XeF4 ii) XeO3
Q4 Give 2 uses of Argon.
Q5 Complete the following reactions
i. 6XeF4 +12H2O→
ii. XeF6 + 3H2O →
iii. XeF6 + 2H2O → (partial hydrolysis)
Oxoacids of Sulphur
Oxoacids of chlorine
Oxoacids of Halogens
Halic (I) acid HOF HOCl HOBr HOI

(Hypohalous acid) (Hypoflu orous acid) (Hypochlorous acid) (Hypobromous acid) (Hypoiodous acid
Halic (III) acid (Halous - HOCIO - -
acid) (chlorous acid)
Halic (V) acid (Halic acid) - HOCIO2 HOBrO2 HOIO2
(chloric acid) (bromic acid) (iodic acid)
Halic (VII)acid - HOCIO3 HOBrO3 HOIO3
(Perhalicacid) (perchloric acid) (perbromic acid) (periodic acid)
The structures of (a) XeF2 (b) XeF4 (C) XeF6 (d) XeOF4 and (e) XeO3

1. Assertion : Covalency of oxygen cannot exceed 2 unlike sulphur which can show +4 or +6.
Reason : Oxygen atom does not have d - orbitals. ( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : Sulphur trioxide is not directly dissolved in water to form sulphuric acid.
Reason : It results in the formation of dense fog of sulphuric acid which is difficult to condense.
(Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Ozone layer in the upper region of atmosphere protects earth from UV
radiations of sun.
Reason : Ozone is a powerful oxidising agent as compared to oxygen. (Ans - b)
4. Assertion : SF6 cannot be hydrolysed but SF4 can be.
Reason : Six F atoms in SF6 prevent the attack of H2O on sulphur atom of SF6. (Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Identify the compound of sulphur, used as anti-chlor. ( Ans - Sulphur dioxide)
2. What type of bleaching action is shown by chlorine? (Ans - Permanent)
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are –

(a) The same with 2, 0 and 1 lone pairs of electrons respectively
(b) The same with 1, 1 and 1 lone pairs of electrons respectively
(c) Different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pairs of electrons respectively
(d) Different with 1, 0 and 2 lone pairs of electrons respectively
2. Which of the following is planar?
(a) XeO4 (b) XeO3 (c) XeO2F2 (d) XeF4
3. Total number of lone pairs of electrons in XeOF4 is –
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
4. In BrF3 molecule, the lone pairs occupy equatorial positions to minimise –
(a) lone pair-bond pair repulsion only
(b) bond pair- bond pair repulsions only
(c) lone pair-lone pair and lone pair-bond pair repulsions
(d) lone pair-lone pair repulsions only
5. Which among the following factors is most important in making fluorine the strongest oxidizing
agent?
(a) electron affinity (b) ionization energy
(c) hydration energy (d) bond dissociation energy
6. Which one of the following oxides is expected to exhibit paramagnetic behaviour?
(a) CO2 (b) ClO2 (c) SO2 (d) SiO2
7. Which one of the following arrangements represent the correct order of electron gain enthalpy
(with negative sign) of the given atomic species?
(a) F < Cl < O < S (b) S < O < Cl < F
(c) O < S < F < Cl (d) Cl < F < S < O
8. Which of the following contains maximum number of lone pairs of electrons on the central atom?
 
(a) ClO3 (B) XeF4 (c) SF4 (d) I3
9. Among the following molecules, (i) XeO3 (ii) XeOF4 (iii) XeF6 those having same number of lone
pairs on Xe are –
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only (c) (ii) and (iii) only
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
10. Which products are expected from the disproportionation reaction of hypochlorous acid?
(a) HClO3 and Cl2O (b) HClO2 and HClO4
(c) HCl and Cl2O (d) HCl and HClO3
11. Which is the strongest acid?
(a) H2SO4 (b) HCl (c) HClO4 (d) HNO3
12. The bleaching action of CaOCl2 is due to –
(a) nascent oxygen (b) chlorine (c) HClO (d) HCl
13. Which of the following orders is not in accordance with the property stated against it?
(a) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2; bond dissociation energy
(b) F2> Cl2 > Br2 > I2; oxidizing power
(c) HI > HBr > HCl > HF; acidic property power
(d) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2; electronegativity
14. Identify the incorrect statement among the following:
(a) Br2 reacts with hot and strong NaOH solution to give NaBr, NaBrO3 and water.
(b) Ozone reacts with SO2 to form SO3
(c) Silicon reacts with NaOH (aq) in the presence of air to give Na2SiO3 and H2O
(d) Cl2 reacts with excess of NH3 to give N2 and HCl
15. The correct order of acid strength is –

(a) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO
(b) HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 < HClO
(c) HClO4 < HClO < HClO3 < HClO2
(d) HClO< HClO2 < HCLO3 < HClO4
16. The isoelectronic pair is –
(a) Cl2O, ICl2- (b) ICl2-, ClO2 (c) IF2+, I3- (d) ClO2-, ClF2+
17. When XeF4 is treated with water, it forms –
(a) Only Xe (b) both Xe and XeO3
(c) only XeO3 (d) Both XeO3 and XeOF4
ANSWER KEY
1 D 11 C
2 D 12 A
3 B 13 A
4 C 14 D
5 C 15 D
6 B 16 D
7 D 17 B
8 D
9 D
10 D
d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS (UNIT- 7 )
 d‐block consists of elements belonging to group 3‐12.
 The general electronic configuration of these elements in (n‐1) d1–10 ns1–2. They contain unpaired d -
electron either in elementary or most commonly occurring oxidation state.
 Transition elements exhibits metallic character, high densities, high melting and boiling point due to strong
interatomic interaction between partially filled d -orbits.'
 Transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n‐1)d & ns
orbitals.
 Transition metals show colour due to presence of unpaired electron in (n‐1)d orbital of penultimate shell which
undergoes d‐d transition generally
 Transition metal elements are paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired e .
 Most of transition form complex compounds due to (I) small size (ii) high charge (iii) presence of vacant d‐orbital
of suitable energy.
 Transition elements have lower value of reduction potential due to high ionization potential, high heat of
sublimation and low enthalpy of hydration.
 Transition elements form interstitial compounds because as small atoms like C, N, O, H. occupy the voids and get
bonded to the atom of transition metals.
 Transition elements form alloys due to similar ionic radii as they can mutually substitute their position in the
crystal lattice.
 The oxides of transition metals in lower oxidation states are basic, intermediate oxidation states are
amphoteric, highest oxidation state are acidic.
 The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to no. of unpaired electrons present in (n‐1)d & ns orbitals.
LANTHANOIDS
 In lanthanoids filling of electrons take place in 4f orbital which is 3 rd antipenultimate
shell. last shell or
1–14 0–1 2
 General electronic configuration is [Xe]4f 5d 6s .
 Elements after lanthanum having atomic number 58 to 71 are called lanthanoids .
 Principal oxidation state is +3 although Ce shows +4 and Eu +2 due to stable configuration. So Ce (IV) is good
oxidizing and Sm (II) is good reducing agent.
 Due to poor shielding effect of electrons. There is a steady decrease in lanthanoids and its trivalent ions
known as lanthanoid contraction.
ACTINOIDS
 The 14 elements after actinium having atomic number 90 to 113 are collectively known as Actinoids
 The general electronic configuration of these elements is [Rn]5f1–14, 6d0–1, 7s2.
 The size of actinoids and its trivalent ion decreases from Ac to Lw due to poor shielding of 5f electrons. It is
known as actinoid contraction.
 Chemical of actinoids is very complex due to their ability that exist is different oxidation state. More so they are
radioactive.
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
Preparation: ‐ from chromite ore FeCr 2 O4
I. Conversion of chromite ore to sodium chromate.
II. Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate.
III. Conversion of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate.
IV. Following reaction takes place:‐
4FeCr2 O 4+8Na2 CO3 + 7O 2 → 8Na2CrO 4 + 2Fe2 O3 + 8CO 2
2Na2 Cr2 O4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na++H2 O
EFFECT OF pH
N a2 Cr2 O 7 +2 KCl→ K2Cr2 O 7 + 2NaCl

Chemical properties
Sodium and potassium dichromates acts as strong oxidising agents in acidic medium.
Cr2 O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2 O
Oxidation Reaction
6I– → 3I2 + 6e– , 3H2S → 6H+ + 3S + 6e– , 6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e– , 3Sn2+→ 3Sn4+ + 6e–
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Preparation: ‐ From pyrolusite ore
I. Conversion of pyrolusite ore into potassium manganate
II. Conversion of potassium manganate to potassium permanganate Following reactions take place:‐
2MnO 2 + 4KOH + O 2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2H2 O
3MnO 42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O
Chemical Properties
Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidising agent. Neutral solution
2KMnO 4 + H2 O →2KOH+ 2MnO 2 + 3 [ O]
MnO4 – + 2H2 O+ 3e– → MnO2 + 4 OH–
Alkaline solution
2KMnO4 + 2KOH→2 K2MnO4 + H2 O + 5 [O]
MnO4 – + e– →MnO4 2–
Acidic solutions
2KMnO 4 + 3 H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H2 O MnO4 – + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ +4H2O
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
(1 mark)
+
Q.1. Cu is not stable in aqueous solution. Why?
Ans. In aqueous solution Cu+ undergoes disproportionation to form a more stable Cu2+ion.
2Cu+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
The higher stability of Cu2+ in aqueous solution maybe attributed to its greater negative ∆hydH
than that of Cu+. It compensates the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu involved in the formation of Cu2+
◦
ions.
Q.2. Which is a stronger reducing agents – Cr2+ or Fe2+ and why?
Ans. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ because after the loss of one electron Cr2+
becomes Cr3+ which has more stable t2g3 (half filled)2gconfiguration in medium like water.
Q.3. Arrange the following increasing order of acidic character: CrO3, CrO , Cr2 O3
Ans. CrO <Cr 2 O3 <CrO 3. Higher the oxidation state, more will be acidic character.
Q.4. Calculate the 'spin only' magnetic moment of M2+(aq) ion.(Z=27)
Ans. Electronic configuration of the M2+ ion (Z=27) would be M2+(aq): (Ar) 3d7
It would contain three unpaired electrons. The 'spin only' magnetic moment is given by the relation :
µ = n (n + 2) BM = 3 (3 + 2) BM = 3.87 BM
1. Assertion : Cu2+ iodide is not known.

Reason : Cu2+ oxidises I- to iodine. ( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent in acidic, basic or neutral medium.
Reason : It oxidises ferrous sulphate to ferric sulphate. ( Ans - b)
3. Assertion : Reactivity of transition elements decreases almost regularly from Sc to Cu.
Reason : There is regular increase in I. E. across the series. (Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution.
Reason : Large value of I.E. of Cu is compensated by much more negative hydration energy of
Cu2+ ( aq). (Ans - a)
5. Assertion : Zr and Hf have almost equal atomic and ionic radii.
Reason : They show lanthanoid contraction. ( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Which magnesium based alloy is used to produce bullets ? (Ans - Misch metall)
2. Name the green coloured compound which is used to prepare KMnO4 in neutral /acidic solution.
(Ans K2MnO4)
2 marks questions
Q 1. Why do Zr and Hf exhibit almost similar properties?

Ans. Zr and Hf have similar ionic size due to its lanthanoid contraction. So they exhibit similar properties.
Q 2. Why are Zn, Cd and Hg not regarded as transition elements?
Ans. Zn, Cd, Hg neither in their ground state nor in oxidized state have partially filled d‐orbital.
Thus they are not regarded as transition elements.
Q 3. What are alloys? Name one important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals.
Mention its use.
Ans. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals with metals or non‐metals.
Misch metall (pyrophoric alloy) consists of lanthanoid metal Ce= 40.5%, neodymium 44%, iron 4‐5% and traces of
S, C, Ca and Al. Misch metall is used to make bullets, shells and light flints.
Q 4. La(OH) 3is a stronger base than Lu(OH)3. Why?
Ans. Lu3+ is smaller in size than La3+ due to lanthanoid contraction. Due to smaller size of Lu3+, Lu‐ O bond is
stronger than La‐O bond in the respective hydroxides. Due to weaker La‐O bond, La(OH)3 behaves as a stronger
base.
Q5. Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually have higher oxidation states in their
compounds, +4 or even +6 being typical.
Ans. Lanthanoids exhibit oxidation states of +2, +3 and +4. This is because of large energy gap between 4f, 5d
and 6s subshells. Actinoids show +3, +4, +5, +6 and +7 oxidation states because 5f, 6d and 7s energy levels are
nearly same.
3 marks questions
Q 1. What is meant by the term lanthanoid contraction? What is it due to and what consequences
does it have on the chemistry of elements following lanthanoids in the periodic table?
Ans. Lanthanoid contraction: Steady decrease in the size of the lanthanoids with increase in the atomic number
across the period. The electrons of 4f orbitals offer imperfect / poor shielding effect in the same
subshell.
Consequence:
i) Due to this 5d series elements have nearly same radii as that of 4d series.
ii) Decrease in the basic strength from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3.
iii) Due to similar atomic size there is difficulty in separation of lanthanides.
Q 2. Compare lanthanoids and actinoids with reference to their:
a. Electronic configuration of atoms
b. Oxidation states of elements
c. General chemical reactivity of elements.
Q 3. How would you account for the following:
a. Mn(III) undergoes disproportionation reaction easily.
b. Co(II) is easily oxidized in the presence of strong ligands.
Ans. a. Mn3+ is less stable and changes to Mn2+ which is more stable due to half‐filled d‐ orbital
3+
configuration. That is why, Mn undergoes disproportionation reaction.
b. Co(II) has electronic configuration 3d74s0, i.e., it has three unpaired electrons. In the presence of strong
ligands, two unpaired electrons in 3d‐subshell pair‐up and third unpaired electron shifts to higher energy
subshell from where it can be easily lost and hence oxidized to Co(III).
Q.4 Give reasons for the following:
i) First ionisation energies of 5d elements are higher than those of 3d and 4d elements. Actinoid conctraction is
greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction.
Ans. i) Because of weak shielding (or screening) effect of 4f electrons, the effective nuclear charge acting on
the valence electrons in 5d elements is quite high. Hence, the first ionisation energies of 5d elements are
higher than those of 3d and 4d elements.
ii) This is because the 5f electrons themselves provide poor shielding from element to element in the series.
Q.5. Explain the following observations about the transition / inner transition elements:
i) There is, in genera,l an increase in density of element from titanium (Z=22) to copper (Z=29).
ii) There occurs much more frequent metal‐metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition elements(3rd
series).
iii) The greatest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the members in the middle of a transition series.
Ans i) Because of decrease in atomic size from titanium to copper.
ii) Because of high enthalpies of atomization of heavy transition elements.
iii) Because of the involvement of both (n‐1)d and ns electrons in bonding.
5 marks question
Q. 1‐ Assign reasons for the following:
a) The enthalpies of atomization of transition elements are high.
b) The transition metals and many of their compounds act as good catalysts.
c) There is a gradual decrease in the atomic sizes of transition elements in a series with increasing atomic number.
d) The transition elements have great tendency for complex formation.
e) Transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
Ans‐ a) This is because transition elements have strong metallic bonds as they have large number of
unpaired electrons, therefore they have greater interatomic overlap.
b) The catalytic activity of transition metals is attributed to the following reasons‐
i) Because of their variable oxidation state, transition metals form unstable intermediate compounds and
provide a new path with lower activation energy for the reaction.
ii) In some cases, the transitions metal provides a suitable large surface area with free valencies on which
reactants are adsorbed.
c) There is a gradual decrease in the atomic sizes of transition elements in a series with increasing atomic numbers
due to poor shielding effects of the d‐electrons, the net electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the
outermost electrons increases.orbital's of suitable energy,small size of cations and higher nuclear charge.
d) Due to presence of unpaired electrons in d‐orbitals which undergoes d‐d transition.
Q.2 a) Complete and balanced the following reactions:
i) Cr O7 2– + I– + H+ →
27
ii) MnO – + SO 2– + H+ →
4 3
b) With reference to structural variability and chemical reactivity, write the difference between lanthanoids and
actinoids.
c) Name a member of lantanoids series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
Ans. a) i) Cr2O7 2– + 6I– +14 H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
ii) 2MnO4 – + 5SO3 2– + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5SO4 2– + 3H2O
b) Lanthanoids‐
i) Atomic or ionic radii does not show much variation.
ii) Besides+3 oxidation state,they show +2 and +4oxidation states in few cases.
Actinoids‐
i) Atomic or ionic radii show many variations.
ii) Besides +3 oxidation states, they show higher oxidation states of +4, +5, +6, +7, also.
c) Cerium.
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 Which of the 5d series of the transition metals exhibit the largest number of oxidation state and why?
Q.2 Why is the highest oxidation state of a metal exhibited inits oxide and fluoride only?
Q.3 Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution?
Q.4 What are interstitial compounds? Why are such compounds well known among transition metals?
Q.5 Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate from chromite ore. Whatis theeffect of increasing pH on
the solution of potassium dichromate?
Q.6 Draw the structure of following: a)CrO42– b) MnO4– c)Cr2O72–
Q.7 What are the characteristics of the transition elements and why are they called transition elements? Which of
the d‐block elements may not be regarded as the transition metals?
Q.8 What is meant by disproportionation? Give 2 examples of disproportionation.
Q.9 The halides of transition metals become more covalent with increasing oxidation state of the metal. Why?
[Hint: Fajan's rule]
Q1. Which of the following arrangements does not represent the correct order of the property
stated against it?
A V2+ < Cr2+ < Mn2+ < Fe2+ : paramagnetic behaviour
B Ni2+ < Co2+ < Fe2+ < Mn2+ : ionic size
C Co3+ < Fe3+ < Cr3+ < Sc3+ : stability in aqueous solution
D Sc < Ti < Cr < Mn : number of oxidation states
Q. 2 Which of the following lanthanoid ions is diamagnetic?
(At. nos. Ce = 58, Sm = 62, Eu = 63, Yb = 70)

A Ce2+
B Sm2+
C Eu2+
D Yb2+
Q. 3 KMnO4 can be prepared from K2MnO4 as per the reaction:
3MnO42– + 2H2O 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 4OH–

The reaction can go to completion by removing OH– ions by adding
A KOH
B CO2
C SO2
D HCl
Q. 4 Which of the following statements about the interstitial compounds is incorrect?
A They retain metallic conductivity
B They are chemically reactive
C They are much harder than the pure metal
D They have higher melting points than the pure metal
Q. 5 All the metals form oxides of the type MO except
A copper
B barium
C silver
D lead
Q.6 Among the following, the coloured compound is
A CuCl
B K3 [Cu(CN)4]
C CuF2
D [Cu(CH3CN)4]BF4
Q.7 How many ‘d’ electrons are in present Cr2+ ion
A AAAA4
B B 5
C C 6
D D 3
Q.8 Cyanide process is used for extraction of
A A Ag
B Ni
C C Pt
D D Zn
Q.9 Extraction for zinc blende is achieved by
A A electrolytic reduction
B B roasting followed by reduction with carbon
C C roasting followed by reduction with another metal
D D roasting followed by self reduction
Q.10 Formation of coloured solution is possible when metal ion in the compound contains
A A paired electrons
B B unpaired electrons
C C lone pair of electrons
D D none of these
Q.11 Identify the incorrect statement among the following
A A d-Block elements show irregular and erratic chemical properties among themselves
B B La and Lu have partially filled d orbitals and no other partially filled orbitals
C C The chemistry of various lanthanoids is very similar
4f and 5f orbitals are equally shielded
D
Q.12 Which one of the following ions exhibit colour in aqueous solution
A A Sc3+
B B Ni2+
C C Ti4+
D D Zn2+
Q.13 Which one of the following is a diamagnetic ion?
A A Co2+
B B Cu2+
C C Mn2+
D D Sc3+
Q.14 Which ore contains both iron and copper?
A A Cuprite
B B Chalcocite
C C Chalcopyrite
D D Malachite
Q.15 Which pair of compounds is expected to show similar colour in aqueous medium?
A A FeCl2 and CuCl2
B B VOCl2 and CuCl2
C C VOCl2 and FeCl2
D D FeCl2 and MnCl2
Q.16 Zn does not show variable valency because of
A A complete d sub-shell
B B inert pair effect
C C 4s2 sub-shell
D D None of these
Q.17 When copper pyrites is roasted in excess of air, a mixture of CuO + FeO is formed as
impurities. This can be removed as slag during reduction of CuO. The flux added to form slag is:
A A SiO2, which is an acid flux
B B Lime stone, which is a basic flux
C C SiO2, which is basic flux
D D CaO; which is basic flux
Q.18 ‘Hydride Gap’ is referred to which region of the periodic table?
A A Groups 3, 4 and 5
B B Groups 5, 6 and 7
C C Groups 4, 5 and 6
D D Groups 7, 8 and 9
Q.19 Which of the statements is not true?
A A1 K2Cr2O7 solution in acidic medium is orange
B B K2Cr2O7 solution becomes yellow on increasing the pH beyond 7
C C On passing H2S through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution, a milky colour is observed
Na2Cr2O7 is preferred over K2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis

D D
Q.20 Which one of the following sets correctly represents the increase in the paramagnetic
property of the ion?
A A Cu2+ < V2+ < Cr2+ < Mn2+
B B Cu2+ < Cr2+ < V2+ < Mn2+
C C Mn2+ < V2+ < Cr2+ < Cu2+
Mn2+ < Cu2+ < Cr2+ < V2
Answers:
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B 6 . B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D
12. B 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. A
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS (UNIT- 8)
Difference between coordination compound and double salt:
Coordination compound Double salt
A coordination compound contains a central metal When two salts in stoichiometric ratio are
atom or ion surrounded by number of oppositely crystallised together from their saturated solution
charged ions or neutral molecules. These ions or they are called double salts
molecules are bonded to the metal atom or ion by
a coordinate bond.
Example: K 4[Fe(CN) 6] Example: FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4. 6H2O (Mohr’s salt)
They do not dissociate into simple ions when They dissociate into simple ions when dissolved
dissolved in water. in water.
Werner's coordination theory: Werner was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes. The postulates
of Werner's theory are:
a. Metal shows two different kinds of valencies: primary valency and secondary valency
Primary valence Secondary valence
This valence Is normally ionisable. This valence is non-ionisable.
It is equal to positive charge on central metal atom The secondary valency equals the number of ligand
atoms coordinated to the metal. It is also called
coordination number of the metal.
These valencies are satisfied by negatively It is commonly satisfied by neutral and negatively
charged ions. charged, sometimes by positively charged ligands.
Example: in CrCl 3, the primary valency is three. It is
equal to oxidation state of central metal ion.
b. The ions/groups bound by secondary linkages to the metal have characteristic spatial arrangements
corresponding to different coordination numbers.
c. The most common geometrical shapes in coordination compounds are octahedral, square planar and
tetrahedral.
Isomers : Two or more compounds which have same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms are
called isomers, Types of isomerism:
a. Structural isomerism
i. Linkage isomerism ii.Solvate isomerism or hydrate isomerism
iii. lonisation isomerism iv.Coordination isomerism
b. Stereoisomerism
I. Geometrical isomerism
ii. Optical isomerism
Structural isomerism: This type of isomerism arises due to the difference in structures of coordination
compounds. Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules
with the same molecular formula have atorns bonded together in different orders.
a. Ionisation isomerism: This form of isomerism arises when the counter ion in a complex salt is itself a
potential ligand and can displace a ligand which can then become the counter ion.
Example: [Co(NH 3) 5Br]SO 4 and [Co(NH 3)5 SO4]Br
b. Solvate isomerism: It is isomerism in which solvent is involved as ligand. If solvent is water it is called hydrate
isomerism.
e.g. [Cr(H2 O)3Cl3] and [CrCl2(H2O)4Cl2.2H2O
c. Linkage isomerism: Linkage isomerism arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate
ligand. In this isomerism, a Iigand can form linkage with metal through different atoms.
Example: [Co(NH3) 5 ONO]Cl 2 and [Co(NH 3)5NO2]CI2
d. Coordination isomerism: This type of isomerism arises from the interchange of ligands between
cationic and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.
Example: [Co(NH3) 6][Cr(C2 O 4)3] and [Cr(NH 3)6][Co(C 2O 4)3]
Stereoisomerism:This type of isomerism arises because of different spatial arrangement.
a. Geometrical isomerism: It arises in heteroleptic complexes due to different possible geometrical
arrangements of ligands.
b. Optical isomerism: .Optical isomers are non superimposable mirror images of each other.
VALENCE BOND THEORY
Coordination number Type of hybridisation Distribution of hybrid orbitals in
space
4 sp3 tetrahedral
4 dsp2 Square planar
5 sp3d Trigonal bipyramidal
6 sp3 d2 (nd orbitals are involved Octahedral
‐ outer orbital complex or high spin or
spin free complex)
6 d2 sp3 (n–1) d orbitals are involved ‐ inner Octahedral
orbital or
low spin or spin paired complex)
Magnetic properties of coordination compounds: A coordination compound is paramagnetic in nature, if it has
unpaired electrons and diamagnetic if all the electrons in the coordination compound are paired.
Magnetic moment = [n (n + 2)]1/2 where n is number of unpaired electrons.
Crystal Field Theory: It assumes the ligands to be point charges and there is electrostatic force of attraction
between ligands and metal atom or ion. It is theoretical assumption.
Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination complexes:
NEGATIVE LIGANDS CHARGE NEUTRAL LIGANDS CHARGE

CN– Cyano ‐1 NH3 Ammine 0
–
Cl Chlorido ‐1 H2O Aqua/aquo 0
Br– Bromido ‐1 NO Nitrosyl 0
–
F Fluoride ‐1 CO Carbonyl 0
2–
SO4 Sulphato ‐2 PH3 Phosphine 0
2–
C2O4 Oxalato ‐2 CH2 NH2 (1,2 Ethanediamine) 0
–
NH2 Amido ‐1 POSITIVE LIGANDS
2-
NH Imido ‐2 + Hydrazinium +1
NH2 NH3
– +
ONO
–-
Nitrito O ‐1 NO Nitrosonium +1
_ Nitro ‐1 + Nitronium +1
NO
–
2 NO2
_ Nitrato ‐1
NO3
–
SCN Thiocyanato ‐1
–
NCS Isothiocyanato ‐1
–
-
CH2(NH2)COO Glycinato ‐1
1 Mark- Questions
Q.1 The spin only magnetic moment of [MnBr]2– is 5.9 BM. Predict the geometry of the complex ion.
Ans. Mn2+ in the complex has Co-ordination No. 4, so it has a tetrahedral geometry.
Q.2 CusO4 5H2O is blue in color white CuSO4 is colorless Why?
Ans. d‐d Transition is possible in CuSO 4 5H2 O , so it shows Color. CuSO 4
due to the absence of water (ligand) CFT is not – possible, it is so colored.
3. Write the state of hybridisation of the Compound[Cr(NH3 )6 ]3+
Ans. d² sp³ geometry octahedral
Q.4 Give the formula of thegiven Co‐ordinationcompound Ni ion is bound to two water molecules and
two oxalate ions.
Ans. [Ni(H2 O)2 (OX)2 ]2–
Diaquadioxalato nickelate (II)
1. Assertion : [Co(NH3)Br]SO4 gives white precipitate with barium chloride.

Reason : The complex dissociates in the solution to give Br - and SO42- . (Ans - c)
2. Assertion : According to crystal field theory during complex formation, the d - orbitals split and
form two sets of orbitals t2g and eg.
Reason : Splitting of d - orbitals occurs only in case of strong field ligands. (Ans - c)
3. Assertion : [Fe(H2O)6]2+ is sp3d2 hybridised and paramagnetic complex ion.
Reason : It has four unpaired electrons. ( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Low spin tetrahedral complexes are not formed.
Reason : For tetrahedral complexes, CFSE is lower than pairing energy. ( Ans - a)
5. Assertion : [FeF6]3- is paramagnetic.
Reason : F- is a weak field ligand, hence does not cause pairing of electrons. ( Ans - a)
One - word answer

1. Name a ligand involved in synergic bonding. ( Ans - CO)
2. Why gemstones produce colours? ( Ans - d- d transition)
Two marks Question
Q.1 Arrange the following complexes the order of increasing electrical conductivity.
[Co(NH3)3 Cl3], Co(NH 3)5 Cl]Cl 2,
[Co(NH3)6] Cl3, [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl Ans. [Co (NH3)3 Cl3] <[Co(NH3)4 Cl2]Cl
<[Co (NH3)5 Cl]Cl 2 <[Co(NH3)6]Cl3
Q.2 How many geometrical isomers are possible in the following co ordination entities: [Cr(C2O4)3]³‐
[CoCI3(NH 3)3].
Ans. (i) Nil
(ii) 2 (fac‐and mer‐isomer).
Three marks question
Q.1 Discuss nature of bonding in the following co ordination entities on the basis of valence bond theory.
i) [Fe(CN) ]4–
(ii) [FeF ]3–
(iii) [CoF ]3–.
Co‐ordination Electronic Charge on Hybridisation the Ion Geometry Magnetic

Configuration of Behaxion
Central Metal ion
3d6 4s2 Fe2+ d²sp³
[Fe(CN)6]4–, CN¯
Strong Ligand
So low spin XX XX XX XX XX XX X
X Octahedral Diamagnetic
Complex & Inner
Complex d² sp³
3–
[FeF6 ] 3d6 4s2 Fe3+ sp³ d²
XX XX XX XX XX XX
weak Ligand &
High- spin octahedral diamagnetic
complex And
outer orbital
complex
[COF6 ]3– 3d7 4s2 Co3+ sp³d²
F is weak
XX XX XX XX XX XX
Ligand high spin
Complex outer
octahedral diamagnetic
Orbital complex
Q.3 Write the formulae for the following co‐ordination compounds:
(a) Tetra ammineaquochlorido cobalt (III) chloride
(b) Potassium tetrahydroxozincate (II)
(c) Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III)
Ans. (a) [Co(NH 3)4 (H2 O)Cl]CI2
(b) K2 [Zn(OH)4]
(c) K3 [Al (C2 O 4)3]
Q.4 Write the IUPAC names of the following co ordination compounds:
(a) [Pt(NH3) 2CI(NO 2)]
(b) K3[Cr(C2 O 4)3]
(c) [CoCI2(en)2]CI
Ans. (a) Diamminechloridonitrito – N‐ platinum(II)
(b) Potassium trioxalatochromate (III)
(c) Dichloridobis(ethane 1, 2 diamminecobalt(III) chloride
Q‐5 Draw the structures of optical isomers of: [Cr(C 2 O4) 3]3–
˥ 3-
˥ 3-
Q.6 A solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green, but a solution of [Ni(CN)4]2- is colourless.Explain.
ANS. In [Ni(H2O)6]2+ , H2O is a weak field ligand. Therefore, there are unpaired electrons in Ni2+. In this complex, the d
electrons from the lower energy level can be excited to the higher energy level i.e. the possibility of d-d
transition is present. Hence,[ Ni(H2O)6 ]2+ is coloured.
In [Ni(CN) ]2–, the electrons are all paired as CN– is a strong field ligand. Therefore, d d
4
transition is not possible in [Ni(CN) 4 ]2–. Hence, it is colourless. As there are no unpaired
electrons, it is diamagnetic.
Q.7 Draw all the isomers (geometrical and optical) of: [CoCl2 (en)2 ]+
ANS. (i) [CoCl (en) ]+
2 2
+
Q8. Discuss the nature of bonding in the following coordination entities on the basis of valence bond theory:
(i) [Fe(CN)6]4−In the above coordination complex, iron exists in the +2 oxidation state.Fe2+: Electronic configuration
is 3d6 orbitals of Fe ion:
2+
6
3d 4s 4p
−
As CN is a strong field ligand, it causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons.Since there are six ligands around
the central metal ion, the most feasible hybridization is d2sp3.
7
{
d2sp3
6 electron pairs from CN− ions occupy the six hybrid d2sp3orbitals.Then, hence, the geometry of the
complex is octahedral and the complex is diamagnetic (as there are no unpaired electrons)
6 pairs of electrons from 6 CN– ions
ASSIGNMENT
Why [Fe(CN) ] is weakly paramagnetic while [Fe(CN) ]4– is diamagnetic ?
3–
Q.1
6 6
Q.2 Why[ Ni(CO)4] possesses tetrahedral geometry, while [Pt(NH3)2 Cl2] is a square‐planar?
Q.3 What are the factors on which the stability of a complex depends ?
Q.4 What is s pectrochemical series?
Q.5 Explain the dissociation constant.
Q.6 Explain stepwise stability constant or overall stabilityconstant with example.
Q.7 How many geometrical isomers of [Cr(en)2Cl2 ]+ exist? Which of these shows optical
activity?
Q.8 Comment on the statement that all compounds containing carbon and metal are not organometallic.
Q.9 Outline the basic assumption of Werner’s co‐ordination theory.
Q.10 Write the application of co‐ordination compounds and organometallic compounds.
1. Which of the following is a complex of metal other than transition metal?

(a) Haemoglobin (b) Chlorophyll (c) Ferrocene (d) Vitamin B12
2. Which of the following is not a double salt but a coordinate compound?
(a) KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (b) FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (c) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(d) 4KCN.Fe(CN)2
3. The donor atoms in ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion is
(a) two N and two O (b) two N and four O (c) four N and two O (d) three N and three O
4. The correct I.U.P.A.C. name of the complex, Fe(C5H5)2 is
(a) cyclopentadienyliron(II) (b) bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron(II)
(c) dicyclopentadienyliron(II) (d) ferrocene(0)
5. The geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds is exhibited by
(a) square planar and tetrahedral complexes
(b) square planar and octahedral complexes
(c) tetrahedral and octahedral complexes
(d) square planar, tetrahedral, octahedral comp.
6. Which of the following is not optically active?
(a) [Co(en)3]3+ (b) [Cr(ox)3]3- (c) cis-[CoCl2(en)2]+ (d) trans-[CoCl2(en)2]+
7. The complex ion [Cu(NH3)4]+2 is
(a) tetrahedral and paramagnetic (b) tetrahedral and diamagnetic
(c) square planar and paramagnetic (d) square planar and diamagnetic
8. The hybrid state of Co in high spin complex, K3[CoF6] is
(a) sp3d2 (b) sp3 (c) d2sp3 (d) sp3d
9. In an octahedral crystal field, the t2g orbital are
(a) raised in energy by 0.4 ∆o (b) lowered in energy by 0.4 ∆o
(c) raised in energy by 0.6 ∆o (d) lowered in energy by 0.6 ∆o
10. If ∆o < P, then the correct electronic configuration for d4 system will be
(a) t2g4 eg0 (b) t2g3 eg1 (c) t2g0 eg4 (d) t2g2 eg2
11. The tetrahedral complexes are generally high spin. This is because
(a) ∆t < P (b) ∆t > P (c) ∆t = P (d) none of these
12. Which of the following is correct related with Irving William’s order?
(a) Mn2+ < Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2+ (b) Ni2+ < Co2+ < Fe2+ < Mn2+
(c) Fe2+ < Mn2+ < Ni2+ < Co2+ (d) Co2+ < Mn2+ < Fe2+ < Ni2+
13. Class “a” acceptors are the metal ions belonging to
(a) group 11 and 12 elements (b) inner transition elements
(c) transition elements of group 3 - 6 (d) transition elements of group 7 – 9
14. Wilkinson’s catalyst, [Rh(Ph3P)3Cl] is used for
(a) hydrogenation of carboxylic acids (b) hydrogenation of alkynes
(c) hydrogenation of alkenes (d) polymerization of alkenes
15. Zeigler Natta catalyst is used for
(a) synthesis of methanol (b) polymerization of olefins
(c) cracking of hydrocarbons (d) hydrogenation of alkenes
16. Among the compounds 1,2, and 3, [Ni(CO)4] -1, [Ni(CN)4]2— - 2 and [NiCl4]2- - 3, the correct
statement is
(a) 1, 3 are diamagnetic while 2 is paramagnetic
(b) 2, 3 are diamagnetic while 1 is paramagnetic
(c) 1, 2 are diamagnetic while 3 is paramagnetic
(d) 1 is diamagnetic while 2, 3 are paramagnetic
17. Which of the following is a complex salt?
(a) Fischer’s salt (b) Mohr’s salt (c) Glauber’s salt (d) Microcosmic salt
18. In which of the following compounds, the central atom obey E.A.N. rule?
(a) K3[Fe(CN)6] (b) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 (c) K4[Fe(CN)6] (d) [NiCl4]2-
19. The total number of isomers of the complex [CuII(NH3)4][PtIICl4] is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 4
Passage – 1: When crystals of CuSO4.4NH3 are dissolved in water, then there is hardly any
evidence for the presence of Cu2+ ions or NH3 molecules. A new ion [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is furnished in
which ammonia molecules are directly linked with the metal ion, Cu2+. Similarly, the aqueous
solution of Fe(CN)2.4KCN does not give the test for Fe2+ and CN- ions but gives test for new ion,
[Fe(CN)6]4-. These ions are known as complex ions.
1.The primary and secondary valency of copper in the complex [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 are
(a) 2, 4 (b) 4, 2 (c) 0, 4 (d) 1, 4
4-
2.The E.A.N. of the central metal ion in the complex [Fe(CN)6] is
(a) 26 (b) 37 (c) 36 (d) 35
3.The hybridization state of the Cu in the compound [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 is
(a) sp3 (b) sp2d (c) sp3d2 (d) dsp2
4. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is diamagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]4- is paramagnetic
(b) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]4- is diamagnetic
(c) both are paramagnetic
(d) both are diamagnetic
5. For the complex ion, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, the stability constant is
(a) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ / [Cu2+][NH3]4 (b) [Cu2+][NH3]4 / [Cu(NH3)4]2+
(c) more if instability constant is more (d) is less if instability constant is less
Passage – 2: The coordination number of Ni2+ is 4 in both the complexes.
NiCl2 + KCN → “A” (cyano complex) and NiCl2 + HCl (excess) → “B” (chloro complex).
6. The I.U.P.A.C. name of “A” and “B” are respectively
(a) potassium tetracyanidonickelate (II) and potassium tetrachloridonickelate (II)
(b) tetracyanidopotassiumnickelate (II) and tetrachloridopotassiumnickelate (II)
(c) tetracyanidonickel (II) and tetrachloridonickel (II)
(d) none of above is correct
7. Predict the magnetic nature of “A” and “B”.
(a) Both are diamagnetic
(b) both are paramagnetic
(c) “A” is diamagnetic & “B” is paramagnetic
(d) “A” is paramagnetic & “B” is diamagnetic
8. The hybridization state of “A” and “B” is respectively
(a) dsp2 & sp3 (b) sp3 & sp3 (c) dsp2 & dsp2 (d) sp3 & dsp2
Answer key:
1 b 11 a
2 d 12 a
3 b 13 c
4 b 14 c
5 b 15 b
6 d 16 c
7 c 17 a
8 a 18 c
9 b 19 d
10 b
Passage – 1:
1 2 3 4 5
a c d b a
Passage – 2:
6 7 8
a c a
HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES (UNIT - 9 )
The placement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by halogen atom(s) results in the
formation of alkylhalide (haloalkane) and arylhalide (haloarene), respectively
Fe
hν
R-H + X2 R-X + H-X ∆
(A) IMPORTANT NAME REACTIONS
i) Finkelstein Reaction II ) Swarts Reaction
Ag F, Hg2F2, Co F2 OR Sb F3
R- X R-F
1. Carbylamines reaction
R – NH2 +CHCl3 +3 KOH R.NC + 3KCl +3H2O
C6H5 NH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH C6H5NC +3KCl + 3H2O
2. Sandmeyer's reaction
3. Wurtz Reaction R – X + 2Na +RX R – R +2 NaX

4. Wurtz Fittig reaction:‐ ( in dry ether)
5. Fittig reaction
6. Grignard reagent: RMgX+ H2O →RH+ Mg(OH)X

(B) IMPORTANT MECHANISM
i) Nucleophilic Substitution ii) Elimination reaction iii) Electrophilic substitution
i) Nucleophilic Substitution :‐ it involves the replacement of an atom or group of atoms by a nucleophile
(electron rich species)
A‐B + Nu →A‐ Nu +B
It is of two types:‐
a) Unimolecular nucleophi lic substitution reaction (S N1)
b) Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (S N22)
a) Unimolecular substitution reaction (SN1)
(i) it involves two steps
(ii) in this retention/Racemization of configuration take place.
(iii) unimolecular and all are first order.
Mechanism (step 1) formation of carbocation.
Step 2 Attack of nucleophile on carbocation Cl–
( front/rear end)
Order of reactivity: 30> 20>10 ( Because 30 carbocation is more stable)

(b) Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution SN2(i) it involves one step. (ii) in this inversion of configuration takes
place.(iii) bimolecular mechanism: .in this nucleophile attacks from the backside Where halogen atom is attached.
It facilitates the departure of leaving halide group.
Order of reactivity:‐10>20>30( Because of less steric hindrancein 10 alkyl hlide)
Nucleophilic substitution reaction of alkyl halides

R‐X + AgCN → RNC + AgX
R‐X + Na‐C ≡C‐R → R‐C≡ C‐R + Na‐X
R-X + KNO2 → R-O-N=O + KX
ii) Elimination reaction : Haloalkanes having hydrogen atom, when heated with alcoholic KOH, there is
elimination of hydrogen atom from β‐carbon and a halogen atom from the α‐ carbon atom & alkene is formed.
Saytzeff rule “in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene which has the
greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”
iii) Electrophilic substitution:‐ substitution occurs at ortho‐ and para‐ positions with
respect to the halogen atom.
Q. 1 What are ambident nucleophiles? (1 Mark)
Ans. Nucleophiles which can attack through two different sites are called ambident nucleophiles.
Example: ‐ Cyanide ion :CN–: & C=N:–
Q. 2 Which is a better nucleophile, a bromide ion or iodide ion? (1 Mark) Ans.
Iodide ion because it has lower electronegativity and larger size.
Q. 3 Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement:
2‐ Bromo‐2‐methylbutane, 1‐Bromopentane, 2‐Bromopentane. (1Mark)
Ans. The reactivity in SN2 reactions depend upon steric hindrance; more the steric hindrance slower the
reaction.The order of reactivity in SN2 reactions follows the order : 10> 20> 30. 1‐ Bromopentane>
2‐Bromopentane> 2‐Bromo‐2‐methylbutane .
Q. 4 Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling point.
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br, (CH3)3CBr, (CH3)2CHCH2Br. (1Mark)
Ans. The boiling point increases as the branching decreases, so the increasing order of boiling point
is:‐(CH3) 3CBr < (CH3) 2CHCH2Br < CH3 CH2 CH 2CH2Br
Q. 5 Define optical activity? (1Mark)
Ans. The compounds which rotate the plane of polarized light when it is passed through their solutions are
called optically active compounds and this property is known as optical activity.
Q. 6 What is racemic mixture or racemic modification? (1 Mark) Ans.
A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions will have zero optical rotation,
As the rotation due to one isomer will be cancelled by the rotation due to other isomer. Such a mixture is
known as racemic mixture or racemic modification.
Q. 7 What are enantiomers? (1 Mark)
Ans. The stereo isomers related to each other as non superimposable mirror images are called
enantiomers.
1. Assertion : SN2 reactions do not proceed with retention of configuration.

Reason : SN2 reactions proceed in a single step. ( Ans - b)
2. Assertion : Chloroform is generally stored in dark coloured bottles filled to the brim.
Reason : Chloroform reacts with glass in the presence of sun light. ( Ans - c)
3. Assertion : CH3-CH=CH2 Cl-CH2-CH=CH2 + HCl
Cl2 , 773 K
Reason : At high temperature, Cl2 dissociates into chlorine free radicals which bring about allylic
substitution. ( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Nucleophilic substitution reaction in an optically active alkyl halide gives a mixture of
enantiomers.
Reason : Reaction occurs by SN1 mechanism. ( Ans - a)
5. Assertion : Primary allylic halides show higher reactivity in SN1 reactions than other primary alkyl
halides.
Reason : Intermediate carbocation is stabilised by resonance. ( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Name the poisonous compound obtained when chloroform is exposed to air, in presence of
sunlight. ( Ans - Phosgene)
2. Name the compound formed when Grignard’ s reagent is exposed to moisture. ( Ans - Alkane)
Q. 8 Haloalkanes react with aq. KOH to form alcohols but react with alc. KOH to form alkenes. Why? (2
Marks)
Ans. KOH is a strong base, so it completely ionizes in aqueous solution. OH– ions are strong nucleophile, so
it replaces the halogen atoms and form alcohols. In contrast, an alcoholic solution of KOH contains alkoxide (R‐O–
) ions which being a much stronger base than (OH-) ions preferentially eliminates a molecule of HCl from an
alkyl chloride to form an alkene.
Ans. Haloalkanes are more polar than haloarenes. As a result the carbon atom carrying the halogen in
haloalkanes is more electron‐deficient than that in haloarenes. So, haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic
substitution more readily than haloarenes.
In contrast, haloarenes contain a benzene ring. Since the typical reactions of benzene are electrophilic
substitutions, therefore, haloarenes undergo electrophilic substitution while haloalkanes which do not contain a
benzene ring do not undergo electrophilic substitution.
Q. 10 Explain why?
(a) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible i n water.
(b) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?(3 Marks)
Ans. (a) Alkyl halides are polar in nature but it is insoluble in water because alkyl halide molecules are
held together by dipole‐dipole attraction and water molecules are held together by H‐bonds. More energy is
required to overcome these attractive forces between the haloalkanes. But less energy is released when
haloalkanes and water molecules come together, so haloalkanes are not soluble in water.
(b) Grignard reagents are very reactive, so they react with moisture and form alkane.
R‐Mg‐X + H‐OH → R‐H + Mg(OH)X
Therefore, it must be prepared and stored under anhydrous conditions..
Q. 9 Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution whereas haloarenes undergo electrophilic
substitution. Why? (3 Marks)
Assignment
Q1 In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN2 reaction faster?
Q2 Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho‐, para‐ directing in electrophilic
aromatic substitution reactions. Why?
Q3 In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster SN1reaction?
Q4 Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?
Q5 p‐Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p. and solubility than those of o‐ and m‐isomers. Discuss.
Q6 Hydrocarbon C5 H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single monochloro
compound C5H9Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.
Q7.Chloroform is stored in dark coloured & sealed bottle. Why?
Q8 Aryl halides cannot be prepared by the action of sodium halide in the presence o f H2SO4. Why?
MIND MAP FOR CONVERSION
/thioethers
MUILTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (MCQs)
1). Identiy the following compounds as primary halide:
(i) 1-Bromobut-2-ene
(ii) 4-Bromopent-2-ene
(iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Ans :(i) 1-Bromobut-2-ene (1o alkyl halide)
2). Which of the following compounds are gem-dihalides ?
(a) Ethylidene chloride (b) Ethylene dichloride
(c) Methyl chloride (d) Benzyl chloride
Ans : Option (a) is correct . In gem-dihalides both the halogens are attached to the same carbon
atom.
3). Which is the correct IUPAC name for
i)1-Bromo-2-ethylpropane ii)1-Bromo-2-ethyl-2-methylethane
iii)1-Bromo-2-methylbutane iv) 2-Methyl-1-bromobutane
Ans. iii)1-Bromo-2-methylbutane
4). What should be the correct IUPAC name for diethylbromomethane?
i)1-Bromo-1,1-diethylmethane ii)3-Bromopentane
iii)1-Bromo-1-ethylpropane iv)1-Bromopentane
Ans.ii). 3-Bromopentane
5). Which of the following is /are secondary bromide?
(i) CH3CH2Br
(ii) (CH3)3C CH2Br
(iii) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3
(iv) (CH3)2CBrCH2CH3
Ans.(iii) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3
6.) Pure chloroform is obtained by treating
(i) Ethanol with bleaching powder (ii) Acetone with bleaching powder
(iii) Chloral with Sodium hydroxide (iv) CCl4 with moist Iron
Ans : (iii) Chloral with Sodium hydroxide
7.) 1,1-Dichloropropane on hydrolysis gives
a) Propanone
b) Propanal
c) Ethanal
d) 1,1-Propandiol
Ans : b) Propanal
8.). Among the following , the molecule with the highest dipole moment is :
a) CH3Cl
b) CH2Cl2
c) CHCl3
d) CCl4
Ans : a) CH3Cl
9.) Which of the following represents Freon?
a) Ethylene dichloride
b) Ethylidene dichloride
c) Tetrafluoro ethylene
d) Dichlorodifluoromethane
Ans: d). Dichlorodifluoromethane
SHORT ANSWERED QUESTIONS ( 1-MARK)

1.Write the IUPAC name of (CH3)3 CCH2 Cl
2.Which of the following under goes SN1 faster: 2-chlorobutane or 1-chlorobutane
3. Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing boiling points.
(i) Bromomethane, (ii) Bromoform, (iii) Chloromethane, (iv) Dibromomethane.
4.Write the product formed when toluene is chlorinated in presence of sunlight.
5.Write the product formed when n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH ?
6. Which is a better nucleophile, a bromide ion or an iodide ion ?
7. Which has higher dipole moment, Chlorobenzene or Cyclohexyl chloride?
8. Draw the structure of DDT.
9. Expand BHC
10.How many centres of chirality are present in 3-Bromopent-1-ene.
ANSWERS
1. 1- chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane
2. 2-chlorobutane.
3. (iii) < (i)< (iv)< (ii)
4. Chloromethylbenzene
5. But-2-ene
6. Iodide ion
7. Cyclohexyl chloride
8. Correct structure(Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane)
9. Benzenehexachloride
10. one
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS (Unit‐ 10)
Definition:
An alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group ( OH) is bound to a carbon
atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms.
 CH3─CH2─CH2─OH 1‐propanol OH
│
CH3─CH─CH3 2‐propanol
CH3 OH
│ │
CH3─CH─CH2─CH2─CH─CH3 5‐methyl‐2‐hexanol
MIND MAP OF PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL
Physical Properties
1. Alcohols are polar molecules (because of O‐H and C‐O).
2. Hydrogen bonding occurs between alcohol molecules relatively weak bond (represented bydots) Ohas a
partially negative charge δ‐ & H has a partially positive charge.
3. They are weak acids (alkyl alcohols weaker than Phenol):
Although alkyl alcohols have an ‐OH group, they do not ionize in water, whereas phenols ionize like acids (donating
a proton to water).
4. Solubility in water (Molecular weight ↑: solubility ↓)
nonpolar OH polar
As the chain of the R group increases the hydrocarbon (non‐ polar) character of the compound also
increases. Consequently, the solubility and boiling point of an alcohol are affected by the
1) Length of the carbon chain and
2) The shape of the molecule.
The short chain alcohols are soluble in water, whereas the longer chain alcohols are insoluble
in water.
In general a molecule which is more compact (i.e., more branched) will be more soluble in water and will have a
lower boiling point than the straight chain isomer. (for isomeric alcohol)
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
1. Acidity of Alcohols / Phenols
2. Acid‐Catalysed Dehydration:
CH3CH2OH H2SO
CH42 CH2+H2O
180°C
H H H H
Dehydration
H-C – C-H C = C + H2O

Hydration
H OH H H
3. Oxidation of Alcohols: (1°), (2°) & (3°) Using potassium dichromate & sulphuric Acid as
catalysts In the oxidation [O] of a primary alcohol( 1°) , aldehyde is produced
Primary alcohol → aldehyde →carboxylic acid
On oxidation of 20 alcohols a ketone is formed. Secondary alcohol → ketone
Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize.
Tertiary alcohol → No reaction
CHCl3 + H+
Ethers &
phenols
ROH + R’COOH → R’COOR + H2O
ROH + (RCO)2O → RCOOR + RCOOH
ROH + RCOCl → RCOOR + HCl

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1) Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or 30 alcohols is not a suitable method?
Ans. The formation of ethers by dehydration of alcohol is a bimolecular reaction (SN2) group is hindered. As a
result elimination dominates substitution as 30 carbocation is more stable. Hence in place of ethers, alkenes are
formed.
Q2) Phenols do not give protonation reactions readily. Why?
Ans. The lone pair on oxygen of O‐H in phenol is being shared with benzene ring through resonance.
Thus, lonepairis notfully present on oxygen and hence phenols do notundergo protonation reactions.
REASONING QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane?
Ans. The molecules of butane are held together by weak van der Waal's forces of attraction while those of
propanol are held together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Q2. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses.
Explain this fact.
Ans. Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and break the hydrogen bonds already existing
between water molecules Therefore they are soluble in water, whereas hydrocarbons cannot form
hydrogen bonds with water and hence are insoluble in water.
Q3 While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitro phenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which
will be steam volatile. Give reason.
Ans. O‐nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hence can be separated by
steam distillation from p‐nitrophenol which is not steam volatile because of inter‐molecular hydrogen bonding.
Q4. Explain why is ortho-nitro phenol more acidic than ortho - methoxyphenol?
Ans. The nitro‐group is an electron‐withdrawing group. Therefore decreases the electron density of the
ring as well as oxygen.. As a result, it is easier to lose a proton. Also, the o‐nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss
of proton is stabilized by resonance. Hence, o‐ nitro phenol is stronger acid. On the other hand, methoxy group is
an electron‐releasing group. Thus, it increases the electron density of the oxygen atom and hence, the proton
cannot be given out easily. Therefore, o‐nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxyphenol.
Q5. Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
Ans. Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at 623K and 320 atmospheric pressure. Phenol is obtained by
acidification of sodium phenoxide so produced.
Q6. How is aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) prepared from salicylic acid?

Ans. Acetylation of salicylic acid produces aspirin.
Q7. Which out of propan‐1‐ol and propan‐2‐ol is stronger acid?

Ans. Propan‐1‐ol is stronger acid than propan‐2-ol. The acidic strength of alcohols is in the order
0 0 0
1 >2 >3 .
Q8. What is denaturation of an alcohol?
Ans. The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it
a colour) and pyridine (a foul smelling liquid). It is known as denaturation of alcohol.
Q9. Give IUPAC name of CH3OCH2OCH3
Ans. Dimethoxymethane
Q10. Diethylether does not react with sodium. Explain.
Ans. Diethyl ether does not contain any active hydrogen.
ASSERTION - REASONING QUESTIONS
choice from the options given below :
1. Assertion : Methyl alcohol is a weaker acid than water.
Reason : Among the aliphatic monohydric alcohols, methyl alcohol is the strongest acid. (Ans - b)
2. Assertion : o - Nitrophenol and p - Nitrophenol are separated by steam distillation.
Reason : o-Nitrophenol has intramolecular H - bonding while molecules of p-nitrophenol are linked
by intermolecular H - bonding. ( Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Phenols do not react with phosphorus halides while alcohols do not react.
Reason : In phenols C-O bond has partial double bond character due to resonance while it is not
so in alcohols. ( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Phenol is acidic in nature.
Reason : Phenate ion is less resonance stabilised than phenol. ( Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Name a compound which can be used as an anesthetic in surgery ? ( Ans - Ethrane)
2. In Williamson synthesis , which type of halide should not be used ? ( Ans - Tertiary alkylhalide)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.
Ans. The acidic nature of phenol can be represented by the following two reactions:
(i) Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodium phenoxide, liberating H2.
(ii) Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide and water.
The acidity of phenol is more than that of ethanol. This is because after losing a proton, the phenoxide ion
undergoes resonance and gets stabilized whereas ethoxide ion does not.
Q2. How does phenol react with Br2in CS2 and bromine water?
Ans. (i) When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity such as CHCl3 or CS2 and at low
temperature, monobromophenols are formed .
ii. When phenol is treated with bromine water, 2, 4,6-tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate.
Q4. How do you account for the fact that unlike phenol, 2, 4‐dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6‐ trinitrophenol are
soluble in aqueous solution of sodium carbonate?
Ans. 2, 4‐Dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6‐trinitrophenol are stronger acids then carbonic acid (H2CO3) due to the
presence of electron withdrawing – NO2 group. Hence, they react with Na2CO3 to form their corresponding salts
and dissolve in aq. Na2CO3 solution.
Q5. Account for the following
a. Boiling point of the C2 H5 OH is more than that of C2H 5Cl
b. The solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increase in molecular mass.
Ans. a. Because of hydrogen bonding.
b. With increase in molecular mass the non‐polar alkyl group becomes more
predominant.
Q6. Answer the following
a. What is the order of reactivity of 10, 20 and 30 alcohols with sodium metal?
b. How will you account for the solubility of lower alcohols in water?
Ans, a. 10>20>30
b. Here ‐OH group is predominant and the alcohol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules.
Q7. Give reasons:
i) Nitration of phenol gives ortho‐ and para‐ products only.
ii) Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the haloalkanes of the same molecular mass?
Ans. (1) ‐OH group increases the electron density more at ortho and para positions through its electron
releasing resonance effect.
(2) Alcohols are capable of forming intermolecular H‐bonds.while alkyl halide do not.
Q8. Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers
(i) The alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution and
(ii) Itdirects the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.
(Ans. (i) In aryl alkyl ethers, due to the +R effect of the alkoxy group, the electron density in the
benzene ring increases as shown in the following resonance structure.
Thus, benzene is activated towards electrophilic substitution by the alkoxy group.

(ii) It can also be observed from the resonance structures that the electron density increases more at the
ortho and para positions than at the meta position. As a result, the incoming substituents are directed to the ortho
and para positions in the benzene.
Q9. How is 1‐propoxypropane synthesized from propan‐1-ol? Write mechanism of this reaction.
Ans. 1‐propoxypropane can be synthesized from propan‐1-ol by dehydration. Propan‐1‐ol undergoes
dehydration in the presence of protic acids (such as H2 SO4, H 3PO4) to give 1-propoxypropane.
H+
2CH3CH2CH2 – OH CH3CH2CH2 – O – CH2CH2CH3
413K
Propane-1-ol 1- Propoxypropane
The mechanism of this reaction involves the following three steps: Step 1: Protonation
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack
Step 3: Deprotonation
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. How are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols prepared from Grignard Reagents?
Q2. Give theequationsofoxidationof primary,secondaryandtertiary alcohols by Cu a t 573K.

Q3. Show how will you synthesize:
(i) 1‐phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.
(ii) Cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2 reaction.
(iii) pentan‐1‐ol using a suitable alkyl halide?
Q4. How are the following conversions carried out?

(i) Propene →Propan‐2‐ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride →Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride →Propan‐1‐ol.
Q5. Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
(ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2, 4, 6‐tribromophenol.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Q.1 What is the IUPAC name of Vinyl alcohol ?

(a) Ethanol
(b) Methanol
(c) Ethenol
(d) Methenol
ANS: (c)
Q.2. Which of the following is more acidic than alcohol ?
(a) Phenol
(b) Cyclohexanol
(c) Benzyl alcohol
(d) Ethenol
ANS: ( a)
Q.3. Which one of the following compound is obtained by dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols?
a) Ketone
b) Aldehyde
c) Carboxylic acid
d) Amine
ANS: (a)
Q.4. The reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol catalysed by conc.H2SO4 is called ?
a) Dehydration
b) Saponification
c) Esterification
d) Neutralisation
ANS: (c)
Q.5. Which of the following alcohol is most soluble in water
a) Propanol
b) Hexanol
c) Pentanol
d) Butanol
ANS:( a)
Q.6. On heating aqueous solution of benzene diazonium chloride , which of the following is formed
(a) benzene
(b) chloro benzene
(c) phenol
(d) aniline
ANS:( c)
Q.7. Catalytic dehydrogenation of a primary alcohol gives a
(a) Ketone
(b) Aldehyde
(c) Sec . alcohol
(d) Ester
ANS:( b)
Q.8 Ethyl alcohol obtained by fermentation of starch is called wash and what is its purity?
(a) 15%
(b) 99%
(c) 99.9%
(d) 95%
ANS:( a)
Q.9 Which chemical is used to distinguish between phenol and benzyl alcohol.
a). NaHCO3
b). FeCl3
c). Iodoform test
d). none of the above
ANS:( b)
Q.10 Which is most acidic
a). Phenol
b). 4-nitrophenol
c). Cresol
d). 2-nitrophenol
ANS:( d)
SHORT ANSWERED QUESTIONS [1-MARK]
1.Write the IUPAC names of CH2 = (CH)CH2OH
2.Which of the following has higher pKa value : Nitrophenol OR phenol
3. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling points.
(i) Bromoethane, (ii) Ethanol (iii) Methoxymethane
4. Write the structure of 2-Ethoxy-3-methyl pentane
5. Write the product formed when Ethoxy benzene reacts with HI
6. Which is more acidic : ortho-nitrophenol or ortho-methoxyphenol?
7. Name the chemical test used to distinguish between Phenol and Ethanoic acid?
8. Write the name of the product of reaction of Bromine in CS2 with phenol
9. What is the condition of the compound to undergo Iodoform test?
10. Write the structure of cumene.
ANSWERS
1. Prop-2-en-1-ol
2. Phenol
3. (i)<(iii)<(ii)
4. CH3-CH-CH[CH3]-CH[OC2H5]-CH3
5 Phenol + Iodoethane
6. ortho-nitrophenol (Due to electron withdrawing group)
7. FeCl3 test or sodium bicarbonate test
8. o-bromophenol and p-bromophenol
9.precence of terminal methyl group with alcoholic / carbonyl group
10. CH3-CH[C6H5]-CH3 [Isopropylbenzene]

Aldehydes , Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (UNIT‐ 11 )
 Form aldehyde cannot be prepared by Rosenmund's reaction since formyl chloride is
unstable at room temperature.
 Benzaldehyde is less reactive than aliphatic aldehydes towards nucleophilic addition reaction.
 In reaction of toluene with CrO3, acetic anhydride is used to protect benzaldehyde as
benzylidenediacetate to avoid further oxidation to benzoic acid.
 Aromatic ketones are less reactive, they do not react with NaHSO3.
 In reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia derivatives, the medium should be slightly
acidic (pH=4.5). In too highly acidic medium, ammonia derivatives being acidic form salts and not act as
nucleophile
 Benzaldehyde although reduces Tollens' reagent, it does not reduce Fehling's and
Benedictt’s soluution.
 Ketones do not give Tollens reagent and Fehling’s solution test.
 Only CH3CHO and all methyl ketones give Iodoform test.
 A stronger acid has higher pKb but lower pKa.
 Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
 -CHO and –COOH group , attached to benzene ring, are deactivating and m‐directing.
 Methanoic acid decolouries the pink colour of acidified KMnO4 solution but acetic aciddoes not.
 A 40% aqueous solution of fomaldehyde is known as formalin and is used to preserve biological
specimens, and to prepare bakelite.
 Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and in dye industries.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Q 1. Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their reactivity towards nucleophilic
addition reaction.
CH3 CHO, CH 3CH2 CHO ,CH 3COCH3,CH3 COCH 2CH3.
Ans. CH3 COCH2 CH 3< CH 3COCH 3< CH 3CH2 CHO < CH 3CHO
Q2. Name the reagent which is used to convert allyl alcohol to propanol. Ans. PCC (Pyridinium
Chlorochromate)
Q3. Name the aldehyde which does not give Fehling solution test.
Ans. Benzaldehyde.
Q4. Write IUPAC name of the compound CH 2 = CHCOCH2COOH
Ans. 3‐Oxopent‐4‐ enoic acid
Q5. Complete the reaction:
CH3‐C≡CH + H2O HgSO4/H2SO4
Ans. CH3‐C≡CH + H2 O HgSO4/H2SO4

CH3 COCH3
ASSERTION - REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Assertion : Carbonyl compounds take part in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Reason : These reactions are initiated by nucleophilic attack at the electron deficient carbon
atom. ( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : All aldehydes do not take part in aldol condensation.
Reason : In the aldol condensation, cabanion is generated by the abstraction of α - H atom by
base. (Ans - b)
3. Assertion : Acetone is less reactive towards nucleophilic addition than acetaldehyde.
Reason : The alkyl groups hinder the nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon atom. ( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : The α - H atom in carbonyl compounds is less acidic.
Reason : The anion formed after the loss of α - H atom is not resonance stabilized. ( Ans - d)
5. Assertion : Aldehydes and ketones both react with Tollen’s reagent to form silver mirror.
Reason : Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carboxylic group. ( Ans - d)
One - word answer
1. Name the reagent used to distinguish between methanoic acid and ethanoic acid.
( Ans - Tollen’ s reagent)
2. Name the product obtained by reaction of hydroxylamine with carbonyl compound?
( Ans - Oxime)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2‐ MARKS)
Q1. Write chemical equation to illustrate following name reactions:‐
(a) Cannizzaro's reaction
(b) Hell‐Volhard‐ Zelinsky reaction
Ans. (a) Cannizzaro's reaction
HCHO CH3 OH + HCOONa
NaOH
(OR)
C6H5 CHO C6H5 CH2OH + C6 H5 COONa
(b) Hell - Volhard Zelinsky
R‐CH2‐COOH R‐CH(X)‐COOH ( X = Cl , Br)
(i) X2/P(red)
(ii) H2O
Q2. Give a chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs:‐

(i) Phenol and benzoic acid
(ii) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
Ans. (i) Benzoic acid reacts with NaHCO3 giving CO2 gas with effervescence where as phenol does not .
C6H 5 COOH + NaHCO 3 → C6H 5COONa + H2 O + CO 2
(ii) Acetophenone on reacting with hot NaOH / I2 gives yellow ppt of CHI3while
Benzophenone does not.CH3COC6H5 NaOH/I 2 CHI3 + C6 H5COONa
Q3. Account for the following :‐
(i) Chloroacetic acid Cl‐CH2COOH is a stronger acid than acetic acid CH3 COOH.
(ii) Carboxylic acids do not give the reaction of carbonyl group.
Ans. (i) The –I effect of Cl atom in ClCH2 COOH stabiles the ClCH COO ion while +I e ffect of CH ‐ group in
2 2 3
CH3 COOH destabilizes the CH3COO .
3 3
(ii) In the resonating structures of carboxylic acid and carbonyls, the carbonyl carbon of carboxylic acid is less
electro‐positive (less electrophile) than carbonyl carbon in aldehydes and ketones. Therefore carboxylic acids do
not give the reaction of carbonyl group
Q4. Arrange the following.
(i) C6H5 COOH, FCH2COOH, NO2 CH2 COOH( decreasing order of their acidic character)
(ii) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone reaction (increasing order of their nucleophilic addition
reaction)
Ans. (i) NO 2‐CH2‐COOH> F‐CH 2‐COOH >C6 H5‐COOH
(ii) Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal
Q5. An organic compound 'A' with molecular formula C8H8O gives positive DNP and iododorm test. It does
not reduce Tollens' or Fehling's reagent and does not decolourise bromine water also . On oxidation with
chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid 'B' with molecular formula C7H 6 O2. Deduce the structures A and B.
Ans. Since A does not give Fehling's or Tollen‘s test but gives iodoform test and 2,4‐ DNP test so it has CH 3
CO‐ group. Hence:
C6H5COCH3 C6H5COOH
(A) H2CrO4 (B)
OR
Write chemical equation for the following conversion ( not more than two steps)
(i) Acetaldehyde to butane ‐1,3 –diol
(ii) Acetone to propene
Ans. (i) CH3‐CHO CH3‐ CHOH‐CH2‐CHO CH3‐ CHOH‐CH2‐CH2OH
(ii) CH3COCH3 NaOH CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3 CH = CH2

NaBH 4
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIO NS (3‐ MARKS)
Q1. Explain the following name reaction by giving one suitable example of each:‐
(i) Wolff‐kishner reduction (ii) Aldol condensation (iii) Clemensen'sreduction
Ans. (i) Wolff‐kishner reduction
R2CO NH2NH2 R2C=NNH2 RCH2 R
Glycol/
HCl
(ii) Aldol condensation
Carbonyl compounds with α‐ hydrogen in basic medium undergo condensation to give Hydroxy
aldehydes and ketones.
CH3 CHO+NaOH →CH3 CHOH CH2 CHO CH3 CH=CH CHO + H2O
(iii) Clemensen's reduction
R2CO Zn-Hg/Conc. HCl

RCH 2R heat
Q2.
Write the products in the following reactions:
(a) CH3 COCH3

Zn-Hg/Conc.
(b) H3‐CO‐Cl + H2 Pd – BaSO4 /S ?
(c) C6H5CHO+ NaOH →?
Zn-Hg/Conc.
HCl
Ans. (a) CH3COCH3 CH3CH2 CH 3+ H2 O
(b)CH3‐CO‐Cl + H2 CH3 CHO + HCl

Pd – BaSO 4 /S
© C6H5CHO+ NaOH→ C6H5COONa+C6H5CH2OH

3 . Explain : (i) Ethanal is more reactive than acetophenone towards nucleophilic addition reaction.
(ii)(CH3) 3C‐CHO does not undergo aldol condensation.
(iii)Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than alcohols.
Ans. (i) The presence of two alkyl groups in ketones hinder the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon,
and reduce the positive charge on carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehydes.
(i) Due to unavailability of α‐hydrogen in the given compound it does not undergo aldol condensation.
(ii) Due to extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen
bonding,(exist as dimer)
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5‐MARKS)
Q1. (a) Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid
is a stronger acid than phenol. Give two reasons.
(b) How will you bring about the following conversions?
(i) Acetic acid to Acetaldehyde
(ii) Propylene to Acetone
(iii) Ethanal to but‐2‐enal
Ans. (a) (i) resonating structures of carboxylate ion are more stable than phenoxide ion.
(ii) Negative charge is dispersing on two electronegative oxygen in carboxylate ion whereas in phenoxide ion it is
on one oxygen .
(b) Conversions:
(i) CH3 COOH PCl5 CH3 COCl H2 /Pd – BaSO4 CH3 CHO
(ii) CH3 CH=CH2 H CH 3 + CHOH CH3 CH3COCH 3
O/H 2
Cu/573K
(iii) CH3 CHO + NaOH CH3‐CHOH‐CH2‐CHO HEAT CH3‐CH=CH‐CHO
Q2. (a)
Write the structures of A,B, C and D in the following reactions:
+ H2 NaOH
A B C+D
Pd-BaSO4
Ans : A- Benzoyl chloride B- Benzaldehyde
C - Benzylalcohol
D - Sodium benzoate
(b) Distinguish between: (i) Acetone and Acetaldehyde (ii) Benzaldehyde and
Benzophenone
Ans. (i) prous
CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + Cu 2O + 3H2O (on heating)

(Red ppt)
(iii) Bezaldehyde gives Tollens' test, while benzophenonedoes not.
C6H5 CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2] → C6H5 COONH4 +2Ag + 3NH3 +H2O
ASSIGNMENT
1. Arrange the following :
(i) (a) Benzoic acid
(b) 4‐Nitrobenzoic acid
(c) 3,4‐Dintrobenzoic acid
(d) 4‐Methoxybenzoic acid (increasing acidic character)
(ii) CH3 CHO, C6H 5CHO,HCHO (reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction)
2. Write the reaction mechanism for the reaction. R‐CHO + HCN → R‐CHCN‐OH
3. Draw the molecular structure of the compounds:‐
(i) 4‐ methylpent‐3‐en‐2‐one.
(ii) 3‐Methylbutanal
(iii) Hexane‐1,6‐dioic acid
4. How will you prepare benzyl alcohol from benzaldehyde without using a reducing agent? Identify the
compounds A, B and C in the following reactions:
+
CH3‐Br Mg/ether (A) CO2 /(ii)H2O (B) (i)CH OH/H  (C)
3
1. How do you convert the (i) following?
(i) Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

(ii) Ethyne to ethanoic acid
2. (a) Account for the following‐
(i) The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than their corresponding carboxylic acids.
(ii) The aldehydes and ketones undergo a number of addition reactions
(iii) In the reaction of ammonia derivatives with carbonyl compounds the pH should not be lesser than 4.5.
(b) Give chemical test to distinguish between:
(i) Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde (ii) Propanone and propanal
3. Distinguish between the following:
(a) (i) Butanone and Butanal
(ii) Ethanal and ethanoic acid
(b) Write a suitable example of each:
(i) Rosenmund reaction
(ii) Etard reaction
MCQs
1. Addition of water to alkynes occurs in acidic medium and in the presence of
Hg2+ ions as a catalyst. Which of the following products will be formed on
addition of water to but-1-yne under these conditions.
i). CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO (ii). CH3-CH2-CO-CH3
(iii). CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH + CO2 (iv). CH3-COOH + H-COOH
Ans: (ii)
2. Which of the following compounds is most reactive towards nucleophilic
addition reactions?
(i). CH3-COOH ii). CH3-CO-CH3
(iii) C6H5-CHO iv). C6H5-CO-CH3
Ans: (i)
3. The correct order of increasing acidic strength is _____________.
(i) Phenol < Ethanol < Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid
(ii) Ethanol < Phenol < Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid
(iii) Ethanol < Phenol < Acetic acid < Chloroacetic acid
(iv) Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid < Phenol < Ethanol
Ans: (iii)
4. Compound can be prepared by the reaction of _____________.
(i) Phenol and benzoic acid in the presence of NaOH
(ii) Phenol and benzoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine
(iii) Phenol and benzoyl chloride in the presence of ZnCl2
(iv) Phenol and benzaldehyde in the presence of palladium
Ans: (ii)
5. The reagent which does not react with both, acetone and benzaldehyde.
(i) Sodium hydrogensulphite
(ii) Phenyl hydrazine
(iii) Fehling’s solution
(iv) Grignard reagent
Ans: (iii)
6. Cannizaro’s reaction is not given by _____________.
(i). Cyclohexanone
(ii). C6H5-CHO
(iii) H CHO
(iv) CH3CHO
Ans: (iv)
7. CH3-CΞC-H H2SO4/HgSO4 A Isomerisaion CH3-CO-CH3

Structure of ‘A’ and type of isomerism in the above reaction are respectively.
(i) Prop–1–en–2–ol, metamerism
(ii) Prop-1-en-1-ol, tautomerism
(iii) Prop-2-en-2-ol, geometrical isomerism
(iv) Prop-1-en-2-ol, tautomerism
Ans: (iv)
8. Which is the most suitable reagent for the following conversion?
CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CO-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH2-COOH
(i) Tollen’s reagent
(ii) Benzoyl peroxide
(iii) I2 and NaOH solution
(iv) Sn and NaOH solution
Ans: (iii)
9. Which of the following compounds will give butanone on oxidation with
alkaline KMnO4 solution?
(i) Butan-1-ol
(ii) Butan-2-ol
(iii) Both of these
(iv) None of these
Ans: (ii)
10. In Clemmensen Reduction carbonyl compound is treated with _____________.

(i) Zinc amalgam + HCl
(ii) Sodium amalgam + HCl
(iii) Zinc amalgam + nitric acid
(iv) Sodium amalgam + HNO3
Ans: (i)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1-MARK)
1. Why carboxylic acid have higher boiling point than alcohols as both have intermolecular
hydrogen bonding?
Ans. Carboxylic acid forms a dimer due to double H-bonding. So it has higher boiling point than
alcohols.
2. Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic character : HCOOH, CH2ClCOOH ,
CF3COOH , CCl3 COOH
Ans. HCOOH < CH2ClCOOH < CCl3COOH < CF3COOH
3. Why is the boiling point of an acid anhydride higher than the acid from which it is derived?
Ans. Acid anhydrides are bigger in size than corresponding acid. These have more surface area so
have strong van der Waals Force of attractions. Hence they have higher boiling point.
4. Why do carboxylic acids not give the characteristic reactions of a carbonyl group?
Ans. Due to resonance, It does not have free carbonyl.
5. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points.
CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3
Ans. CH3CH2CH3< CH3OCH3< CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH
6. What happens when ethanoyl chloride is subjected to rosenmund reduction?
Ans. Ethanoyl chloride is converted in to Ethanal. OR
CH3COCl + H2 Pd-BaSO4/S CH3CHO + HCl
7. Why does solubility decrease with increasing molecular mass in carboxylic acid?
Ans. Because with increase of molecular mass size of hydrophobic carbon chain length increases.
8. Why PCC cannot oxidize methanol to methanoic acid while KMnO4 can?
Ans. This is because PCC is a mild oxidizing agent and can oxidize methanol to methanal only.
while KMnO4 is strong oxidizing agent which oxidizes it to methanoic acid.
9. Aromatic acids are solid while most of aliphatic acids are liquids. Why?
Ans. Aromatic acids have higher molecular weight and strong Van der Waals force of attraction as
compared to aliphatic acids so they are solids.
10. The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than that of the corresponding acids.
Why?
Ans. This is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids.
AMINES (UNIT - 12)
Classification: Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded directly to the nitrogen
atom. A primary (1°) amine has one alkyl (or aryl) group on the nitrogen atom, a secondary (2°) amine has two,
and a tertiary (3°) amine has three.
Physical Properties of Amines

1. The lower aliphatic amines are gases with fishy smell. Primary amines with three or more carbon atoms
are liquid and higher members are all solids.
2. Lower aliphatic amines are water soluble because they can form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules, however the solubility decreases with increase in hydrophobic alkyl group.
3. Boiling points order: primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine
Preparation
HOFFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION:‐
GABREIL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS:

Chemical Properties Basic Strength of Amines
Amines act as Lewis bases due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. More the K b
(dissociation constant of base), higher is the basicity of amines. Lesser the pKb higher is the basicity of
amines. Aliphatic amines (R‐NH2) are stronger bases than NH3due to the electron releasing +I effect of the alkyl
group. Among aliphatic methyl amines, the order of basic strength in aqueous solution is as follows:
(C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2> NH3 (CH3)2NH > CH3 NH2> (CH3)3N > NH3
Aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic amines and NH3, due to the fact that the electron pair on
the nitrogen atom is involved in resonance with the π‐electron pairs of the ring.
BENZOYLATION:
CARBYLAMINE REACTION: HINSBERG'S TEST:
N.N-Diethylbenzenesulphonamide (Insoluble in KOH)

Tertiary amines do not react with benzene sulphonyl chloride. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS:‐
BROMINATION:‐
To prepare monosubstituted derivative, activating effect of –NH2 group must be controlled by
protecting–NH 2 by acetylation with acetic anhydride.
NITRATION: D irect nitration of aniline is not possible as it is susceptible to oxidation , thus amino
group is first protected by acetylation.
In strongly acidic medium, aniline is protonated to form anilinium ion which is meta directing so it gives meta
product also
SULPHONATION:
Aniline does not undergo Friedel Craft reaction due to salt formation with aluminium chloride, the Lewis acid,
which is used as a catalyst.
DIAZOTISATION:
Properties of benzene diazonium chloride
Very Short Answer questions: (1 Mark)
Q.1 What is Hinsberg's reagent? Ans. Benzene sulphonyl chloride
Q.2 Why is aniline acylated before its nitration?
Ans. To prevent it from oxidation
Q.3 Ethylamine is soluble in water but aniline is not, why?
Ans. Ethylamine forms intermolecular H‐bond with water, but aniline does not form H‐bond to a very large
extent due to the presence of large hydrophobic –C6 H5 group.
Q.4 Write the structure of N‐Ethyl‐N‐methylaniline.
Ans.
Q.5 Write structures and IUPAC names of the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann bromamide
reaction.
Ans. , Butanamide
ASSERTION - REASON TYPE

1. Assertion : The diazotisation reaction must be carried in ice cold solution ( 0-4⁰C).
Reason : At higher temperature, benzenediazonium chloride reacts with water to give phenol.
( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : In strongly acidic solution aniline becomes less reactive towards electrophilic
reagents.
Reason : Due to protonation of amino group the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is not available
for resonance. ( Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Gabriel phthalimide synthesis can be used to convert alkyl chlorides into primary
amines.
Reason : With proper choice of reagent Gabriel synthesis can be used to prepare primary,
secondary and tertiary amines. ( Ans - c)
4. Assertion : N-Ethylbenzenesulphonamide is soluble in alkali.
Reason : Hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic in nature. (Ans - a)
5. Assertion : Benzenediazonium chloride can not be stored and is used immediately after its
preparation.
Reason : It is very unstable and dissociates to give nitrogen. (Ans - a)
One - word answer
1. Which one is more acidic : anilinium ion or p-fluoroanilinium ion ? (Ans - p-fluoroanilinium ion)
2. Name the effect due to which nitrobenzene does not undergo Friedal Craft reaction.
3. ( Ans - Deactivating)
Short Answer questions: (2 Mark)
Q.6 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.
(i) C6H 5NHCH3
Ans. (i) N‐Methyl aniline 20
(ii) (CH CH ) NCH
3 2 2 3
(ii) N‐Ethyl‐N‐methylethanamine 3 0
Q.7 Give plausible explanation for each of the following:
(i) Why do primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines?
(ii) Why are aliphatic amines stronger bases than aromatic amines?
Ans. (i) Due to strong intermolecular H‐bonding in primary amines.
(ii) In aromatic amines lone pair is engaged with benzene in resonance.
Q.8 How can you convert an amide into an amine having one carbon less than the starting compound?
Name the reaction.
Ans. By using Hoffmann bromamide reaction
Q.9 Write the structures of: (a) 3‐Bromobenzenamine (b) 3‐Chlorobutanamide
Ans: (a) (b) CH3 CH(Cl)CH2CONH 2
Q.10 Arrange the following:

(i) In decreasing order of the pKbvalues:
C2H 5NH2, C6 H5 NHCH 3, (C2H 5)2NH and C6H 5NH2
(ii) In increasing order of basic strength: Aniline, p‐nitroaniline and p‐toluidine
Ans: (i) C6H 5NH2, C6H 5NHCH3,C 2H 5NH2,(C2 H5) 2NH
(ii) p‐Nitroaniline , aniline, p‐toluidine
Short Answer questions: (3 Marks)
Q.11 Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Methylamineand dimethylamine
(ii) Ethylamine and aniline
(iii) Aniline and benzylamine
Ans: (i) Carbylamine reaction
(ii) Azo dye Test
(iii) Azo dye Test
Q.12 Account for the following:
(i) Although amino group is o, p− directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions,aniline
on nitration gives a substantial amount of m‐nitroaniline.
(ii) Aniline does not undergo Friedel‐Crafts reaction.
(iii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesizing primary amines.
Ans. (i) Because nitration is carried out in an acidic medium. In an acidic medium, aniline is protonated to give
anilinium ion which is meta‐directing.
(ii) Friedel‐Craft reaction is carried out in the presence of AlCl3. But AlCl3 acts as a Lewis acid, while aniline
acts as a Lewis base. Thus, aniline reacts with AlCl3 to form a salt.
(iii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis results in the formation of primary amines only. Secondary and
tertiary amines are not formed in this synthesis. Thus, a pure primary amine can be obtained.
Therefore,Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesizing primary amines.
Q.13 Give the structures of A, B and C in the following reactions:
(i) CH3CH2I NaCN OH– B B NaOHBr20 C
A Partial hydrolysis
2
(ii) C6H5N2CI NaCN A H O/H+ B NH3 C
CuCN A LiH B 
4
KCN
(iii) CH3CH2Br
HNO2 C
0°C
Ans: (i) (A)CH3 CH 2CN (B)CH3 CH 2CONH 2 (C)CH3 CH 2NH2
(ii) (A)C6H 5CN (B)C6H 5COOH (C)C6H 5CONH 2
(iii) (A)CH3 CH 2CN (B)CH3 CH 2CH2 NH 2 (C)CH3CH2CH2OH
Q.14 How will you convert:
(i) Benzyl chloride to 2‐phenylethanamine
(ii) Benzene to Aniline
(iii) Aniline to p‐bromoaniline
Ans: (i) C6H5CH2Cl Ethanolic NaCN C6H5CH2CN H2/N1 C6H 5CH2 CH 2NH
Q.15 An organic compound [A] C3 H6O2 on reaction with ammonia followed by heating yield B. Compound B
on reaction with Br2 and alc. NaOH gives compound C
(C2H7N). Compound C forms a foul smelling compound D on reaction with chloroform and NaOH. Identify A, B, C,
D and the write the equations of reactions involved.
[Hint: (A) CH3 CH 2COOH (B) CH 2CH2 CONH2 (C) CH 3 CH2 NH 2 (D) CH3 CH 2NC.]
ASSIGNMENTS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic strength: C2H5 NH2, C6H5 NHCH3, (C2H 5)2 NHand
C6H 5NH2
2. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide. Why?
3. Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines. Why?
4. Why aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis?
5. Write structures and IUPAC names of the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Carbylamine reaction
(ii) Diazotisation
(iii) Hofmann's reaction
(iv) Coupling reaction
Q2. Complete the following reactions:
(i) C6H5NH2+CHCl3+ alc.KOH →
(ii) C6H5N2Cl+H3PO2+H2O →
Q3. Give a chemical test to distinguish between:
(a) C6H5NH2 & CH3NH2
(b) CH3 NHCH 3 & (CH 3)3 N
Q4. Give the IUPAC names of: (a) (CH 3) 2CHNH2 (b) (CH 3CH2) 2NCH 3
3 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. How will you convert?
(v) Benzene into N, N dimethylaniline
(vi) Aniline to phenol
(vii) Aniline into benzene
Q2. An aromatic compound 'A' on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound 'B'
which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound 'C' of molecular formula C6 H7N. Write the structures and
IUPAC names of compounds A, B and C.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(MCQs)
1. Which of the following is a 3° amine?

(i) 1-methylcyclohexylamine
(ii) Triethylamine
(iii) tert-butylamine
(iv) N-methylaniline
Ans: (ii)
2. The correct IUPAC name for CH2=CHCH2 NHCH3 is
(i) Allylmethylamine
(ii) 2-amino-4-pentene
(iii) 4-aminopent-1-ene
(iv) N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine
Ans:(iv)
3. Amongst the following, the strongest base in aqueous medium is ____________.
(i) CH3NH2
(ii) NCCH2NH2
(iii) (CH3)2 NH
(iv) C6H5NHCH3
Ans: (iii)
4. Benzylamine may be alkylated as shown in the following equation :
C6H5CH2NH2 + R—X ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5CH2NHR
Which of the following alkylhalides is best suited for this reaction through SN1 mechanism?
(i) CH3Br
(ii) C6H5Br
(iii) C6H5CH2Br
(iv) C2H5 Br
Ans: (iii)
5. Which of the following reagents would not be a good choice for reducing an aryl nitro compound
to an amine?
(i) H2 (excess)/Pt
(ii) LiAlH4 in ether
(iii) Fe and HCl
(iv) Sn and HCl
Ans: (ii)
6. In order to prepare a 1° amine from an alkyl halide with simultaneous addition of one CH2 group
in the carbon chain, the reagent used as source of nitrogen is ___________.
(i) Sodium amide, NaNH2
(ii) Sodium azide, NaN3
(iii) Potassium cyanide, KCN
(iv) Potassium phthalimide, C6H4(CO)2N–K+
Ans: (iii)
7. The source of nitrogen in Gabriel synthesis of amines is _____________.
(i) Sodium azide, NaN3
(ii) Sodium nitrite, NaNO2
(iii) Potassium cyanide, KCN
(iv) Potassium phthalimide, C6H4(CO)2N–K+
Ans: (iv)
8. The best reagent for converting 2–phenylpropanamide into
2-phenylpropanamine is _____.
(i) excess H2
(ii) Br2 in aqueous NaOH
(iii) iodine in the presence of red phosphorus
(iv) LiAlH4 in ether
Ans: (iv)
9. The best reagent for converting, 2-phenylpropanamide into
1- phenylethanamine is ____.
(i) excess H2/Pt
(ii) NaOH/Br2
(iii) NaBH4/methanol
(iv) LiAlH4/ether
Ans: (ii)
10. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation reaction is shown by __________.
(i) ArNH2
(ii) ArCONH2
(iii) ArNO2
(iv) ArCH2NH2
Ans: (ii)
SHORT ANSWERED QUESTIONS (1-MARK)
1. What is the hybridisation of N in (CH3)3N and shape of (CH3)3N ?
Ans. Hybridisation of N in (CH3)3N is sp3 and shape of (CH3)3N is trigonal pyramidal.
2. Which diazonium salt is stable at room temprature.
Ans. Benzene diazonium fluoro borate(C6H5N2 F).
3. Which diazonium salt is insoluble in water at room temprature?
Ans. Benzene diazonium fluoro borate (C6H5N2 F).
4. Out of CH3NH2 and CH3CH2NH2 which has higher boiling point and why ?
Ans. CH3CH2NH2 because bigger the alkyl group more is the surface area higher is the magnitude
of van der Waals force.
5. Why are primary amines higher boiling than tertiary amines ?
Ans. Primary amines have two hydrogen atoms on the N atom and therefore form intermolecular
hydrogen bonding. Tertiary amines do not have hydrogen atoms on the N atom and therefore,these
do not form hydrogen bonds.
6. Write the structure and IUPAC name of t-butylamine.
Ans. 2-Methylpropan-2-amine
7. Which one is more basic CH3NH2 or (CH3)3N in gaseous phase and why ?
Ans. (CH3)3N is more basic because greater number of alkyl groups increase the magnitude of +I
effect so increase the basicity .

8. Which one is more basic CH3NH2 or (CH3)3N in gaseous phase and why ?
Ans. (CH3)3N is more basic because greater number of alkyl groups increase the magnitude of +I
effect so increase the basicity .
9. Out of Butan-1-ol and butan-1-amine ,which will be more soluble in water and why?
Ans. Butan-1-ol are more polar than amines and forms stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds with
water molecules than amines.
10. Why ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not ?
Ans. Ethylamine when added to water forms intermolecular H−bonds with water. Hence, it is
soluble in water.
BIOMOLECULES (UNIT 13 )
KEY POINTS EXPLANATIONS

Monosaccharides Cannot be hydrolyzed further.e.g.‐ glucose,fructose, ribose
Disaccharides Sucrose (α‐D‐ glucose + β‐D‐fructose), Maltose (α‐D‐ glucose +
α‐D‐ glucose) Lactose(β‐D‐galactose + β‐D‐glucose )
Polysaccharides Starch (two components—Amylose and Amylopectin) polymer of α‐D‐
glucose
Amylose Water soluble, 15‐20% of starch., unbranched chain, C1– C4
glyosidic linkage.
Amylopectin Water insoluble , 80‐85% of starch, branched chain polymer, C1–C4 &
C1–C6 glyosidic linkage
Cellulose Straight chain polysaccharide of β ‐D‐glucose units/ joined by C1‐C4
glycosidic linkage (β‐link), not digestible by human / constituent of
cell wall of plant cells
Glycogen Highly branched polymer of α‐D‐ glucose .found in liver, muscles and brain.
Reducing sugars Aldehydic/ ketonic groups free so reduce Fehling’s/ Tollen’s solution
and. e.g.‐ maltose and lactose
Non reducing sugars Aldehydic/ ketonic groups are bonded so cannot reduce Fehling’s
solution and Tollen’s reagent. E.g.‐ Sucrose
Anomers. The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the
configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric carbon
Such isomers, i.e., α –form and β ‐form, are called anomers.
Invert sugar Sucrose is dextrorotatory but after hydrolysis gives
dextrorotatory glucose and laevorotatory fructose. Since the
laevorotation of fructose (–92.4°) is more than dextrorotation of glucose (+
52.5°), the mixture is laevorotatory. Thus, hydrolysis of sucrose brings
about a change in the sign of rotation, from dextro (+) to laevo (–) and the
product is named as invert sugar.
Glycosidic linkage Linkage between two mono saccharide
Importance of Carbohydrates Major portion of our food. / used as storage molecules as starch in plants
and glycogen in animal. Cell wall of bacteria and plants is made up of
cellulose.Wood and cloth are cellulose, provide raw materials for
many important industries like textiles, paper, lacquers and
breweries.
Essential amino acids Which cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through
diet, e.g.‐ Valine, Leucine
Non-essential amino acids Which can be synthesised in the body, eg‐ Glycine, Alanine
Zwitter ion. In aqueous solution, amino acids exist as a dipolar ion known as
zwitter ion.
Peptide linkage peptide linkage is an amide formed between –COOH group and
–NH2 group of two successive amino acids in peptide chain.
10‐ str. Of proteins: sequence of amino acids that is said to be

the primary structure of protein
20‐ str. of proteins: secondary structure of protein refers to the shape in which a long
polypeptide chain can exist. They are found to exist in two types of
structures viz. α ‐helix and β ‐pleated sheet structure.
Tertiary structure of proteins: further folding of the secondary structure. It gives rise to two major
molecular shapes viz. fibrous and globular.
Fibrous proteins Polypeptide chains run parallel, held together by hydrogen and
disulphide bonds, fiber– like structure. Water insoluble.Eg‐ are keratin
(in hair, wool, silk) and myosin (present in muscles).
Globular proteins chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical shape. water
soluble. Eg‐Insulin and albumins
Stab. forces 2°& 3° Hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and
electrostatic forces of attraction.
Denaturation of Proteins When a protein is subjected to physical change like change in
temperature or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds
are disturbed. Due to this, globules unfold and helix get uncoiled and
protein loses its biological activity. This is called denaturation of
protein. (During denaturation 2° and 3° structures are destroyed
but 1°structure remains intact.) eg‐ The coagulation of egg white on
boiling, curdling of milk
Fat soluble vitamins These are vitamins A, D, E and K. They are stored in liver and
adipose (fat storing) tissues
Water soluble vitamins B , C . these vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet because
they are readily excreted in urine
Vitamins –sources‐ Deficiency Vit‐ A (Fish liver oil, carrots)‐ Night blindness / Vitamin B1 (Yeast,
diseases milk,)‐ Beri Beri
Vit‐B2 (Milk, egg white)‐ Cheilosis / Vit‐ B6 (Yeast, milk,)‐
Convulsions / Vit‐ B12 (Meat, fish,)‐ anemia
Vit- C(Citrus fruits)‐ Scurvy, / Vit- D(Exposure to sunlight, fish and egg
yolk)‐ Rickets, osteomalacia
Vit- E (wheat oil, sunflower oil)‐ fragility of RBCs / Vit - K (leafy
vegetables)‐ Increased blood clotting time
DNA pentose sugar (D‐2‐deoxyribose) + phosphoric acid +
nitrogenous bases ( A , G , C, T )
RNA pentose sugar (ribose) + phosphoric acid + nitrogenous bases (A, G ,
C, U )
Nucleoside / tides Nucleoside → sugar + base Nucleotides → sugar + base
+phosphate
Phosphodiester link Linkage between two nucleotides in polynucleotides
Functions of Nucleic Acids DNA reserve genetic information, maintain the identity of
different species is capable of self- duplication during cell division,
synthesizes protein in the cell.
QUESTIONS
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS)
1. How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in D (+) glucose?

2. Give the significance of (+)-sign in the name D- (+)-glucose.
3. Give the significance of prefix ‘D’ in the name D- (+)-glucose.
4. Why is sucrose called invert sugar?
5. Write the Zwitter ionic form of amino acetic acid. (H2NCH2COOH).
6. How would you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?
7. Which nucleic acid is responsible for carrying out protein synthesis in the cell?
8. The two strands in DNA are not identical but complementary. Explain.
9. What type of linkage holds together the monomers of DNA and RNA?
10. Mention the number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine.
Answers
1. 4
2. (+) sign indicates dextrorotatory nature of glucose.
3.‘D’ Signifies that –OH group on C-5 is on the right hand side
4.When sucrose is hydrolyzed by water, the optical rotation of solution
changes from positive to negative.
5.Amino acids are amphoteric due to the presence of both acidic and
basic functional groups.
6.Amphoteric behavior.
7.RNA
8. complementary bases are prepared.
9.H-bonding is present between specific pairs of bases present in strands.
10.Phosphodiester linkage.
(Q.) What is difference between reducing and non‐reducing sugars or carbohydrates?
(1 Mark)
(Ans) All those carbohydrates which contain aldehydic and ketonic group in the hemiacetal or hemiketal form
and reduce Tollen's reagent or Fehling's solution are called reducing carbohydrates while others which do not
reduce these reagents are called non‐reducing sugars.
(Q.) Explain the term mutarotation? (1 Mark)
(Ans) Mutarotation is the change in the specific rotation of an optically active compound with time, to an
equilibrium mixture.
(Q.) Define glycosidic linkage? (1 Mark)
(Ans) The two monosaccharide units are joined together through an ethereal or oxide linkage formed by the
loss of a molecule of H2O. Such a linkage between two monosaccharide units through oxygen atoms is
called glycosidic linkage.
(Q.) Give a chemical equation for obtaining maltose? (1 Mark)
(Ans) Maltose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of starch by the enzyme diastase present in malt i.e.,
sprouted barley seeds.
2(C6H10O5)n + n H 2O Diastase n C6H12O6
1. Assertion : All enzymes found in cells are invariably proteins which catalyse biological reactions.
Reason : Enzymes act efficiently at a moderate temperature and pH. ( Ans - b)
2. Assertion : D - glucose is dextrorotatory whereas L - glucose is laevorotatory.
Reason : D - compounds are always dextro and L - compounds are always laevo. ( Ans - b)
3. Assertion : Vitamin D cannot be stored in our body.
Reason : Vitamin D is fat soluble vitamin and is excreted from the body in urine. ( Ans - d)
4. Assertion : Purine bases present in DNA are adenine and guanine.
Reason : The base thymine is present in RNA while base uracil is present in DNA. (Ans - c)
5. Assertion : α - Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Reason : Natural amino acids are mostly α - amino acids. (Ans - b)
One - word answer
1. Name the linkage used to link different monosaccharide in a polysaccharide ? (Ans - Glycosidic)
2. Name a water soluble vitamin which is not excreted from our body? ( Ans - Vitamin - B12)
(Q.) What do you understand by denaturation of proteins? (2 Marks)
(Ans) When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like in temperature or chemical change
like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to this, globules unfold and helix get uncoiled
and protein loses its biological activity. This is called denaturation of protein.
(Q.) Give the chemical structure of sucrose & explain why sucrose is non reducing sugar.
(2 Marks)
(Ans)
The two monosaccharide are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C1 of  – glucose and C2 of
 ‐ fructose. Since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond
formation, sucrose is a non‐reducing sugar.
(Q.) Give a broad classification of vitamins? (2 Marks)
(Ans) Vitamins are complex organic molecules. They can be broadly classified as:
(i) Water soluble vitamins: These include vitamin B‐complex and vitamin C.
(ii) Fat soluble vitamins: These are oily substances that are not readily soluble in water. However, they are soluble in
fat. These include vitamins A,D,E and K.
(Q.) Write a short note on cellulose and give its chemical structure. (3 Marks)
(Ans)
Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and it is the most abundant organic substance in plant kingdom. It is a
predominant constituent of cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed only
of α – D‐glucose units which are joined by glycosidic linkagebetween C1 of one glucose unit and C4 of
the next glucose unit
(Q.) Give a short note on Zwitter ion? (3 Marks)
(Ans) Amino acids are usually colourless, crystalline solids. These are water soluble, high melting solids and behave
like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. This behaviour is due to the presence of both acidic
(carboxylic group) and basic (amino group) groups in the same molecule. In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group
can lose a proton and amino group can accept a proton, giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion.
(Q.) How are peptides formed. Show the formation of peptide bond with diagram. (3 Marks)
(Ans) Peptides are amides formed by the condensation of amino group of one NH2– amino group with the
carboxyl group of another molecule of the same or different
1‐Vitamins are organic compounds which are essential for maintenance of normal growth and health of the
organism. Certain vitamins cannot be stored in our body and have to be supplied regularly in diet while others
can be stored in the body. Vitamins are required only in small amounts and should not be taken in excess.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Out of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins which can be stored in our body?
(ii) Name any two water soluble and two fat soluble vitamins.
(iii) Which of the vitamin belonging to B‐complex series can be stored in our body?
Ans. (i) Fat soluble

(ii) (Water soluble) B and C, (fat soluble) A,D,E,K
(iii) B12
Chemicals released by
endocrine glands
QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS (1 – MARK EACH )
1.Antibodies are –
(a) carbohydrates (b) Proteins
(c) Lipids (d) Enzymes
Ans b
2.The function of enzymes in the living system is to–
(a) Transport oxygen (b) Provide immunity (c)Catalyze biochemical reactions (d)Provide energy
Ans c
3.Vitamin A is called –
(a) Ascorbic acid (b) Retinol
(c) Calciferol (d) Tocopherol
Ans b
4.Which carbohydrate is an essential constituent of plant cells?

(a) Starch (b) Cellulose (c) Sucrose (d) Vitamins
Ans b
5.Vitamin B1 is –
(a) Riboflavin (b) Cobalamin (c) Thiamine (d) Pyridoxine
Ans c
6.Which statement is incorrect about peptide bond?

(a) N bond length in proteins is longer than usual bond length of C – N bond
(b) Spectroscopic analysis shows planar structure of – CO – NH – group
© C – N bond length in proteins is smaller than usual bond length of C – N bond
(d) None of the above
Ans a
7.The vitamins absorbed from intestine along with fats are –

(a) A, D (b) A, B (c) A,C (d) D, B
Ans a
8.The functional group which is found in amino acid is

(a) – COOH (b) – NH2 (c) – CH3 (d) both (a) and (b)
Ans d
9.Complete hydrolysis of cellulose gives –

(a) L – glucose (b) D-Fructose (c) D-ribose (d) D-glucose
Ans d
10.Which of the following structures represents the peptide chain?
Ans c
11.Insulin production and its action in human body are responsible for the level of diabetes. This
compound belongs to which of the following categories –
(a) A coenzyme (b) a hormone (c) an enzyme (d) An antibiotic
Ans b
12.Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA?

(a) Uracil (b) Cytosine (c) Guanine (d) Thymine
Ans d
13.The nucleic acid base having two possible binding sites is –

(a) Thymine (b) cytosine (c) Guanine (d) Adenine
Ans c
14.Which functional group participates in disulphide bond formation in proteins?

(a) Thioether (b) Thiol (c) Thioester (d) Thiolactone
Ans b
15.In both DNA and RNA, heterocyclic base and phosphate ester linkages are at –
a. C5' and C2' respectively of the sugar molecule
b. C2' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule
c. C1' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule
d. C5' and C1' respectively of the sugar molecule
Ans c
16.The human body does not produce –

(a) Enzymes (b) DNA (c) Vitamins (d) Hormones
Ans c
17.The Pyrimidine bases presentin DNA are –
a) cytosine and adenine (b) cytosine and guanine
c) cytosine and thymine (d) cytosine, thiamine and uracil
Ans d
18.Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of only –

a) D-glucose units joined by  - glyosidic linkage
b) D – glucose units joined by  - glyosidic linkage
c) D – galactose units joined by  - glyosidic linkage
d) D – galactose units joined by  - glyosidic linkage
Ans a
19.Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?
(a) Vitamin E (b) Vitamin K (c) Vitamin A (d) Vitamin B
Ans d
20.Cellulose is insoluble in –
a)ammoniacal cupric hydroxide solution
b)organic solvents (c) water (d) None
Ans c
HOTS
1. Fresh tomatoes are a better source of Vitamin C than which have been stored for some time.
Explain.
Ans. Vitamin C is destroyed on prolonged exposure to air due to its oxidation.
Q2. Why are carbohydrates generally optically active?

Ans. It is due to the presence of Chiral Carbon atoms in their molecules
Q3. How is globular protein different from fibrous protein?
Ans–
Globular Protein Fibrous Protein
1.they form α‐helix structure. 1. they have β‐pleated structure.

2.they are water soluble. 2. they are water insoluble.
3.they involve H bonding. 3. they have strong intermolecular forces of
attraction.
Q4. (i) What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is
hydrolyzed?
(ii)How will you distinguish 1° and 2° hydroxyl groups present in glucose?
Ans. (i) Complete hydrolysis of DNA yields a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and thymine
(ii) On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both yield a dicarboxylic acid,
saccharic acid. This indicates the presence of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose.
Q5. Explain tertiary structure of Protein.
Ans. Tertiary structure of proteins: The tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of the
polypeptide chains i.e., further folding of the secondary structure. It gives rise to two major
molecular shapes viz. fibrous and globular. The main forces which stabilize the 2° and 3° structures
of proteins are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and electrostatic forces of
attraction.
POLYMERS (UNIT-14 )
KEY POINTS
Polymer:
It is a very large molecule having high molecular mass (103 ‐ 107 u). They are formed by joining of repeating
structural units on large scale.
Copolymer is derived from more than one species of monomer. Copolymer is fromed by copolymerization
of two monomer species.
Classification of polymers:
Based on Source
(i) Natural: Found in plants and animals, e.g. proteins, cellulose, natural rubber,.
(ii) Synthetic: Man‐made e.g. nylon, polyester, neoprene, Bakelite, Teflon, PV.C, Semi‐synthetic: Cellulose derivatives
as cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate.
(iii) Based on structure:
Linear polymers: This consist of long and straight chain repeating units. e.g. polythene (HDPE), PVC, nylon,
polyester.
Branchedpolymers: This contain linear chains having some branches
e.g. amylopectin.
Cross linked polymers: Strong covalent bonds are present between various linear polymer chains.
e.g Bakelite, urea‐formaldehyde polymer, melamine etc.
Based on molecular forces:
Elastomers: Forces of interaction between polymer chains is weakest, e.g. Buna ‐S , Buna‐ N, neoprene etc.
Fibers: Strong hydrogen bonds are present between the polymer chains. They have high tensile strength
e.g., nylon, polyester, silk, wool, orlon, rayon etc.
Thermoplastics: They are linear/slightly branched chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on
heating and hardening on cooling, e.g. polythene, PVC, polystyrene, etc.
Thermosetting Plastics: They are coss‐linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating undergo extensive
cross‐linkages and become infusible, e.g, bakelite, urea- formaldehyde resin etc.
POLYMERS AT AGLANCE
Polymer Monomer Uses

(a) Polythene Ethene Insulation of wires, toys,
manufacture of dustbins etc.
Polytetrafluroethene (Teflon) Tetrafluroethene Oil seal and gasket and non‐stick
kitchen Wares.
(c) Polyarcylonitrile Acrylonitirile Substitute for wool.
(d) Terylene or Dacron Ethylene glycol + Terephthalic acidSafety helmets, used in blending with
cotton and wool fibers.
(e) Nylon‐6,6 Hexamethylenediamine + adipic acid Stocking, Socks, ropes, parachutes,
fabrics, bristles of tooth brush.
(f) Novolac Phenol + Formaldehyde Used for binding glue, paints.
(g) Bakelite Formaldehyde + Phenol Combs, records, Switches boards
(h) Melamine Melamine + Formaldehyde Manufacture of unbreakable
crockery.
(i) Polypropene Propene Ropes, toys, pipes, fibres etc.
(j) Polystyrene Styrene As insulator, wrapping material, radio
and television cabinets.
(k) Glyptal Ethylene glycol + phthalic acid Manufacture of paints and lacquers.
(l) Buna‐N 1,3‐Butadiene+Acrylonitrile In making oil seals,tank lining, etc.
(m) Nylon‐2‐Nylon6 Glycine + aminocaproic acid it is biodegradable polymer
(n) Buna‐S copolymer 1,3‐Butadiene+Styrene floor tiles foot‐wear components
(o) Natural Rubber 2‐methyl‐1,3‐butadiene Used for tyres
(p) Neoprene 2‐chloro‐1,3‐butadiene Conveyor belts, gasket, hoses
(PHBV) poly‐β 3 hydroxybutanoic acid + 3‐ Speciality packaging, orthopaedic
hydroxybutyrate‐co‐β hydroxy hydroxypantanoic acid devices.
valerate (Biodegradable)
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 What does the designation 6,6 mean in the name nylon ‐6,6 ?
Ans. The acid and amine parts ,which condense to give the polymer both contain 6 carbons each .
Q.2 Give an example of elastomers .
Ans. Buna ‐S , Buna ‐N and neoprene are examples of elastomers .
Q.3 Name the polymers used in laminated sheets and give the name of monomeric units involved in its
function .
Ans. Urea ‐ formaldehyde resins . Monomer units are Urea and formaldehyde .
Q.4 Explain the difference between Buna‐N and Buna‐S .
Ans. Both are copolymers . Buna‐N is a copolymer of 1,3 ‐butadiene and acrylonitrile while Buna‐S is a
copolymers of 1,3‐butadiene and styrene .
Q.5 Why are rubbers called elastomers ?
Ans. Rubbers are stretched on application of force and regain its original state after the force is removed ,
therefore these are called elastomers .
choice from the options given below :
1. Assertion : Strong interparticle forces exist in thermosetting polymers.
Reason : These polymers are heavily cross - linked. ( Ans - a)
2. Assertion : Most of the synthetic polymers are non - biodegradable.
Reason : During polymerisation, the polymers become toxic and non - biodegradable. ( Ans - c)
3. Assertion : Teflon is used for making oil seals, gaskets and non - stick surface coating.
Reason : Teflon is chemically inert and resistant to attack by corrosive reagents. (Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Low density polythene is used in the insulation of electricity carrying wires.
Reason : It is chemically inert, tough, flexible and poor conductor of electricity. ( Ans - a)
ONE - WORD ANSWER
1. What is the commercial name of polyacrylonitrile? ( Ans - orlon)
2. Name a polymer having a vinylic monomeric unit. (Ans - Polystyrene)
2 Marks Questions
Q1 Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces .
(i) Nylon 6 ,6 , Buna‐S , polythene .
(ii) Nylon 6, neoprene , polyvinyl chloride .
Ans. The increasing intermolecular forces of attraction follows the order : Elastomer, Thermo plastic, Fibre .
(i) Buna‐S , polythene , Nylon 6, 6 .
(ii) Neoprene , polyvinyl chloride , Nylon 6 .
Q.2 Distinguish between the terms homopolymers and copolymers and give an example of each.
Ans. Homopolymers :‐ Polymers whose repeating structural units are derived from only one type of monomer
units are called homopolymers . For example , Polythene , PVC, PAN , teflon , etc .
Copolymers :‐ Polymers whose repeating structural units are derived from different types of monomer molecules .
For examples , Buna‐S , nylon 6,6 , polyester, bakelite , etc .
Q.3 Differentiate the following pairs of polymers based on the property mentioned against each
(i) Novolac and bakelite ( structure)
(ii) Buna‐S and terylene ( intermolecular force of attraction )
Ans. (i) Novolac is a linear condensation polymer formed by reaction between phenol and formaldehyde .
Bakelite is a cross linked condensation polymer formed by reaction between phenol and formaldehyde .
(ii) Buna‐S has weak intermolecular forces of attraction. terylene has stronger intermolecular force of
attraction (dipole‐ dipole attraction ).
Q.4 Write the name of monomers used for getting the polymers PVC and PMMA . State one use for each of
these polymers .
Ans. PVC:‐ Vinyl chloride is the monomer used in PVC . It is used for making pipes and electrical insulators .
PMMA:‐ Polymethyl methacrylate is the monomer used in PMMA . It is used as substitute of glass .
Q.5 Write one difference between chain growth and step growth polymerisation . Give one example of each .
Ans. Chain growth polymerisation involves addition of monomers by free radical mechanism . Generally
unsaturated monomers react by this mode of polymerisation to give polymers . Example Polythene ,
polypropene .
Step growth polymerisation involves repetitive condensation reaction between two bifunctional monomers.
Ex Terylene.
3 Marks questions
Q.1 How does the presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity?
Ans. Natural rubber is cis‐ 1,4 ‐polyisoprene and is obtained by linear polymerisation of isoprene units. The
cis‐configuration at double bonds does not allow the polymer chains to come closer for effective interactions and
hence intermolecular forces are quite weak. As a result, natural rubber i.e, cis‐polyisoprene has a randomly coiled
structure and hence shows elasticity.
Q.2 How is bakelite made and what is its major use? Why Is bakelite a thermosetting polymer?
Ans. Bakelite is obtained by condensation reaction of phenol and formaldehyde. It is used in making
electrical switches and switch boards. It is thermosetting polymer because on heating it undergoes
extensive cross linking in the mould.
Q.3 Draw the structures of the monomers of the following polymers :
(i) Polythene (ii) PVC (iii) Teflon Ans (i) Polythene:‐ The
structure of the monomer of polythene is :
CH2= CH2
(ii) PVC( polyvinylchloride) :‐ The structure of monomer of PVC is given below :
CH2 =CH _ Cl
Teflon:‐The structure of the monomer of t eflon is : CF2=CF2
Q.4 (a) Give an example of synthetic rubber and mention i ts main advantages.
) Write the monomers of Dacron.
) Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of tensile strength : Nylon‐6 , Buna‐S , Polythene.
Ans. (a) An example of synthetic rubber is Buna‐S. Main Advantage : It is resistant to the action of petrol,
lubricating oil and organic solvents.
(b) Monomers of dacron are: Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid
(c) Increasing order of tensile strength of the given polymers : Buna‐S < Polythene < Nylon ‐6
Q.5 Write the names of monomers of the following polymers and classify them as addition or condensation
polymers (a) Teflon (b) Bakelite (c) Natural rubber
Ans. (a) Monomer of Teflon is tertraflouroethene (CF2=CF2). It is an addition polymer.
(b) Monomer of bakelite are formaldehyde and phenol . It is a condensation polymer.
(c) Monomer of natural rubber is isoprene (2‐methyl‐1 , 3‐butadience). It is an addition polymer.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Name a synthetic polymer which is an amide.
2. How are addition polymers different from condensation polymers?
3. What is the basic difference between following pairs:
(a) Elastomers and fibres
(b) Thermo setting polymer & thermo plastic polymers.
4. Explain the mechanism of polymerisation of ethene.
5. Differentiate between LDP and HDP.
6. Give preparation of polyacrylonitrile.
7. Write one use of each – Teflon and polyacrylonitrile.
8. Give monomers and preparation of Nylon – 6, 6 and Dacron.
9. How is Nylon – 6, 6 different from Nylon ‐6?
10. Write uses of bakelite and melamine.
11. How are neoprene & Buna – N prepared? Which one is a copolymer?
12. Classify following on homopolymer and copolymer‐ PVC, Polystyrene, Buna –S, Neoprene, Buna –N,
Teflon.
13. Classify following an addition and condensation polymer‐ Bakelite, Polythene, Nylon – 6, 6, Polyacrylonitrile
14. Write monomers of polystyrene and PVC.
MCQ (ONE MARK)
1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals?
(i) Cellulose
(ii) Amylose
(iii) Amylopectin
(iv) Glycogen
Ans (iv)
2. Which of the following is not a semisynthetic polymer?
(i) cis-polyisoprene
(ii) Cellulose nitrate
(iii) Cellulose acetate
(iv) Vulcanised rubber
Ans (i)
3. The commercial name of polyacrylonitrile is ______________.
(i) Dacron
(ii) Orlon (acrilan)
(iii) PVC
(iv) Bakelite
Ans (ii)
4. In which of the following polymers ethylene glycol is one of the monomer units?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Ans (i)
5. Which of the following statements is not true about low density polythene?
(i) Tough
(ii) Hard
(iii) Poor conductor of electricity
(iv) Highly branched structure
Ans (iii)
6. Which of the following polymer, need at least one diene monomer for their preparation?
(i) Bakelite
(ii) Buna-S
(iii) Neoprene
(iv) Novolac
Ans (ii)
7. Which of the following monomers form biodegradable polymers?
(i) 3-hydroxybutanoic acid + 3-hydroxypentanoic acid
(ii) Formaldehyde + Phenol
(iii) Ethylene glycol + phthalic acid
(iv) Caprolactum
Ans (ii)
8. Which of the following polymers have no vinylic monomer units?
(i) Acrolein
(ii) Polystyrene
(iii) Nylon
(iv) Teflon
Ans (iii)
9. Vulcanisation of rubber is done by adding _____________.
(i) oxygen
(ii) sulphur
(iii) silicon
(iv) sulphates
Ans (ii)
10. Caprolactum is the monomer unit of
(i) Nylon 6,6
(ii) Buna- S
(iii) Nylon-6
(iv) Teflon
Ans (iii)
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (UNIT 15 )
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DRUGS‐ Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses, which interact with macromolecular targets and
produces a biological response.
2. CHEMOTHERAPY‐ The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS‐
a) ON THE BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT‐ Useful for doctors as it provides whole range of drugs
for treatment of particular kind of disease.
b) ON THE BASIS OF DRUG ACTION‐ Action of drug on a particular biochemical process.
c) ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE‐ Drugs having similar chemical structure.
d) ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR TARGETS‐ Drugs interacting with biomolecules as lipids, proteins.
4. ANTAGONISTS‐ The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function.
5. AGONISTS‐Drugs mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.
6. HORMONES- They are molecules that act as intercellular messengers.These are produced by
endocrine glands in the body and are released directly in the blood stream.
7. ANTACIDS‐ These are compounds which neutralize excess acid of stomach. eg‐Aluminium Hydroxide,
Magnesium Hydroxide.
8. ANTI HISTAMINES – The drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamines and prevent the
allergic reaction e.g.‐ Ranitidine, Brompheniramine.
9. TRANQUILIZERS‐ The class of chemical compound used for the treatment of stress,mild or even severe
mental diseases e.g.‐ derivatives of Barbiturates, Luminal, Equanil.
10. ANALGESICS‐ They reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion or
some other disturbance of the nervous system. E.g.‐ Aspirin, Phenacetin.
11. ANTIMICROBIALS – They tend to prevent / destroy or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes as
bacteria, virus, fungi etc. They are classified as :
(i) ANTIBIOTICS – those are the chemicals which are produced by the micro‐organisms e.g. – Penicillin,
Ofloxacin.
NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS – These are effective mainly against gram positive and gram
negative bacteria. Eg. Penicillin, streptomycin.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS – They kill or inhibit a wide range of gram positive and
gram -v e bacteria. Eg. Chloramphenicol, tetracycline.
(ii) ANTISEPTICS OR DISINFECTANT—These are which either kill/inhibit the growth of micro organisms.
Antiseptic are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers etc.
Eg. Boric acid, terpineol (Dettol). Disinfectant are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage
system. Eg. Cl2 , SO2 (0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution is disinfectant.)
12. ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS – These is the chemical substances used to control pregnancy. They are also
called oral contraceptives or birth control pills. Eg. Mifepristone, norethindrone.
13. ARTIFICIAL SWEETING AGENTS – These are the chemical compounds which give sweetening effect to
the food without increasing calories to the body. They are good for diabetic people. Eg. Aspartame, saccharin,
alitame, sucralose.
14. FOOD PRESERVATIVES – They prevent spoilage of food to microbial growth. Eg. Salt, sugar and sodium
benzoate.
15. ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOOD- They help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food.
For example butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyl anisole(BHA)
16. CLEANSING AGENTS‐
(i) SOAPS‐ They are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are obtained by the
saponification reaction, when fatty acids are heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
17. SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS – They are cleaning agent having properties of soaps, but actually contain no
soap. They can be used in both soft and hard water. They are‐
(i) ANIONIC DETERGENT – They are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon. E.g.
–sodium lauryl sulphonate. They are effective in acidic solution.
CH3(CH2)10CH2OH H2SO4 → CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H (laurylalchol)
(ii) CATIONIC DETERGENTS‐ They are Quaternary NH salts of amines with acetates, Cl— or Br‐. They are
4
expensive. E.g.‐ Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

(iii) NON‐IONIC DETERGENTS – They do not contain any ions, some liquid dish washing detergents which
are of non‐ionic type.
18. NON‐BIODEGRADABLE – The detergents which are branched and cannot be decomposed by
microorganisms are called non‐biodegradable. It creates water pollution.
E.g. ‐ sodium-4(1,3 -tetramethyloctyl)‐benzene sulphonate.
FAQ
Q. 1. What is meant by narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Ans. Those antibiotics which are effective against only one particular micro organisms are called narrow
spectrum antibiotics.
Q. 2. Define the term Chemotherapy?
Ans. The branch of chemistry which deals with the treatment of disease using chemicals is called
chemotherapy.
Q. 3. What is tincture of iodine?
Ans. A 2‐3% solution of iodine in alcohol – water mixture is known as tincture of iodine. It is used as an
antiseptic.
Q. 4. Name the substance that can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
Ans. 0.2% solution of phenol act as an antiseptic and 1% of the solution acts as a disinfectant.
Q. 5. What is BHA and BHT?
Ans. BHA is butylated hydroxyl anisole whereas BHT is butylated hydroxyl toluene. Both are used as
antioxidant in food.
1. Assertion : Penicillin(G) is an antihistamine.

Reason : Penicillin (G) is effective against gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria.
(Ans - c)
2. Assertion : Receptors are crucial to body’s communication process.
Reason : Receptors are proteins. (Ans - a)
3. Assertion : Sodium chloride is added to precipitate soap after saponification.
Reason : Hydrolysis of esters of long chain fatty acids by alkali produces soap in colloidal form.
( Ans - a)
4. Assertion : Preservatives are added to food items.
Reason : Preservatives inhibit the growth of micro organisms. (Ans -b)
5. Assertion : Artificial sweetners are added to the food to control the intake of calories.
Reason : Most of the artificial sweetners are inert and do not metabolise in the body. (Ans - b)
One - word answer
1. Name the artificial sweetner which can be added to cold food items. (Ans -Aspartame)
2. Name the drug which is effective in curing typhoid and dysentry? ( Ans - Chloramphenicol)
2 Marks
Q. 1. Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium bicarbonate or aluminium hydroxide?
Ans. NaHCO3 or Mg(OH)2 or Al(OH)3 ; if taken in excess makes the stomach alkaline and thus triggers
the release of even more HCl causing ulcers in stomach , whereas cimetidine and ranitidine prevent the
interaction of histamine with the receptor cells in the stomach wall, resulting in release of lesser amount of HCl.
Q. 2. What are analgesics? How are they classified?
Ans. The drugs which give relief from the pain are known as analgesics. They are classified as
1.) Non‐Narcotics: They do not cause addiction. eg. Aspirin
2.) Narcotics: They are habit forming. eg. Morphine
Q. 3. What are biodegradable and non‐ biodegradable detergents ? Give one example each.
Ans. Biodegradable detergents are decomposed by microorganisms like bacteria into harmless product.
They do not create water pollution. Detergents having linear alkyl chains are biodegradable. Eg.
Sodium lauryl sulphate.
Non‐Biodegradable are not decomposed by microorganisms. They create water pollution.eg.
Cetymethyl, Ammonium bromide.
Q. 4. How antiseptics are different from disinfectant. Give one example of each.
Antiseptics Disinfectant
Do not harm the living tissues. Tonic to living tissues.
Applied to wounds, Ulcers, diseased skin Used for disinfecting instruments, floors,
etc. toilet, drains etc.
Examples. Phenol(0.2%), Boric acid, Example. Phenol(1%), Chlorine, DDT etc.

Tincture of Iodine
Q. 5. A) Why is Bithional added to soap?
B) Give the composition of Dettol.
Ans. A) Bithional is an antiseptic which reduces the odour produced by bacteria
decomposition of organic matter on skin.
B) Dettol is a mixture of chloroxyenol and terpineol.
3 marks
1. Explain the following terms with suitable examples (a) cationic detergents (b) anionic detergents
(c) neutral detergents.
Ans. (a) Cationic detergents are generally quaternary Ammonium salts as Chlorides, Bromides or acetates.
These detergents are quite expensive and find limited use.Some of these detergents have germicidal properties
and are used as germicides.
(b) Anionic detergents: ‐ A detergent whose hydrophilic activity hinges on an anionic group. Fatty acids are
natural anionic detergents (AD), but are neither used as detergents nor functional in biological systems; the
main synthetic ADs are aliphatic Sulphate esters (e.g., Sodium dodecyl sulphate).
(c) Neutral Detergents the most common measure of fibre used for animal feed analysis, but it does not
represent a unique class of chemical compounds. NDF measures most of the structural components in plant
cells (i.e. Lignin, Hemicellulose and Cellulose)
Q. 2. What are the following substances, give one example of each.
(a) Tranquilizers (b) Food preservatives (c) Antihistamines.
Ans. (a) Tranquilizers: ‐ These chemicals are used for the treatment of stress, fatigue and mental
diseases. They release anxiety, stress irritability, etc.
example‐ Equanil, Luminal.
(b) Food preservatives: ‐ These chemical substances are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage
due to microbial growth.
example: ‐ Sodium benzoate, Sodium chlorate.
(c) Antihistamines: ‐ These drugs interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine
for bonding sites of receptor with histamine exerts its effects.
example: ‐ Cetrizine
Q. 3. Define: (a) Receptors (b) Agonists (c) Antagonists.
Ans. (a) Receptors: ‐ Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called
receptors. Receptors are embedded in cell membrane.
(b) Agonists: ‐ Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists.
(c) Antagonists: ‐ Drugs that bind the receptors site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonist.
Q. 4. (a) Name two artificial sweetness used in food materials.
(b) Give one examples of (i) bactericidal antibiotic (ii) bacteriostatic antibiotic
(c) Give an example of sulpha drug.
Ans. (a) Aspartame and Alitame
(b) (i) Penicillin (ii) Tetracycline
(c) Sulpha pyridine or Sulpha guanidine
ASSIGNMENT
1. Which site of an enzyme is called allosteric site?
2. Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?
3. Explain soaps do not work in hard water.
4. Why is the use of sweetener aspartame limited to cold food and drinks only?
5. Mention one important use of each of the following: (i) Equanil (ii) Sucralose.
6. What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful in treating
this depression.
7. Account for the following : ‐
(i) Aspirin drug helps in prevention of heart attack.
(ii) Diabetic patients are advised to take artificial sweeteners instead of natural sweeteners.
MIND MAP
Chemistry in healthcare Classes of drugs Chemicals in otherindustries
D R U G S ‐ C h e m i c a l s o f l o w Antacids‐ removes excess acid and Chemicals in food
molecular masses.(n=100‐500u) raise pH to an appropriate level.Eg: Artificial sweeteners‐ provide
Mg(OH)2, Histamine sweetness without calories. Eg:
Aspartame, Alitame.
Medicines are drugs which Antihistamines‐ interfere with Food preservatives‐ prevent
produce useful biological natural action of histamine.Eg: spoilage of food.Eg: Sodium
response. Chloropheniramine Benzoate.
C h e m o t h e ra p y ‐ d i s e a s e i s Analgesics‐ drugs used to reduce Antioxidants‐retard the oxidation
treated with chemicals. body pain. of food.
Eg: aspirin, paracetamol. Eg: BHT, BHA.
Drug target interactions Antimicrobials‐ prevent Cleansing agents‐ improve the
development of micro organisms. cleansing property of water.
Receptors‐proteins used for Antibiotics‐inhibit the growth of Soaps‐ Na or K salts of long
communication in body. microorganisms or may destroy chain fatty acids.
it.Eg:Penicillin, tetracycline
Inhibitors‐drugs that block binding Antiseptics‐check the growth of Synthetic detergents soapless
site of enzymes. micro organisms.Eg: Furacin, soaps.
Iodine tincture.
Antagonists‐ drugs that bind the Antifertility drugs‐used to prevent Anionic Detergents‐ Na salt of
receptor site. unwanted pregnancies. sulphonated long chain alcohol or
Eg:progesterone hydrocarbon.Eg: Sodium Lauryl
Sulphates.
Agonists‐ drugs which mimic the Disinfectant‐applied to inanimate Non ionic detergents‐don’t
natural messengers. objects like floors, drainage.Eg: contain ions. Eg:detergents
100% solution of phenol obtained from steric acids and
polyethylene glycol.
Cationic detergents quaternary
ammonium salts Eg:
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium
bromide.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
.1Which of the following statements is not correct?
i). Some antiseptics can be added to soaps.
ii) Dilute solutions of some disinfectants can be used as antiseptic.
iii) Disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.
iv) Antiseptic medicines can be ingested.
Ans (iv)
.2Which is the correct statement about birth control pills?
i) Contain estrogen only.
ii) Contain progesterone only.
iii) Contain a mixture of estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
iv) Progesterone enhances ovulation.
Ans (iii)
.3Which statement about aspirin is not true
i) Aspirin belongs to narcotic analgesics.
ii) It is effective in relieving pain.
iii) It has antiblood clotting action.
iv) It is a neurologically active drug.
Ans (i)
.4Which of the following chemicals can be added for sweetening of food items at
cooking temperature and does not provide calories?
i) Sucrose
ii) Glucose
iii) Aspartame
iv) Sucralose
Ans (iv)
.5Which of the following will not enhance nutritional value of food?

i) Minerals
ii) Artificial sweeteners
iii) Vitamins
iv) Amino acids
Ans (ii)
.6Salvarsan is arsenic containing drug which was first used for the treatment of_______.
i) syphilis
ii) typhoid
iii) meningitis
iv) dysentery
Ans (i)
.7A narrow spectrum antibiotic is active against _______________.
i) gram positive or gram negative bacteria.
ii) gram negative bacteria only.
iii) single organism or one disease.
iv) both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Ans (ii)
.8The compound that causes general antidepressant action on the central

nervous system belongs to the class of _____________.
i) analgesics
ii) tranquilizers
iii) narcotic analgesics
iv) antihistamines
Ans (ii)
.9Compound which is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties is _________.
i) sodium lauryl sulphate
ii) sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate
iii) rosin
iv) bithional
Ans (iv)
10 .Equanil is __________.
i) artificial sweetener
ii) tranquilizer
iii) antihistamine
iv) antifertility drug
Ans (ii)
.11Which of the following enhances leathering property of soap?
i) Sodium carbonate
ii) Sodium rosinate
iii) Sodium stearate
iv) Trisodium phosphate
Ans (ii)
.12Glycerol is added to soap. It functions ______________.
i) as a filler.
ii) to increase leathering.
iii) to prevent rapid drying.
iv) to make soap granules.
Ans (iii)
.13Which of the following compounds are administered as antacids?
i) Sodium carbonate
ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
iii) Aluminium carbonate
iv) Sodium Chloride
Ans (ii)
.14Polyethylene glycols are used in the preparation of which type of detergents?

i) Cationic detergents
ii) Anionic detergents
iii) Non-ionic detergents
iv) Soaps
Ans (iii)
.15Which of the following is not a target molecule for drug function in body?
i) Carbohydrates
ii) Lipids
iii) Vitamins
iv) Proteins
Ans (iii)
QUESTIONS (1 mark)
1. What is the average molecular mass of drugs?
2. Write the uses of medicines.
3. What are antiseptics?
4. Which type of drugs come under antimicrobial drugs?
5. Where are receptors located?
6. What is the harmful effect of hyperacidity?
7. Which site of an enzyme is called allosteric site?
8. What type of forces are involved in binding of substrate to the active site of enzyme?
9. What is the commonality between the antibiotic arsphenamine and azodye?
10. Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?
ANSWER
1.~100–500u.
2. Medicines are used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
3. Antiseptics are chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms and
are applied to living tissues.
4. Antiseptics, antibiotics and disinfectants.
5. Receptors are embedded in cell membrane.
6. Ulcer development in stomach.
7. Sites different from active site of enzyme where a molecule can bind and affect the active
site is called allosteric site. Some drugs may also bind at this site.
8. Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, dipole-dipole interaction.
9. Arsphenamine possesses —As=== As— linkage that resembles —N=== N— linkages in
azodyes.
10. Tranquilizers
APPENDIX –A
Important formula (from unit 1 ‐ 3)
UNIT- 1 SOLUTIONS
HENRY'S LAW P=KHX KH is Henry's law constant .
RAOULT'S LAW :‐ PA= P0 AX A ; PB= P0 BXB Ptotal= PA + PB
5. RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
P0 – P /P0 = X X = n / n +n
A A A B
B A A B
For dilute solution, nB << nA, hence nB is neglected in the denominator.

P0A – PA/ P0A = nB /nA
P0A – PA/ P0A = WB*MA/MB*WA
6. ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT
∆Tb= kb m
Where , ∆Tb = Tb – T0b
M= kb 1000 WB/∆Tb WA
7. DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
∆Tf = Kf m
Where , ∆T = T0 – T
f f f
M= kf 1000 WB/∆Tf WA
8. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Π= CRT Π= n/VRT
1
R= 0.0821 Latm mol ;
i = normal molecular mass/ observed molecular mass
VAN'T HOFF FACTOR (i)
i = observed colligative properties/ calculated value of colligative properties i<1 (for association)
i>1 (for dissociation)
MODIFIED FORMS OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
5) P0 – P / P0 = i n /n
A A A B A
6) ∆Tb = i Kb m
7) ∆Tf = i Kf m
8) Π= i CRT
UNIT 2 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1.) ƿ= R a\l
2.) K = 1\ƿ
3.) K = 1\R l\a
4.) ᴧm = k100\c
5.) E = E0 ‐ 2.303R.T\nF log K
cell cell
6.) At 250 C E =E0 ‐ 0.0591\n log K 7.) At equilibrium
cell cell
E0 =cell
0.0591 \n log K
8.) ∆ G = ‐ nFE0
UNIT 3 CHEMICAL KINETICS
1. 1. Rate of reaction:‐ For a reaction R → P,
Rate of reaction = change of conc. of R or P / T time interval

D
2. Order of reaction: 2. For the reaction aA +bB→ cC+ d
3. Rate = K[A]x [B]y
4. Units of rate constants and graph between rate and conc. of reactat
Order of zero first second third

reaction
Unit of rate molL‐ 1s ‐ 1 s‐ 1 mol‐ 1L+1s‐ 1 mol‐ 2L+2s‐ 1

constt.
Relation b/w R α [A]0 R α [A]1 R α [A]2 R α [A]3

rate & conc of
Reactant
Graph b/w rate & R R R R

conc of
Reactant [A]1 [A]2 [A]3
[A]
5. Integrated rate equation for zero order and first order reaction
for zero order reaction for first order reaction
Integrated rate equation
Half life t1/2 = [R]0 /2K t1/2 = 0.693/K
Graph b/w half life & conc of

Reactant
t1/2 t1/2
[R] [R]
Graph b/w conc.of reactant & time
[R] log[R]
Time Time
1‐n
6. t α [conc]
1/2
where n = order of reaction.
7. Arrhenius equation
log K = log A – Ea/2.303RT

CHEMISTRY
APPENDIX –B
NAME REACTIONS
1. Finkelstein Acetone
CH3Br + NaI CH3‐I + NaBr
2. Swarts CH3Br + AgF CH3F + AgBr
3.
CH3
Friedel‐Crafts Anhydrous AlCl 3 3
Alkylation +H C Cl
COCH 3
CH 3COCl
4. Friedel‐Crafts Anhydrous AlCl 3
Acylation
Cl + 2Na Dry ether CH 3 + Na Cl

5. Wurtz H 3C Cl CH 3 H 3C
Cl Cl
6. + 2Na Dry ether + NaCl
Fittig
Cl
2Na Dry
Wurtz‐Fittig ClCH 3 ether CH 3
7. + + Na Cl
OH
ON a OH
CO 2
Na OH COOH
Kolbe H+
8.
OH
ON a OH
CH 3Cl + Na OH CHOH +
Reimer Tiemann CHO
9.
10. Williamson CH3 ‐Br + CH3 ‐ONa CH 3‐O‐ CH3 + NaBr

H3C CN + SnCl 2 + HCl H 3O+
11. Stephen H3 C CH NH H3C CHO
CHEMISTRY
CH 3 CHO
12. Etard CrO 2Cl 2
H 3O+
CHO
13. Gatterman – Koch CO / HCl

Anhydrous AlCl 3
H2
OC OC
H 3C Cl Pd / BaSO 4 H 3C H
14. Rosenmund reduction
O
15. Clemmensen Zn ‐ Hg H3C CH 2 CH 3
C
reduction H 3C CH 3 Conc. HCl
O i) NH NH 2
2
H3 C CH 2 CH 3
16. Wolff‐Kishner CCH 3 ii) KOH/ Ethylene glycol
reduction H 3C
17. Tollens’ test R CHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3 OH R COO + 2Ag + 2H2O + 4 NH3
18. Fehling’s test R CHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH R COO + Cu2O + 3H2O
O I2 / NaOH
C CH 3
OR, NaOI
19. Iodoform CHI 3 + CH 3COO Na
H3 C
OH
dil NaOH  
CH3 CH CHCHO
20. Aldol condensation 2 H C CHO H 3 C CH CH 2 CHO
3
21. Cannizzaro Conc. NaOH

HCHO
+ HCHO HCOONa + H3C OH
Cl 2 / Red Phosphorus
COOH
H 3C H 2C COOH
22. Hell Volhard H 2O
Cl
Zelinsky (HVZ)
CHEMISTRY
O
Br
2
23. Hoffmann C NH 2
bromamide H 3C NaOHH 3 C NH 2
degradation
CHEMISTRY
24. Carbylamine  R NC + 3 KCl + 3 H2O

R NH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH
NH2 +
N 2 Cl
NaNO 2 + dil HCl 273 278 K
25. Diazo C6 H5
+
N 2 Cl
CuCl / HCl Cl
26. Sandmeyer.
+ N2
+
N 2 Cl
Cl
Cu / HCl
27. Gatterman + N2
+
N 2 Cl + H
OH
OH
28. Coupling N N OH
APPENDIX –C
Distinguish By a Single Chemical Test
1. All aldehydes ( R CHO) give Tollens' Test and produce silver mirror.
RCHO + 2 [Ag(NH3 )2 ]+ + 3 OH–  RCOO– + 2 Ag  + 2H2O + 4 NH3
Tollens' Reagent silver ppt
Note: HCOOH(methanoic acid) also gives this test, ketones (RCOR) do not give this test
2. All aldehydes (R CHO) and ketones(RCOR) give 2,4 DNP test
RCOR + 2,4 DNP  Orange ppt R CHO + 2,4 DNP  Orange ppt
3. Aldehydes and ketones having CH3CO (keto methyl) group give Iodoform Test. Alcohols having CH3 CH OH
group also give Iodoform Test.
CH3 CHO + 3I2 + 4 NaOH  CHI3  + HCOONa + 3 NaI + 3H2 O
Yellow ppt
4. The following compounds give Iodoform Test: ethanol (C2H 5 OH), propan 2 ol (CH3CH(OH)CH3),
ethanal(CH3CHO), propanone(CH3COCH3), butanone (CH3COCH2CH3), pentan 2 one
(CH3 COCH2 CH 2CH3), acetophenone ( PhCOCH 3 )
5. All carboxylic acids (R COOH) give Bicarbonate Test
RCOOH + NaHCO3  RCOONa + CO 2  + H2 O
effervescence
6. Phenol gives FeCl3 Test
C6H 5 OH + FeCl 3  (C6 H5 O) 3Fe + 3 HCl(neutral) (violet color)
CHEMISTRY
7. All primary amines (R/Ar NH2) give Carbyl Amine Test

R NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH(alc)  R NC + KCl + H2O
offensive smell
8. Aniline gives Azo Dye Test ( Only for aromatic amines)
C6 H5 NH2 + NaNO3 + HCl  C 6H5 N2 +Cl– ; then add β naphthol orange dye
9. All alcohols (ROH) give Na metal test
R OH + Na  R ONa + H 2
bubbles
10. For esters (RCOOR) : Hydrolyses first. Then see the products ( acid & alcohol) and give a test to identify them.
11. All alkenes (C=C) and alkynes (C≡C) decolorizes Br2 – water from red to colourless
12. Lucas Test to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
Lucas reagent: ZnCl 2/HCl
30 alcohol + Lucas reagent  immediate turbidity 20 alcohol + Lucas reagent  turbidity after sometime
10 alcohol + Lucas reagent  no turbidity
CHEMISTRY
APPENDIX –D
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPT BASED QUESTION & ANSWER
1 Bond enthalpy decreases as : CH3‐F > CH3‐Cl > CH3‐Br > CH3‐I Because C‐X bond length increases from F to I
due to greater size
2 Phenol can not be converted into chlorobenzene by using HCl
Because C‐O bond in phenol has partial double bond character and- OH gr is attached to sp2 carbon
3 Thionyl chloride is preferred to convert ROH into RCl
Because the side products are gases and the product can be obtained as pure
4 30 alcohol easily can be converted into alkyl halide Because 30 carbocations are stable
5 Benzene Is converted into iodobenzene in presence of oxidizing agent like HNO3 or HIO 3
C6H 6 + I2/Fe C6H5I + HI Because HNO3 or HIO3 oxidises HI and prevent backward reaction
6 ROH is converted into RI by using KI in presence of H3PO4 not H2SO4 H2SO 4 converts KI into HI and than into
I2
7 B.pt. Of alkyl halides (RX) is higher than hydrocarbons Because R‐X is polar so there is dipole- dipole
attraction
8 B.pt : R‐I > R‐Br > R‐Cl > R‐F
Because molecular mass decreases so Van der Waals force decreases from RI to RF
9 B.pt : CH 3‐CH 2-CH2-CH 2-Br > CH3-CH 2-CH(Br)-CH 3> (CH3)CBr
Because as the branching increases surface area decreases so Van der Waals force of attraction
decreases
10 P-dichloro benzene has higher m.pt than ortho and meta isomer
Because p-dichloro benzene has symmetrical structure so it fits well in the crystal lattice
11 Alkyl halide (RX) with KCN gives alkyl cyanide (RCN) where as with AgCN it gives
isocyanide(RNC) KCN is ionic and CN‐ is ambident nucleophile but it link through C because C‐C bond is more stable
than C‐N. In the other hand AgCN is covalent and links through N only.
12 S 2 reactivity : ( 10>20>30)
Due to stearic hindrance nucleophile can not approach easily. In SN2 path release of X and linking of Nu
take place simultaneously
13 SN1 reactivity :( 10<20<30)
Because SN1 path involves formation of carbocation intermediate. And stability of
Carbocation is in the order : ( 10<20<3 0)
14 SN1reactivity : R-I > R-Br > R-Cl > R-F
Because as the size of halogen increases C-X bond becomes weaker
15 Aryl halides ( C6H 5 X) are less reactive than alkyl halides(R X) towards nucleophilic substitution
2
Because in aryl halide C‐X bond has partial double bond character and X is attached to sp C, there is also the repulsion
between Nu‐ and benzene ring which is electron rich.
16 Chloroform is stored in dark coloured bottle as closed and completely filled, because in air and light it converts
into poisonous phosgene gas(COCl2).
CHEMISTRY
17 In many countries DDT has been banned now, because of its slow metabolism and it has toxic effect
on aquatic animals.
18 Cyclohexyl chloride has greater dipole moment than chloro benzene.
19 Alkyl halides are immiscible in water although they are polar, in water there is intermolecular H bonding
but there is less attraction between R-X and H2O.
20 Grignard reagent (RMgX) should be prepared in anhydrous condition because RMgX reacts with water and
gives corresponding alkane.
21 Alkyl halides undergo substitution when treated with aq KOH but in presence of alc KOH elimination
takes place Alcohol + KOH produces RO– which is a strong base so it extract H+ and elimination takes place.
22 C-O-H bond angle in alcohol is less than regular tetrahedral angle due to lp-lp repulsion.
23 In phenol the C-O bond length is less
Due to i) partial double bond character ii) O is attached to sp2 carbon.
24 In ether the R-O-R bond angle is greater, due to repulsion between two bulkier R- group
25 To convert acid into alcohol LiAlH4 is not used, because it is expensive so: RCOOH → RCOOR’ then ester
is reduced into RCH2OH by Hg 2/Pd .
26 b.pt of alcohol(ROH) is higher than alkane(RH), ether(R-O-R), alkyl halide(R-X) and aryl halide(Ar-
X), due to inter molecular H-bonding in R-O-H.
27 b.pt : n-butyl alcohol > sec. butyl alcohol > tert. Butyl alcohol, because as the branching increases
surface area decreases so Van der Waals force of attraction decreases.
28 Alcohols are highly miscible in water, due to H-bonding with water.
CHEMISTRY
29 Acidity of alcohol : R-CH 2-OH > R2CH-OH > R3C-OH

Because as the R gr increases +I effect increases so alkoxide ion becomes less stable.
30 Alcohol is weaker acid than water, because R-O– is less stable than HO–
31 Phenol (Ph-OH) is acidic in nature
Because phenoxide ion( Ph-O–) is resonance stabilized.
32 Acidity : nitro phenol > phenol > methyl phenol.
Because –NO2 group is electron withdrawing it further increases the stability of phenoxide ion where as -
CH3 group is electron donating it destabilizes phenoxide ion.
33 Esterification is carried out in presence of small amount of conc. H2SO4 because it absorbs the water
produced and accelerate the forward reaction.
34 R’COCl + R-OH →R’COOR + HCl. Pyridine is used in this reaction. It is to remove HCl produced and to
prevent the backward reaction.
35 Tert. Alcohols are easier to dehydrate
Because the intermediate tert. carbo cation is stable.
36 -OH group in benzene ring is ortho and para directing for electrophilic substitution, due to + R effect it
increases the electron density at ortho and para positions.
37 O-nitro phenol is steam volatile( low b.pt) but p-nitro phenol is not
In o-nitro phenol there is intra molecular H-bonding. But in p-nitro phenol there is inter molecular H-
bonding so molecules get associated and hence it has comparatively higher b.pt.
38 Phenol with aq bromine gives 2,4,6-tribromophenol but in non polar medium mono -substitution
takes place.
39 CuSO4 and pyridine are mixed with ethanol used for industrial purpose, toprevent its misuse. CuSO4
gives colour pyridine gives smell.
40 Ethers ( R-O-R) are polar.
41 Ethers are soluble in water, due to H-bond with water and ether.
42 Aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones (R-CO-R) have higher b.pt than hydrocarbon and ether, because they are
polar so there is dipole-dipole attraction in aldehyde and ketones.
43 Lower aldehydes and ketones are miscible with water, because they form hydrogen bond with water
44 Aldehydes (R-CHO) are more reactive than ketones (R-CO-R) in nucleophilic addition, in ketone the two
alkyl groups ( R ) have +I effect so they reduce the electrophilicity
CHEMISTRY
carbonyl carbon. Also there is stearic hindrance in ketone.

45 Benzaldehyde ( C6H5 CHO ) is less reactive than propanal ( CH3 CH 2CHO )
due to resonance the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon is less in benzaldehyde.
46 NaHSO3 is used for separation of aldehydes.
It forms a soluble compound with aldehyde which on hydrolysis gives back the aldehyde.
47 Α-H of aldehyde and ketone is acidic in nature, because the corresponding carbanion is resonance
stabilized.
48 Carboxylic acids ( R-COOH ) do not give nucleophilic addition reaction like RCHO & RCOR although it
has >C=O due to resonance the carbonyl carbon looses its electrophilicity.
49 Carboxylic acids have higher b.pt than aldehyde, ketones and even than alcohols.
There is extensive inter molecular H-bonding in carboxylic acid (RCOOH). Even in vapour phase it
exists as dimer.
50 Carboxylic acids are miscible in water, due to H-bonding with water.
51 R-COOH is acidic in nature, because the conjugate base R-COO (carboxylate ion) is stable due to
resonance
52 Acidic Strength : Cl-CH2-COOH > CH3-COOH > CH3 CH2-COOH
Because Cl has –I effect which stabilizes the conjugate base and ethyl gr has +I effect.
53 In amines the C-N-H/C bond angle is less than 109.5o , due to lp-bp repulsion.
54 For reduction of nitro compounds into amines Fe/HCl is preferred instead of Sn/HCl, because Fe + HCl →
FeCl2. On hydrolysis FeCl2 gives HCl, so just small quantity of HCl is required to initiate the reaction.
55 To convert alkyl halide(R-X) into amines (R-NH 2) ammonolysis is not suitable,
because on ammonolysis a mixture of pri, sec, tert and quaternary amine will be produced.
56 Aniline on exposure to air and light turns into coloured, due tto atmospheric oxidation.
57 Lower amines are soluble in water, due to H-bonding with water. In case of higher amine alkyl group is larger
which is hydrophobic.
58 Amines (R-NH 2) are less soluble than alcohols (R-OH), in alcohol the H bonding with water is stronger
because O is more electronegative than N.
59 Amines (R-NH 2) are lower boiling than alcohols (R-OH), i n alcohol the inter molecular H-bonding is
stronger because O is more electronegative than N.
60 Order of b.pt : primary amine > sec. amine > tert. amine
The no. of N-H bond decreases so extent of H-bonding also decreases.
CHEMISTRY
61 In gaseous phase the order of basic strength : 30-amine > 20-amine > 10-amine > NH3
Due to +I effect of alkyl groups the electron density on N increases. So 3° is strongest as it has 3 alkyl
groups.
62 In aqueous state the base strength order : ( 20> 30> 10> NH3 ) : ( 20> 10> 30> NH3 )
In aqueous
1 state +I effect, steric effect and solvation effect interplay. So the order is not regular
63 R-NH 2 is stronger base than NH3
Due to +I effect of alkyl group electron density on N increases in R-NH 2
64 Aniline ( C6H 5-NH2) is weaker base than NH3 and R-NH2
In aniline the lone pair of electron of N is involved in resonance. So it is less available.
65 Base strength : p-methoxy aniline > aniline > p-nitro aniline
Methoxy group (-OCH3) has +R effect where as –NO2 group has –R effect so electron density in the first case
increases but in the second case it decreases.
66 Acylation of aniline is carried out in presence of pyridine .Pyridine removes HCl produced and favours
forward reaction.
67 -NH2 group in benzene ring is ortho –para directing for electrphilic substitution Due to +R effect it increases the
electron density at ortho and para position.
68 Bromination of aniline gives 2,4,6-tribromo aniline
Because –NH2 group activates benzene ring by +R effect. So for mono substitution –NH2 group is acylated.
69 Nitration of aniline gives un usual meta nitro aniline although –NH2 group is ortho para directing
In presence of acid –NH is converted

2 into –NH + which
3 is meta directing
70 Aniline does not undergo Friedel Craft reaction
Aniline is base and reacts with anhydrous AlCl3 so N becomes positive which deactivates benzene ring.
CHEMISTRY
APPENDIX E
TOP TO BOTTOM LEFT TO RIGHT
1. Biological macromolecules 5. This type of polymer has extensive cross links between its chains.
with which drugs usually 7. Globular proteins on heating or due to pH change
interact. undergoes coagulation & loose biological activity. The
Phenomenon is-
2. An analgesic prepared from
salicylic acid. 8. In DNA thymine pairs with -
3. The building blocks of a 9. Optically inactive amino acid –
polymer are small molecules. 11. Commercial name of poly totrafluroethylene is
4. Natural Catalyst. 13. Polymerization of chloroprene forms -
14. Element with Which natural rubber is heated for
6. Nucleic acids are polymers in vulcanization-
which _________ are the
monomers. 15. The polymers in which polymer chains are held together by vander
waal’s forces are known as –
12. Monomer of nylon 6 is – 16. And a terpineol are the main constituents of an
antiseptic Dettol.
23. Proteins embedded in the cell
membrane to receive 17. Ranitidine is an-
Chemical messenger 18. A high potency artificial sweeter -
25. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium 19. A sweeter that decomposes at looking temperature -
chloride is an example of
20. Drugs which reduce anxiety and produce feeling of well Being
Detergent. –
21. It is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties -
26. Soaps are safer to use from
the environmental point of 22. Chloramphenicol is a Spectrum Antibiotic.
View because they are 24. Medicines used for the relief of post operative pain &
Cardiac pain –
CHEMISTRY
APPENDIX‐F
SYLLABUS
CLASS XII (2019-20)
THEORY
Total Periods (Theory 160 + Practical 80)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks 70
Unit I: Solutions 10 Periods
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids,
solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering
of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing
point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative
properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.
Unit II: Electrochemistry 12 Periods

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar
conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law,
electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and
Unit No. Title No. of
Periods
Marks
Unit I Solutions 10
Unit II Electrochemistry 12 23
Unit III Chemical Kinetics 10
Unit IV Surface Chemistry 08
Unit V General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08
Unit VI p -Block Elements 14
Unit VI d -and f -Block Elements 12 19
Unit VII Coordination Compounds 12
Unit VIII Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 12
Unit IX Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12
Unit X Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 14
Unit XI Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen 12
Unit XII Biomolecules 12
Unit XIII Polymers 06
Unit XIV Chemistry in Everyday Life 06
Total 160 70
Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential,
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs
energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
CHEMISTRY
Unit III: Chemical Kinetics 10 Periods
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction:
concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law
and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and
first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical
treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit IV: Surface Chemistry 08 Periods

Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of
gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and
selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions,
colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular
colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,
electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions.
Unit V: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08 Periods

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction -
electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of
aluminium, copper, zinc and iron
Unit VI: p -Block Elements 14 Periods

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation
states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen:
Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -
allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of
Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties
and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation
states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of
halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid,
interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VII: ‘d’ and ‘f’ Block Elements 12 Periods

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of
transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals -
metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour,
catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation,
preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and
CHEMISTRY
lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with
lanthanoids.
Unit VIII: Coordination Compounds 12Periods

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour,
magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear
coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure
and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative
inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).
Unit IX: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 12 Periods

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of
halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit X: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12 Periods

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to
methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of
phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses.
Unit XI: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 14 Periods
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of
preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic
addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen 12 Periods
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in text.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic
organic chemistry.
CHEMISTRY
Unit XIII: Biomolecules 12 Periods
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose
and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose),
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins,
structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary
structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones -
Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XIV: Polymers 06 Periods

Copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like
polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable
polymers.
Unit XV: Chemistry in Everyday life 06 Periods

Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea

of antioxidants.Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
PRACTICALS
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments.
Wherever possible, such techniques should be used.
A. Surface Chemistry
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one
lyophobic sol Lyophilic sol - starch, egg
albumin and gum
Lyophobic sol - aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide.
(b) Dialysis of sol-prepared in (a) above.
(c) Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium
Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid.
(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:
(i) Reaction of Iodide ion with Hydrogen Peroxide at room temperature using
different concentration of Iodide ions.
(ii) Reaction between Potassium Iodate, (KIO3) and Sodium Sulphite: (Na2SO3)
using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).
CHEMISTRY
Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks
Volumetric Analysis 08
Salt Analysis 08
Content Based Experiment 06
Project Work 04
Class record and viva 04
Total 30
C. Thermochemistry
Any one of the following experiments
i) Enthalpy of dissolution of Copper Sulphate or Potassium Nitrate.
ii) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).
iii) Determination of enthaply change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation)
between Acetone and Chloroform.
D. Electrochemistry
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+|| Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of
electrolytes (CuSO4or ZnSO4) at room temperature.
E. Chromatography
i) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper
chromatography and determination of Rfvalues.
ii) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations
only (constituents having large difference in Rf values to be provided).
F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
i) Preparation of double salt of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate or Potash Alum.
ii) Preparation of Potassium Ferric Oxalate.
G. Preparation of Organic Compounds
Preparation of any one of the following compounds
i) Acetanilide
ii) Di -benzal Acetone
iii) p-Nitroacetanilide
iv) Aniline yellow or 2 - Naphthol Aniline dye.
H. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds:
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (Primary)
groups.
I. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and their
detection in given food stuffs.
J. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a
standard solution of:
i) Oxalic acid,
ii) Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
(Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
K. Qualitative analysis
CHEMISTRY
Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
Cation - Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,
Mg2+,[NH4]+
Anions – [CO3]2-, S2-, [SO3]2-, [SO4]2-, [NO2]-, Cl-,Br-, I-, [PO4]3-, [C2O4]2-, CH3COO-
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
PROJECT
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other
sources.
A few suggested Projects.
 Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
 Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
 Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect
to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
 Study of the effect of Potassium Bisulphate as food preservative under various
conditions (temperature, concentration, time, etc.)
 Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature
on it.
 Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour,
gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice, etc.
 Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi
(cardamom).
 Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric power, chilli
powder and pepper.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be
chosen with the approval of the teacher.
CHEMISTRY
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Classes XI and XII
Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed: Two hour Max.Marks: 30
Identification/ Familiarity with the apparatus 5 marks
Written test (based on given/ prescribed practicals 10 marks
Practical Record 5 marks
Viva 10 marks
Total 30 marks
General Guidelines
• The practical examination will be of two hour duration.
• A separate list of ten experiments is included here.
• The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at the time
of practical examination of all other students.
• The written test will be of 30 minutes duration.
• The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should contain a
total of 15practical skill based very short answer type questions. A student would be
required to answer any 10 questions.
• A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination rules.
• All questions included in the question papers should be related to the listed practicals.
Every question should require about two minutes to be answered.
• These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is expected to
record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific instructions for each
subject. These practicals should be duly checked and signed by the internal examiner.
• The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include aim, apparatus
required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, precautions etc.
• Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and used for
assessment.
• The viva questions may include questions based on basic theory/principle/concept,
apparatus/materials/ chemicals required, procedure, precautions, sources of error etc.
A. Items for Identification/Familiarity of the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All
experiments)
Beaker, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, Whatman filter paper, gas
jar, capillary tube, Pestle and mortar, Test tubes, tongs, test tube holder, test tube
stand, burette, Pipette, conical flask, standard flask, clamp stand, Tripod stand,
burner, wire gauze, funnel, filter paper
Hands-on Assessment
• Identification/familiarity with the apparatus
• Odour detection in qualitative analysis
B. List of Practicals
The experiments have been divided into two sections: Section A and Section B. The
experiments mentioned in Section B are mandatory.
CHEMISTRY
SECTION- A
A. Surface Chemistry
(1) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol
Lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum
(2) Preparation of one
lyophobic sol Lyophobic
sol - Ferric hydroxide
B. Chromatography
(1) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper
chromatography and determination of Rf values (distance values may be
provided).
C. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds:
(1) Alcoholic and Carboxylic groups.
(2) Aldehydic and Ketonic
D. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates and proteins in the given food stuffs.
E. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds- Potash Alum
SECTION-B (Mandatory)
F. Quantitative analysis
(1) (a) Preparation of the standard solution of Oxalic acid of a given volume
(b) Determination of molarity of KMnO4solution by titrating it against a standard
solution ofOxalic acid.
(2) The above exercise [F 1 (a) and (b)] to be conducted using Ferrous ammonium
sulphate (Mohr's salt)
G. Qualitative analysis:
(1) Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
Cations- [NH]4+
Anions – [CO3]2- , S2-, [SO3]2-, Cl-, CH3COO- (Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
recording observations.
Prescribed Books:
1. Chemistry Part -I, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
2. Chemistry Part -II, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
3. Chemistry Lab Manual, Class XII , Published by NCERT
CHEMISTRY
Blue Print
Class XII
Subject: Chemistry
Unit VSA SA-I SA-II Long answer

Title/ chapter Total
No. (1mark) (2marks) (3marks) questions (5)
1 Solutions 3(1) - 1(3) - 6
6
2 Electro Chemistry 1(1) - - 1(5)
3 Chemical Kinetics - - 2(3) - 6

Surface
4 1(1) - 1(3) - 4
Chemistry
Principles
5 And processes of 1(1) 1(2) - - 3
Isolation of elements
6 p-block elements 5(1) - 1(3) - 8
d and f block
7 - - - 1(5) 5
elements
Coordination
8 1(1) 1(2) - - 3
compounds
Haloalkanes and
9 - 2(2) - - 4
Haloarenes
Alcohols, Phenols
10 1(1) - 1(3) - 4
and Ethers
Aldehydes, ketones
11 1(1) - - 1(5) 6
and carboxylic acids
Organic compounds
12 2(1) 1(2) - - 4
containing nitrogen
13 Biomolecules 2(1) - 1(3) - 5
14 Polymers 1(1) 1(2) - - 3

Chemistry in
15 1(1) 1(2) - - 3
everyday Life
20(1) 7(2) 7(3) 3(5) 70
CHEMISTRY
SAMPLE PAPER (2019 -20)

CLASS : XII
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
Time allowed: 3 hours
M.Marks : 70
General Instruction:-
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Question no. 1 to 20 are VSA / objective type questions and carry 1 mark each.
(3) Question no. 21 to 27 are short answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
(4) Question no 28 to 34 are also short answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
(5) Question no. 35 to 37 are long answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
(6) Use log tables if necessary. Use of calculators not allowed.
Section A
Read the given passage and answer the questions 1 to 5 that follow:
The p-block elements have non-metals, metals and semi metals. The second period
elements show markedly different properties in comparison to the remaining members of
p-block. The lowest members of each group present in p-block show increasing trend of
metallic characters.
1 SF4 is easily hydrolysed whereas SF6 is not easily hydrolysed.Why? 1
2 Fluoride ion has higher hydration enthalpy than chloride ion. Why? 1
3 Why oxygen is gas but sulphur is solid at room temperature? 1
4 Why noble gases form compounds with fluorine and oxygen only? 1
5 Fluorine exhibits only -1 oxidation state whereas other halogens show +1,+3,+5 oxidation 1
states also. Explain.
Give one word answers to question no. 6 to 10
6 Out of o-nitrophenol, o-cresol which is more acidic and why? 1
7 Two liquids A and B boil at 1450C and 1900c respectively. Which of them has higher 1
vapour pressure at 800C ?
8 Write IUPAC name of the following:- 1
CH3CH2N (CH2CH3)CH3
9 Write the name of only monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of maltose sugar. 1
Or
How many amino acids are present in a polypeptide having 100 peptide bonds?
10 Name the process used to obtain demineralised water. 1
CHEMISTRY
Question numbers 11 to 15 are multiple choice questions :
11 The amount of solute required to prepare 10 litres of decimolar solution is 1
(a) 0.01 mole (b) 0.2 mole
(c) 0.05 mole (d) 1.0 mole
12 The process used for concentration of bauxite ore is 1
(a) Magnetic separation (b) froth floatation ( c) chemical separation
(d) hydraulic washing
13 Which of the following fibres is made of polyamides? 1
(a) Dacron (b) Orlon
(c) Nylon (d) Rayon
OR
Which of the following is a condensation polymer?
(a) Teflon (b) PVC ( c) polyester (d) neoprene
14 How many coulombs of electricity are required for oxidation of 1 mole of H2O to O2 ? 1
(a) 3F (b) 1F © 2F (d) None of these
15 Which one has lowest pKb value: 1
(a)C2H5NH2 (b) C6H5NHCH3 (c )C6H5NH2 (d) (C2H5)2NH
Questions 16 to 20
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct statements and reason is correct explanation of
the assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct statements but reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong but reason is correct statement.
16 Assertion:[Co(SO4)(NH3)5 ]Br and [Co(Br)(NH3)5]SO4 exhibit ionisation isomerism. 1
Reason : They are isomeric pairs in which ionic groups have exchanged within the primary
coordination sphere.
17 Assertion: Aldehydes have less reactivity than ketones towards nucleophilic addition 1
reaction.
Reason : Ketones show steric hinderance towards nucleophilic attack and its carbonyl
carbon shows less positive charge.
18 Assertion : Hydrolysis of ester is an example of autocatalytic reaction. 1
Reason: A catalyst speeds up the process without participating in the reaction.
19 Assertion : A colloidal sol scatters light but a true solution does not. 1
Reason : The particles in colloidal sol move slowly than in a true solution.
20 Assertion : The chemical massengers are received at the binding site of receptor proteins. 1
Reason : Chemical massenger gives messages to the cell without entering the cell.
Section B
CHEMISTRY
21 (a) Arrange the compounds in order of increasing boiling point:- 2
bromomethane, bromoform , chloromethane, dibromomethane
(b) Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN1 reaction with
OH- ?
(i) CH3Br & CH3I (ii) (CH3 )3CCl & CH3Cl
22 How is leaching carried out in case of low grade Copper ores? 2

OR
Write the principle involved in the following methods of refining of metals: -
(a) Zone refining
(b) Electrolytic refining
2-
23 [NiCl4] is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic although both are tetrahedral. 2
Why ?
24 Give reasons-: 2
(a) Haloalkanes react with potassium cyanide to give alkyl cyanide but gives alkyl
isocyanide with silver cyanide.
(b) Grignard reagent should be prepared under anhydrous condition.
25 Write the structure of the monomers of the following polymers: - 2
(i)Dacron (ii) Neoprene
OR
(i) Distinguish between addition and condensation polymerisation
(ii) Write the monomeric unit of Buna -N.
26 Explain the following:- 2
(a) Although –NH2 group is ortho and para directing group, nitration of aniline meta
derivative also in addition to ortho and para derivative.
(b) Aniline does not undergo Friedal Crafts alkylation.
27 (i) Explain Cationic detergents. 2
(ii) What are artificial sweetening agents? Give examples.
Section C
28 30 gm of urea (molecular mass = 60g mol-1) is dissolved in 846gm of water. Calculate the 3
vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8
mm Hg.
OR
How much glucose (C6H12O6) per litre should be used for an intravenous solution to match
the 7.65 atm osmotic pressure of blood at 37 0C ? (R = 0.08206L atm/mol/K)
29 The rate constant of a first order reaction increases by four times when the temperature 3
changes from 293K to 313K. Calculate the energy of activation.
30 What is the difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids? Give one 3
example of each. How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids?
CHEMISTRY
OR
a)What is the difference between promoter and poison?
b) Action of soap is due to emulsification and micelle formation.Explain.
C) What is the role of ZSM-5?
31 How D-Glucose reacts with 3
1. HI
2. HCN
3. Conc. HNO3
32 (a) In a reaction 2A---Products , the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L-1 to 3
0.4molL-1 in 10 minutes. Calculate the rate during this time interval.
(b)A reaction takes 20 minutes for 25% decomposition. Calculate the time when 75% of
the reaction will be completed.
33 Give chemical tests to distinguish between the following pair of Organic compounds:-
Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol. 3
Phenol and Benzyl alcohol.
Ethanol and Phenol.
Or
Write short notes on:-
Reimer Tiemann reaction.
Kolbe’s reaction
Williamson synthesis
34 Complete the following reactions:- 3

NaOH + Cl2----
(hot&conc)
I2 + HNO3----
(iii) CaF2 + H2SO4----
Or
Arrange the following in the order of property indicated against each set:-
H2O ,H2S , H2Se ,H2Te (increasing boiling point)
HClO3, HClO, HClO2, HClO4 (increasing acid strength)
HF, HCl, HI, HBr (decreasing reducing character)
Section D
35 (a) The cell in which the following reaction occurs:- 5
2Fe3+(aq) + 2I- (aq)---- 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(s)
has E0= 0.236 V at 298k. Calculate the standard Gibb’s energy and
the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction.
(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298 k is 1500
CHEMISTRY
Ω. What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298k is 0.146 x
10-3S cm1 ?
or
Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials
that are involved during recharging.
A solution of Ni(NO3)2 is electrolysed between platinum electrodes using a current a
current of 5.0 ampere for 20 minutes. What mass of nickel will be deposited at the
cathode?
36 (a) Describe the preparation of Potassium dichromate from iron chromite ore. What is the 5
H
effect of increasing p on a solution of potassium dichromate?
(b) Complete and balance the following equations:-
Cr2O72-(aq) + H+ + H2S ----
MnO4-(aq) + H+ + Fe2+ ----
Or
(a) Give reasons for the following:-
Transition metals and many of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour.
(ii) The enthalpies of atomization of the transition metals are high.
(iii) The transition metals generally form coloured Compounds.
What is lanthanoid contraction? Write its consequences
37 a) Give reasons for the following:- 5
Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone does
not.
There are two –NH2 groups in semicarbazide, however only one is involved in the
formation of semicarbazone.
(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester formed should be removed as soon as it
is formed.
(b) How will you bring the following conversions:-
(i) Propanone to Propene.
(ii) Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal
Or
An organic compound (A) has molecular formula(C5H10O).It does not reduce Tollen’s
reagent but forms an orange precipitate with 2,4-DNPreagent. It forms a carboxylic
acid(B) with molecular formula(C3H6O2) when heated with alkaline KMnO4, yellow
precipitate on treatment with NaOH and I2,under vigorous conditions. On oxidation it
gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acid. Sodium salt of (B) gave a hydrocarbon (C) in
Kolbe’s electrolytic reduction. Identify (A),(B) and (C) and write the reactions involved.
(3)
(b) Write notes on:-
Aldol condensation.
(ii)Clemmensen’s reduction.
CHEMISTRY
MARKING SCHEME
Class XII
Subject: Chemistry
Q.No.1 In SF6, sulphur atom is stearically protected by six F atoms & hence does not allow H2O
molecules to attack the S atom whereas in SF4, Sulphur atom is surrounded by four f atoms. So,
attack of H2O molecule on sulphur atom can take place. (1)
-
Q.No.2 High charge density of F or due to smaller size of fluoride ion . (1)
Q.No.3 Due to small size and high electronegativity, oxygen exists as diatomic molecule. These
molecules are held together by weak van der Waal’s forces. Hence O2 is gas at room temperature.
Sulphur, Because of its bigger size and lower electronegativity prefers to form S-S single bond and
Greater tendency for catenation than oxygen. (1)
Q No.4 Fluorine and Oxygen are the most electronegative elements and hence are very reactive.
So, they form compounds with noble gases, particularly Xenon. (1)
Q.No.5 Fluorine is the most electronegative element and cannot exhibit any positive oxidation states.
Other halogens have d-orbitals and therefore can expand their octet and show +1, +3, +5 and +7
oxidation states (1)
Q.No.6 o- nitrophenol (1)
Q.No.7 A (1)
Q.No.8 N – ethyl – N-methyl ethanamine (1)
Q.No.9 Glucose OR 101 (1)
Q.No.10 Reverse osmo (1)
Q.No.11 d (1)
Q.No. 12 c (1)
Q.No.13 c
OR d (1)
R. No.14 c (1)
Q.No 15 d (1)
Q.No.16 a (1)
Q.No.17 a (1)
Q.No 18 c (1)
Q.No 19 b (1)
Q.No 20 a (1)
Q No 21 a)Chloromethane<Bromomethane<Dibromomethane<Bromoform (1)
(b)(i) CH3I, because I – ion is better leaving group than Br-

(ii) CH3Cl , because of stearic hinderance in case of (CH3)3CCl. (1/2 +1/2)
Q No 22 Copper is leached out from low grade copper by using acid in the presence of
CHEMISTRY
Air, when copper goes into the solution of Cu2+ (1)
Cu(S)+2H++(aq)+1/2 O2 (g)------------- Cu2+(aq) + H2O (l)
The solution containing Cu2+ ions is treated which scrap iron or H2
Cu2+(aq)+ H2 (g)--------------Cu (S)+ 2H+ (aq) (1)
Or
Zone Refining-
This method is based on the principal that impurities are more soluble in the melt than
In the solid state of the metal. (1)
Electrolytic refining-
This method is based on the phenomenon of electrolysis. In this method, impure metal
Is made to act as anode. A strip of the same metal in pure form is used as cathode (1)
2-
Q.No 23[NiCl4] has two unpaired electrons and is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] has all
paired electron and hence is diamagnetic (1+1)
Q No 24(a) Cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile.KCN are predominantly ionic. So attack
occurs through carbon atom, hence Cyanide is formed. WhereasAgCN is
Covalent. So, bond between Ag &CN does not breakand attack occurs through
Nitrogen( 1)
(b)Grignard reagents are very reactive. They react with moisture present in the
apparatus or the starting material.
R---MgX + H---OH------- R---H + Mg(OH)X
Therefore Grignard reagents must be prepared under anhydrous conditions. (1)
Q No. 25 (a) Dacron:-Ethylene Glycol &Terephthalic acid.
(1)
(b)Chloroprene (1)
OR
(a) Addition polymerisation - chain group polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation - step - growth polymerisation (1/2 + 1/2)
(b) Buna - N : Butadiene and acrylonitirile (1)
No 26.(a) The reason of formation of larger amount of unexpected m-nitroaniline is that
under strongly acidic conditions of nitration, most of the Aniline is converted into
anilinium ion which is am-directing group therefore an unexpected m-nitroaniline is
obtained. (1)
(b) Aniline is a lewis base while AlCl3 is a lewis acid. They combine with each other toform salt.
Due to the presence of a positive charge on N-atom in the salt, the group –N+H2AlCl3 - acts as a
strong electron withdrawing group. As a result, it reduces the electron density in the benzene ring
and hence aniline does not undergoes Friedel –Crafts reactions. (1)
Q No 27 (i) Cationic detergents :- These are so called because large part in their molecules are
cations which is involved in the cleansing action. Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts
of amines with chlorides or bromides as anion .Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a cationic
CHEMISTRY
detergent and is used in hair conditioners. (1)
(ii)Artificial sweetening agent:- These are chemical substances which are sweet in taste but do not
add any calories to our body. For example,,saccharin, alitame, aspartame etc. (1)
o
Q No 28 WA=30g, MA=60g, WB=846g, MB=18g, pA =23.8mm Hg, ps=?
Now, = ×
(1)
.
=
.
(1)
23.8 − 30 × 18
=
23.8 846 × 60
23.8 −
= 0.0106
23.8
23.8 – PS =0.2531
PS = 0.2531 -23.8 =23.54 mm Hg (1)
OR
Π = icRT; i=1 (1/2, 1/2)
C =7.65 / 1x .08206x 310 = .301mol/L (1/2, 1/2)
n =.301 mol; mass of glucose = 54.1g (1/2, 1/2)
Q No 29.
K2 = 4k1 => =4
Log = (1)
.
Log 4= (1)
. × . ×
2×Log2= .
× . × . ×
= = 52.85 KJ/mol
(1)
Q.No.30 The important difference between multimolecular& macromolecular colloids are:-
Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids

The colloidal particles consist The colloidal particles are
of aggregate of a large no. of macromolecules having very
atoms or molecules having large molecular mass.
diameter less than 1 nm
Particles are held by weak van Particles are held by chemical
der waals forces. bonds.
CHEMISTRY
The common example of multimolecular colloid is sulphur sol, which consists of particles of S8
molecules. The common example of macromolecular colloid is starch.
The associated colloids differ from multimolecular and macromolecular colloids in the sense
that they behave as normal electrolytes at low concentrations but exhibit colloidal state properties at
higher concentrations due to the formation of aggregated particles called micelles. (1+1+1)
OR
a) Promoter helps in facilitating action of a catalyst whereas poison increases the activation energy
of a reaction and retards or slows down the rate of reaction.
b) Soap molecules adsorb on to the dirt surface and try to emulsify it by forming micelles. Soap
miceele thus convert dirt into colloidal form so that it gets washed away by water.
c) It converts alcohols directly into gasoline by dehydrating them to produce mixture of
hydrocarbons. (1+1+1)
Q No 31
(i) OHC-----(CHOH)4----CH2OH + HI(excess) ----------CH3(CH2)4CH3 (1)
n-Hexane
(ii) OHC-(CHOH)4-CH2OH + HCN--------CH(CN)OH-(CHOH)4-CH2OH (1)
(iii) OHC-(CHOH)4-CH2OH + Con. HNO3-------HOOC-(CHOH)4-COOH (1)
-1 -3 -1 -1
Q No 32.a) Rate = -1/2 Δ[A]/Δt =-1/2 (0.4-0.5)mol L /10 min = 5x10 mol L min (1)
b) t= 20 minutes let[a]=100
a-x=100-25=>75
.
k= log --1/2
. .
k= log = log
=0.0143/min (1/2)
Now, a-x=100-75=>25
.
T= log
.
= log (1/2)
.
.
= log 4
.
=96.96 minutes (1/2)
Q.No.33 (i) Lucas test or victor meyer’s test or iodoform test (1)
(ii) Neutral FeCl3 test or Bromine water test or any other test. (1)
(iii)Lucas test or Neutral FeCl3 test or any other test. (1)
Or
Correct reactions (1+1+1)
Q.No 34 (i) 6NaOH + 3Cl2---- 5NaCl + NaClO3+ 3H2O
(hot&conc)
(ii) I2 +10 HNO3----2HIO3+10NO2+ 4H2O
CHEMISTRY
(iii)CaF2 + H2SO4----CaSO4+2HF (1+1+1)
Or
(i) H2S< H2Se< H2Te<H2O
(ii) HClO<HClO2<HClO3<HClO4
(iii) HI>HBr>HCl>HF (1+1+1)
Q.No.35(a) 2Fe3+ +2e----- 2Fe2+& 2I----- I2 +2e-
Thus, for the given cell reaction, n = 2.
∆G0 = -nFE0cell = 2 x 96500x0.236 J = - 45548 J mol-

= - 45.55kJ mol- (1)
0
∆G = -2.303 RT log Kc (1)
0
logKc =-∆G /2.303RT =7.983
KC = Antilog (7.983) = 9.166 x 107 (1)
(b)
Conductivity (k) =Cell constant/Resistance (1/2)
-3
0.146x10 =cellconstant/1500 (1/2) cellconstant=0.146x10-3 x1500=0.219cm-1
(1)
Or
(a) During recharging, electrical energy is supplied to the cell from
an external source. The reactions are reversed of those that
takes place during discharge. (1)
At anode:PbSO4(s)+2H2O ---PbO2(s)+SO42-(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e-
At cathode: PbSO4 (s)+2e----Pb(s) + SO42-(aq)
2PbSO4(s)+ 2H2O-Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+4H+(aq)+2SO42-(aq)
(1/2+1/2+1)
(b) Quantity of electricity passed= Ixt =5X20X60s=6000C (1)
2+ -
The electrode reaction is: Ni + 2e -- Ni
2x96500 C deposit Ni =58.7g
6000Cwill deposit Ni = 58.7x6000/2x96500 =1.825g (1)
Q.No.36 (a) Potassium dichromate is prepared from chromite ore (FeCr2O4)
(i) 4FeCr2O4+ 16 NaOH+ 7O2-- 8Na2CrO4+ 2Fe2O3+8H2O
Or
4FeCr2O4+8Na2CO3+ 7O2-- 8Na2CrO4+ 2Fe2O3+8CO2 (1)
(ii)Na2CrO4+H2SO4---- Na2Cr2O7+Na2SO4+H2O (1)
(iii) Na2Cr2O7+2KCl--- K2Cr2O7+2NaCl (1)
(b)
(i)Cr2O72-(aq)+8H+ +3 H2S ----2Cr3++3S+7H2O (1)
- + 2+ 2+ 3+
(ii)MnO4 (aq)+8H +5 Fe ----Mn +5Fe +4H2O (1)
Or
CHEMISTRY
(a) (i) Transition metals and their compound show paramagnetic behavior due to presence of
unpaired electrons in them. (1)
(ii)Transition metals exhibits high enthalpies of atomization because they have large number
of unpaired electrons in their atoms. Due to this, they have stronger interatomic interactions.
(1)
(iii)Due to d-d transition (1)
(b) The steady decrease in atomic and ionic sizes of lanthanoid elements with increasing atomic
numbers is called lanthanoid contractions. (1/2)
Following are the consequences of lanthanoid contractions
(i) The size of second and third row of transition elements are nearly same. (1/2)
(ii) Basic strength decreases from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3 (1/2)
(iii) Lanthanoid contraction makes separation of lanthanoids possible (1/2)
Q.No.37 (a)(i) Because of presence of three methyl groups in 2,2,6- trimethylcyclohexanone, the
nucleophilic attack by the CN- ion does not occur due to steric hindrance. Since there is no steric
hindrance in cyclohexanone, therefore nucleophilic attack by the CN-ion occurs readily and hence
cyclohexanone cyanohydrin is obtained in good yield. (1)
(ii)Although semicarbazide has to –NH2 groups, but one of them (which is directly attached
to C=O) is involved in resonance. As a result, electron density on this–NH2 group decreases and
hence it does not act as nucleophile. In constrast, the lone pair of electrons on the other –NH2 group
is not involved in resonance and hence is available for nucleophilic attack on the C=O group of
carbonyl compounds. (1)
(iii) The formation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst is a reversible reaction. To shift the equilibrium in the forward direction, the water or ester
formed should be removed as soon as it id formed. (1)
(b) (i)CH3COCH3---- CH3CH(OH)CH3-----CH3CH=CH2 (1)
(ii) CH3CH2OH--- CH3CHO------ CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO (1)
Or
(a) A is CH3COCH2CH2CH3
B is CH3CH2COOH
C is CH3CH2CH2CH3
Reactions involved:-
alk KMnO4
CH3COCH2CH2CH3------.> CH3CH2COOH (1)
CHEMISTRY
(B) CH3COCH2CH2CH3 +I2+ 4NaOH-- CHI3+ CH3CH2CH2COONa+
(A) 3NaI+2H2O
+
K2Cr2O7/H
CH3COCH2CH2CH3------ CH3CH2COOH + CH3COOH (1)
(A)
2CH3COONa+2H2O-- CH3CH2CH2CH3+ CO2+H2+2NaOH (1)
© Kolbe‘s electrolysis
(b) Correct reactions (1+1)
CHEMISTRY
EXAMINATION TIPS FOR STUDENTS
Self motivation‐ Honestly write down your aim and all the desires in your life. It will propel you towards success.
Set up a routine‐ Prepare smart and successful studying programme.
Find a quiet place, away from distractions and figure out time of the day you can contribute best and that fits into
your schedule.
Make a good time table‐A schedule of every subject should be made with different priorities like tough subjects and
the one in which you are week should be given more hours. Study at the same place & at the same time every day.
Sit in an alert posture.
Stay healthy mentally and physically get adequate rest, exercise and balanced nutrition.
Manage distractions like cellphones, friends, sms, TV, video games, surfing etc which are biggest time drains.
Avoid doing “marathon” session (i.e. larger than 1 hour) as it is least productive. Our attention span ranges from
30‐60 minute.
Unwind and relax‐ 10 to 15 min break after every study session.
Study difficult topics first. When mentally fresh, brain can process information more quickly. Short term
planning is more achievable than long term plans.
Don't spend more than three days a week in coaching/tution as self study is the only real study. Therefore
atleast four days for uninterrupted self study.
Prepare a competitive study group‐ share useful concepts and questions, your knowledge, skills and resources,
clarify doubts, take help of a friend who is an expert in that topic/unit.
Give yourself enough time to study. dont leave until the last minute. Use flow charts & mind maps.
Test yourself before actual test–practice previous year's examination papers.
Review cleardoubts revise‐attempt questions of textbook and previous year CBSE papers.
NIGHT BEFORE THE EXAM ‐ don't cram.
Reduce stress and anxiety.. avoid stressful friends....relax.. eat some brain snacks.. sleep..review main points.
Prepare to be prepared: before going to bed before an exam make sure to collect everything that you will need fo r
exam – stationery , admit card, wrist watch....
Ensure location of exam centre.
ON EXAMINATION DAY.. leave home in time and ensure your arrival at centre in time..so that you go into your exam
calmly rather than in a frantic rush sweaty.
CHEMISTRY
DURING TEST‐
Focus on your exam and not on what other students are doing
Start strategically..begin your exam by skimming through the question quickly and note down any initial thoughts or
related memorised facts beside each question.
Start with the question you know best. This will boost your confidence and give you a good start.
 Read the instructions carefully and follow.
 Answer as per marking scheme.
 Write neat and present well.
 Attempt the easiest part and the units you are most confident. Manage time so that time can be
allotted to difficult portion.
 Attempt complete question paper.
 Never cheat
 Review and make sure you have not left out any question unattempted.
CHASE YOUR GOALS. ALL THE BEST
SET-1
Series BVM/2 H$moS> Z§.
Code No. 56/2/1
amob Z§. narjmWu H$moS >H$mo CÎma-nwpñVH$m Ho$ _wI-n¥ð
Roll No. >na Adí` {bIo§ &
Candidates must write the Code on the
title page of the answer-book.
 H¥$n`m Om±M H$a b| {H$ Bg àíZ-nÌ _o§ _w{ÐV n¥ð> 15 h¢ &

 àíZ-nÌ _| Xm{hZo hmW H$s Amoa {XE JE H$moS >Zå~a H$mo N>mÌ CÎma-nwpñVH$m Ho$ _wI-n¥ð> na {bI| &
 H¥$n`m Om±M H$a b| {H$ Bg àíZ-nÌ _| >27 àíZ h¢ &
 H¥$n`m àíZ H$m CÎma {bIZm ewê$ H$aZo go nhbo, àíZ H$m H«$_m§H$ Adí` {bI| &
 Bg àíZ-nÌ H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE 15 {_ZQ >H$m g_` {X`m J`m h¡ & àíZ-nÌ H$m {dVaU nydm©• _|
10.15 ~Oo {H$`m OmEJm & 10.15 ~Oo go 10.30 ~Oo VH$ N>mÌ Ho$db àíZ-nÌ H$mo n‹T>|Jo Am¡a
Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ do CÎma-nwpñVH$m na H$moB© CÎma Zht {bI|Jo &
 Please check that this question paper contains 15 printed pages.
 Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be
written on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
 Please check that this question paper contains 27 questions.
 Please write down the Serial Number of the question before
attempting it.
 15 minute time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question
paper will be distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the
students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on
the answer-book during this period.
agm`Z {dkmZ (g¡ÕmpÝVH$)

CHEMISTRY (Theory)
{ZYm©[aV g_` : 3 KÊQ>o A{YH$V_ A§H$ : 70
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70
56/2/1 1 P.T.O.
gm_mÝ` {ZX}e :
(i) g^r àíZ A{Zdm`© h¢ &
(ii) IÊS> A : àíZ g§»`m 1 go 5 VH$ A{V bKw-CÎmar` àíZ h¢ Am¡a àËòH$ àíZ Ho$ {bE 1 A§H$
h¡ &
(iii) IÊS> ~ : àíZ g§»`m 6 go 12 VH$ bKw-CÎmar` àíZ h¢ Am¡a àËòH$ àíZ Ho$ {bE 2 A§H$ h¡§ &
(iv) IÊS> g : àíZ g§»`m 13 go 24 VH$ ^r bKw-CÎmar` àíZ h¢ Am¡a àËòH$ àíZ Ho$ {bE 3 A§H$
h¢ &
(v) IÊS> X : àíZ g§»`m 25 go 27 VH$ XrK©-CÎmar` àíZ h¢ Am¡a àËòH$ àíZ Ho$ {bE 5 A§H$ h¢ &
(vi) àíZ nÌ _| g_J« {dH$ën Zht {X`m J`m h¡ & {\$a ^r EH$ A§H$ dmbo Xmo àíZm| _|, Xmo A§H$m| dmbo
Xmo àíZmo§ _|, VrZ A§H$m| dmbo Mma àíZm| _| VWm nm±M A§H$m| dmbo VrZm| àíZm| _| {dH$ën {X`m J`m
h¡ & Eogo g^r àíZm| _| go AmnH$mo EH$ hr {dH$ën H$m CÎma XoZm h¡ &
(vii) `{X Amdí`H$Vm hmo, Vmo Amn bKwJUH$s` gma{U`m± _m±J gH$Vo h¢ & H¡$ëHw$boQ>am| Ho$ à`moJ H$s
AZw_{V Zht h¡ &
General Instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Section A : Questions number 1 to 5 are very short answer questions and carry
1 mark each.
(iii) Section B : Questions number 6 to 12 are short answer questions and carry
2 marks each.
(iv) Section C : Questions number 13 to 24 are also short answer questions and
carry 3 marks each.
(v) Section D : Questions number 25 to 27 are long answer questions and carry
5 marks each.
(vi) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
two questions of one mark, two questions of two marks, four questions of three
marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage. You have to attempt
only one of the choices in such questions.
(vii) Use of log tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.
IÊS> A
SECTION A
1. KCl Am¡a AgCl _| go H$m¡Z em°Q²>H$s Xmof Xem©Vm h¡ Am¡a Š`m| ? 1
AWdm
Ja_ H$aZo na ZnO nrbm Š`m| àVrV hmoVm h¡ ? 1
Out of KCl and AgCl, which one shows Schottky defect and why ?
OR
Why does ZnO appear yellow on heating ?
56/2/1 2
2. {ZåZ{b{IV H$mo jmar` bjU Ho$ KQ>Vo hþE H«$_ _| ì`dpñWV H$s{OE : 1
C6H5NH2, (CH3)3N, C2H5NH2
Arrange the following in decreasing order of basic character :
C6H5NH2, (CH3)3N, C2H5NH2
3. {H$g àH$ma H$m H$mobm°BS> ~ZVm h¡ O~ {H$gr R>mog H$mo Ðd _| n[a{jßV {H$`m OmVm h¡ ? EH$
CXmhaU Xr{OE & 1
What type of colloid is formed when a solid is dispersed in a liquid ? Give
an example.
4. Šbmoamo~oÝµOrZ Am¡a gmBŠbmohopŠgb ŠbmoamBS> _| go H$m¡Z Zm{^H$ñZohr à{VñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m
Ho$ à{V A{YH$ A{^{H«$`merb h¡ Am¡a Š`m| ? 1
Out of Chlorobenzene and Cyclohexyl chloride, which one is more
reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction and why ?
5. ñQ>mM© Am¡a gobwbmog _| _yb^yV g§aMZmË_H$ A§Va Š`m h¡ ? 1
AWdm
DNA Ho$ Ob-AnKQ>Z go àmßV CËnmX {b{IE & 1
What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose ?
OR
Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of DNA.
IÊS> ~
SECTION B
6. {ZåZ{b{IV àH«$_m| Ho$ {bE g§Vw{bV amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aU {b{IE : 2

(a) ~wPo MyZo go Cl2 àdm{hV H$s OmVr h¡ &
(b) Fe(III) bdU Ho$ Obr` {db`Z go SO2 J¡g àdm{hV H$s OmVr h¡ &
AWdm
(a) ŠbmoarZ J¡g go ~ZmB© JB© Xmo {df¡br J¡gm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &
(b) A_mo{Z`m go A{^{H«$`m H$aZo na Cu2+ {db`Z Zrbm a§J Š`m| XoVm h¡ ? 2
Write balanced chemical equations for the following processes :
(a) Cl2 is passed through slaked lime.
(b) SO2 gas is passed through an aqueous solution of Fe(III) salt.
OR
(a) Write two poisonous gases prepared from chlorine gas.
(b) Why does Cu2+ solution give blue colour on reaction with ammonia ?
56/2/1 3 P.T.O.
7. H$maU Xr{OE : 2
(a) ImZm ~ZmZo Ho$ ~V©Z H$s Anojm àoea Hw$H$a _| ImZm A{YH$ erK«Vm go nH$ OmVm
h¡ &
(b) bmb é{Ya H$mo{eH$mE± (RBC) bdUr` Ob _| aIo OmZo na g§Hw${MV hmo OmVr h¢
naÝVw AmgwV Ob _| \y$b OmVr h¢ &
Give reasons :
(a) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in cooking pan.
(b) Red Blood Cells (RBC) shrink when placed in saline water but
swell in distilled water.
8. A{^{H«$`m H$s H$mo{Q> n[a^m{fV H$s{OE & {XE JE AmboIm| _| A{^{H«$`m H$s H$mo{Q> H$s
àmJw{º$ H$s{OE : 2
Ohm± [R]o A{^H$_©H$ H$s àmapå^H$ gmÝÐVm h¡ Am¡a t1/2 AY© Am`w h¡ &
Define order of reaction. Predict the order of reaction in the given graphs :
where [R]o is the initial concentration of reactant and t1/2 is half-life.
56/2/1 4
9. O~ FeCr2O4 H$mo dm`w H$s CnpñW{V _| Na2CO3 Ho$ gmW g§J{bV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo
`m¡{JH$ (A) H$m nrbm {db`Z àmá hmoVm h¡ & `m¡{JH$ (A) AåbrH$aU {H$E OmZo na `m¡{JH$
(B) XoVm h¡ & `m¡{JH$ (B) KCl Ho$ gmW A{^{H«$`m H$aHo$ EH$ Zma§Jr a§J H$m `m¡{JH$ (C)
~ZmVm h¡ & `m¡{JH$ (C) H$m Aåbr` {db`Z Na2SO3 H$mo (D) _| Am°ŠgrH¥$V H$a XoVm h¡ &
(A), (B), (C) Am¡a (D) H$s nhMmZ H$s{OE & 2
When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3 in the presence of air it gives a
yellow solution of compound (A). Compound (A) on acidification gives
compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms an orange
coloured compound (C). An acidified solution of compound (C) oxidises
Na2SO3 to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
10. g§Hw$b [Co(en)2(NO2)Cl]+ H$m IUPAC Zm_ {b{IE & Bg g§Hw$b Ûmam {H$g àH$ma H$s
g§aMZmË_H$ g_md`dVm Xem©B© OmVr h¡ ? 2
AWdm
IUPAC _mZXÊS>m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE {ZåZ{b{IV g§Hw$bm| Ho$ gyÌ {b{IE : 2
(a) hoŠgmEŠdmH«$mo{_`_(III) ŠbmoamBS>
(b) gmo{S>`_ Q´>mBAm°Šg¡boQ>mo\o$aoQ>(III)
Write IUPAC name of the complex [Co(en)2(NO2)Cl]+. What type of
structural isomerism is shown by this complex ?
OR
Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae for the following complexes :
(a) Hexaaquachromium(III) chloride
(b) Sodium trioxalatoferrate(III)
11. (a) `Ú{n [NiCl4]2– Am¡a [Ni(CO)4] XmoZm| _| sp3 g§H$aU hmoVm h¡ {\$a ^r
[NiCl4]2– AZwMwå~H$s` h¡ Am¡a [Ni(CO)4] à{VMwå~H$s` h¡ & H$maU Xr{OE &
(Ni H$m na_mUw H«$_m§H$ = 28)
(b) {H«$ñQ>b joÌ {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na d5 H$m BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {dÝ`mg {b{IE O~{H$
(i) o < P Am¡a
(ii) o > P 2
(a) Although both [NiCl4]2– and [Ni(CO)4] have sp3 hybridisation yet
[NiCl4]2– is paramagnetic and [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic. Give
reason. (Atomic no. of Ni = 28)
56/2/1 5 P.T.O.
(b) Write the electronic configuration of d5 on the basis of crystal field
theory when
(i) o < P and
(ii) o > P
12. {ZåZ{b{IV àËòH$ A{^{H«$`m _| _w»` `m¡{JH$m| A Am¡a B H$s g§aMZmE± {b{IE : 2
PCl H / Pd  BaSO
5
(a) C6H5COOH  
  A 2
4
 B
(i) CH3MgBr Zn(Hg ) / gmÝÐ HCl

(b) CH3CN       A  B
(ii) H3 O 
Write structures of main compounds A and B in each of the following
reactions :
PCl H / Pd  BaSO
5
(a) C6H5COOH  
  A 2
4
 B
(i) CH3MgBr Zn(Hg ) / conc. HCl

(b) CH3CN       A  B
(ii) H3 O 
IÊS> g
SECTION C
13. A{^{H«$`m A + 2B  C Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{b{IV Am±H$‹S>o àmá hþE : 3

C Ho$ {daMZ H$m àmapå^H$ doJ
à`moJ [A]/M [B]/M
/M min–1
1 0·2 0·3 4·2  10–2
2 0·1 0·1 6·0  10–3
3 0·4 0·3 1·68  10–1
4 0·1 0·4 2·40  10–2
(a) A Am¡a B Ho$ à{V A{^{H«$`m H$s H$mo{Q> kmV H$s{OE &
(b) doJ {Z`_ Am¡a A{^{H«$`m H$s Hw$b H$mo{Q> {b{IE &
(c) doJ pñWam§H$ (k) n[aH${bV H$s{OE &
56/2/1 6
The following data were obtained for the reaction :
A + 2B  C
Initial rate of formation of C
Experiment [A]/M [B]/M
/M min–1
1 0·2 0·3 4·2  10–2
2 0·1 0·1 6·0  10–3
3 0·4 0·3 1·68  10–1
4 0·1 0·4 2·40  10–2
(a) Find the order of reaction with respect to A and B.

(b) Write the rate law and overall order of reaction.
(c) Calculate the rate constant (k).
14. (a) Yyb H$s n[a{jßV àmdñWm Am¡a n[ajonU _mÜ`_ {b{IE &
(b) ^m¡{VH$ AdemofU CËH«$_Ur` O~{H$ agmoemofU AZwËH«$_Ur` Š`m| h¡ ?
(c) {MÌ _| Xr JB© {d{Y Ûmam EH$ H$mobm°BS>r gm°b ~Zm`m J`m & naIZbr _| ~Zo AgI
H$mobm°BS>r H$Um| Ho$ D$na Š`m Amdoe h¡ ? `h gm°b H¡$go {Zê${nV {H$`m OmVm h¡ ? 3
(a) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of dust.
(b) Why is physisorption reversible whereas chemisorption is

irreversible ?
56/2/1 7 P.T.O.
(c) A colloidal sol is prepared by the method given in the figure. What
is the charge on AgI colloidal particles formed in the test tube ?
How is this sol represented ?
15. na_mUw Ðì`_mZ 81 u Ho$ {H$gr VÎd X H$m KZËd 10·2 g cm–3 h¡ & `{X EH$H$ H$mopîR>H$m
H$m Am`VZ 2·7  10–23 cm3 h¡, Vmo KZr` EH$H$ H$mopîR>H$m Ho$ àH$ma H$s nhMmZ
H$s{OE & ({X`m J`m h¡ : NA = 6·022  1023 mol–1) 3
An element X with an atomic mass of 81 u has density 10·2 g cm–3. If the

volume of unit cell is 2·7  10–23 cm3, identify the type of cubic unit cell.
(Given : NA = 6·022  1023 mol–1)
16. 1·9 g à{V 100 mL KCl (M = 74·5 g mol–1) H$m {db`Z 3 g à{V 100 mL `y[a`m
(M = 60 g mol–1) Ho$ gmW g_namgar h¡ & KCl {db`Z H$s {d`moOZ H$s _mÌm n[aH${bV
H$s{OE & _mZ br{OE {H$ XmoZm| {db`Z g_mZ Vmn na h¢ & 3
A solution containing 1·9 g per 100 mL of KCl (M = 74·5 g mol–1) is
isotonic with a solution containing 3 g per 100 mL of urea
(M = 60 g mol–1). Calculate the degree of dissociation of KCl solution.
Assume that both the solutions have same temperature.
17. (a) qµOH$, (b) O_©o{Z`_, (c) Q>mBQ>o{Z`_ Ho$ {bE à`wº$ n[aîH$aU {d{Y H$m Zm_ Am¡a
{gÕmÝV {b{IE & 3
Write the name and principle of the method used for refining of (a) Zinc,
(b) Germanium, (c) Titanium.
56/2/1 8
18. {ZåZ{b{IV Ho$ {bE H$maU Xr{OE : 3
(a) g§H$aU YmVwE± g§Hw$b `m¡{JH$ ~ZmVr h¢ &
(b) (Zn2+/Zn) Am¡a (Mn2+/Mn) Ho$ {bE Eo Ho$ _mZ Ano{jV _mZm| go A{YH$
G$UmË_H$ hmoVo h¢ &
(c) EopŠQ>Zm°`S> Am°ŠgrH$aU AdñWmAm| H$m A{YH$ namg Xem©Vo h¢ &
Give reasons for the following :
(a) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(b) Eo values for (Zn2+/Zn) and (Mn2+/Mn) are more negative than expected.
(c) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
19. {ZåZ{b{IV ~hþbH$m| H$mo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`wº$ EH$bH$m| H$s g§aMZmE± {b{IE : 3
(a) ZmBbm°Z-6
(b) Q>oarbrZ
(c) ã`yZm-N
AWdm
(a) Š`m [ CH2 – CH(C6H5 ) ] n EH$ g_~hþbH$ AWdm gh~hþbH$ h¡ ? H$maU Xr{OE &
(b) {ZåZ{b{IV ~hþbH$ Ho$ EH$bH$ {b{IE :
(c) EWrZ Ho$ ~hþbH$Z _| ~oÝµOm°`b nam°ŠgmBS> H$s ^y{_H$m {b{IE & 3
Write the structures of monomers used for getting the following
polymers :
(a) Nylon-6
(b) Terylene
(c) Buna-N
OR
(a) Is [ CH2 – CH(C6 H5 ) ] n a homopolymer or copolymer ? Give
reason.
(b) Write the monomers of the following polymer :
(c) Write the role of benzoyl peroxide in polymerisation of ethene.

56/2/1 9 P.T.O.
20. (a) {ZåZ{b{IV _| go CZHo$ {M{H$Ëgr` JwUm| Ho$ AmYma na EH$ {df_ H$mo N>m±{Q>E :
BŠd¡{Zb, goH$moZb, ~mBWm`moZb, ë`y{_Zb
(b) ~V©Z YmoZo Ho$ Cn`moJ _| AmZo dmbo Ðd An_mO©H$ {H$g àH$ma Ho$ An_mO©H$ hmoVo
h¢ ?
(c) EoñnmQ>©o_ H$m Cn`moJ Ho$db R>§S>o ImÚ nXmWmªo VH$ hr gr{_V Š`m| h¡ ? 3
AWdm
àËòH$ Ho$ {bE C{MV CXmhaU g{hV {ZåZ{b{IV nXm| H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE : 3
(a) à{VO¡{dH$ (EpÝQ>~m`mo{Q>H$)
(b) ny{VamoYr (EpÝQ>gopßQ>H$)
(c) G$Um`Zr An_mO©H$
(a) Pick out the odd one from the following on the basis of their
medicinal properties :
Equanil, Seconal, Bithional, Luminal
(b) What type of detergents are used in dishwashing liquids ?
(c) Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods ?
OR
Define the following terms with a suitable example of each :
(a) Antibiotics
(b) Antiseptics
(c) Anionic detergents
21. AUwgyÌ C4H9Br Ho$ g^r g_md`dm| _| go, nhMm{ZE

(a) EH$ g_md`d Omo Yw«dU KyU©H$ h¡ &
(b) EH$ g_md`d Omo SN2 Ho$ à{V AË`{YH$ A{^{H«$`merb h¡ &
(c) Eogo Xmo g_md`d Omo EoëH$mohm°br nmoQ>¡{e`_ hmBS´>m°ŠgmBS> Ûmam {dhmBS´>moOZZ Ho$
\$bñdê$n EH$ O¡gm CËnmX XoVo h¢ & 3
Among all the isomers of molecular formula C4H9Br, identify
(a) the one isomer which is optically active.
(b) the one isomer which is highly reactive towards SN2.
(c) the two isomers which give same product on dehydrohalogenation
with alcoholic KOH.
56/2/1 10
22. {ZåZ{b{IV A{^{H«$`mAm| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE : 3
AWdm
Amn {ZåZ{b{IV ê$nm§VaU H¡$go H$a§oJo : 3
(a) N-\o${ZbEWoZo_mBS> go p-~«mo_moEo{ZbrZ
(b) ~oÝµOrZ S>mBEµOmo{Z`_ ŠbmoamBS> go ZmBQ´>mo~oÝµOrZ
(c) ~oÝµOmoBH$ Aåb go Eo{ZbrZ
Complete the following reactions :
OR
How do you convert the following :
(a) N-phenylethanamide to p-bromoaniline
(b) Benzene diazonium chloride to nitrobenzene
(c) Benzoic acid to aniline
56/2/1 11 P.T.O.
23. (a) H$maU Xr{OE :
(i) Eogr{Q>H$ Aåb H$s Anojm ~oÝµOmoBH$ Aåb à~bVa Aåb hmoVm h¡ &
(ii) EWoZob H$s Anojm _oW¡Zob Zm{^H$ñZohr `moJO A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ à{V A{YH$
A{^{H«$`merb hmoVm h¡ &
(b) àmonoZ¡b Am¡a àmonoZmoZ Ho$ ~rM {dôX H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ gab amgm`{ZH$ narjU
Xr{OE & 3
(a) Give reasons :
(i) Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
(ii) Methanal is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition
reaction than ethanal.
(b) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between propanal and
propanone.
24. (a) _mëQ>mog Ho$ Ob-AnKQ>Z Ho$ CËnmX Š`m h¢ ?

(b) àmoQ>rZ H$s -ho{bŠg g§aMZm H$mo {H$g àH$ma H$m Am~ÝYZ ñWm{`Ëd àXmZ H$aVm
h¡ ?
(c) Cg {dQ>m{_Z H$m Zm_ {b{IE {OgH$s H$_r go àUmer aº$mënVm hmo OmVr h¡ & 3
AWdm
{ZåZ{b{IV nXm| H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE : 3
(a) àVrn eH©$am
(b) àmH¥$V àmoQ>rZ
(c) Ý`ypŠbAmoQ>mBS>
(a) What are the products of hydrolysis of maltose ?
(b) What type of bonding provides stability to -helix structure of
protein ?
(c) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes pernicious anaemia.
OR
Define the following terms :
(a) Invert sugar
(b) Native protein
(c) Nucleotide
56/2/1 12
IÊS> X
SECTION D
25. (a) 0·001 mol L–1 Eogr{Q>H$ Aåb H$s MmbH$Vm 4·95  10–5 S cm–1 h¡ & `{X
Eogr{Q>H$ Aåb Ho$ {bE om H$m _mZ 390·5 S cm2 mol–1 h¡, Vmo BgHo$ {d`moOZ
pñWam§H$ H$m n[aH$bZ H$s{OE &
(b) A{^{H«$`m
2 Al (s) + 3 Cu2+ (aq)  2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 Cu (s)
Ho$ {bE 25C na ZoÝñQ>© g_rH$aU {b{IE &
(c) g§Mm`H$ ~¡Q>[a`m± Š`m h¢ ? EH$ CXmhaU Xr{OE & 5
AWdm
(a) Cg gob H$mo {Zê${nV H$s{OE {Og_| {ZåZ{b{IV A{^{H«$`m hmoVr h¡ :
2 Al (s) + 3 Ni2+ (0·1 M)  2 Al3+ (0·01 M) + 3 Ni (s)
o
BgH$m {d.dm.~b (emf) n[aH${bV H$s{OE `{X E
gob
= 1·41 V h¡ &
(b) à~b Am¡a Xþ~©b {dÚwV²-AnKQ>ç Ho$ {bE gmÝÐVm ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW _moba MmbH$Vm
{H$g àH$ma n[ad{V©V hmoVr h¡ ? Amn Xþ~©b {dÚwV²-AnKQ>ç Ho$ {bE gr_m§V _moba
MmbH$Vm (om ) H¡$go àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ ? 5
(a) The conductivity of 0·001 mol L–1 acetic acid is 4·95  10–5 S cm–1.
o
Calculate the dissociation constant if  m for acetic acid is
390·5 S cm2 mol–1.
(b) Write Nernst equation for the reaction at 25C :
2 Al (s) + 3 Cu2+ (aq)  2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 Cu (s)
(c) What are secondary batteries ? Give an example.
OR
(a) Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place :
2 Al (s) + 3 Ni2+ (0·1 M)  2 Al3+ (0·01 M) + 3 Ni (s)
Calculate its emf if E ocell = 1·41 V.
(b) How does molar conductivity vary with increase in concentration

for strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte ? How can you obtain
o
limiting molar conductivity (m ) for weak electrolyte ?
56/2/1 13 P.T.O.
26. (a) {ZåZ{b{IV A{^{H«$`mAm| Ho$ {bE g_rH$aU Xr{OE :
(i) µ\$sZm°b H$s gmÝÐ HNO3 Ho$ gmW A{^{H«$`m H$s OmVr h¡ &
(ii) àmonrZ H$s B2H6 go A{^{H«$`m H$aHo$ H2O2/OH– go A{^{H«$`m H$s OmVr
h¡ &
(iii) gmo{S>`_ V¥Vr`H$-ã`yQ>m°ŠgmBS> H$s CH3Cl Ho$ gmW A{^{H«$`m H$s OmVr h¡ &
(b) ã`yQ>oZ-1-Am°b Am¡a ã`yQ>oZ-2-Am°b Ho$ ~rM Amn H¡$go {dôX H$a|Jo ?
(c) {ZåZ{b{IV H$mo Aåbr`Vm Ho$ ~‹T>Vo hþE H«$_ _| ì`dpñWV H$s{OE :
µ\$sZm°b, EWoZm°b, Ob 5
AWdm
(a) (i) Š`y_rZ, (ii) ~oÝµOrZ gë\$mo{ZH$ Aåb, (iii) ~oÝµOrZ S>mBEµOmo{Z`_ ŠbmoamBS> go
Amn µ\$sZm°b H¡$go àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ ?
(b) 3-_o{Wbµ\$sZm°b Ho$ {ÛZmBQ´>moH$aU go àmá _w»` CËnmX H$s g§aMZm {b{IE &
(c) H$moë~o A{^{H«$`m go gå~Õ A{^{H«$`m {b{IE & 5
(a) Give equations of the following reactions :
(i) Phenol is treated with conc. HNO3.
(ii) Propene is treated with B2H6 followed by H2O2/OH–.
(iii) Sodium t-butoxide is treated with CH3Cl.
(b) How will you distinguish between butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol ?
(c) Arrange the following in increasing order of acidity :
Phenol, ethanol, water
OR
(a) How can you obtain Phenol from (i) Cumene, (ii) Benzene
sulphonic acid, (iii) Benzene diazonium chloride ?
(b) Write the structure of the major product obtained from dinitration
of 3-methylphenol.
(c) Write the reaction involved in Kolbe’s reaction.
27. (a) {ZåZ{b{IV Ho$ H$maU Xr{OE :

(i) dJ© 15 _| N go Bi VH$ 3 Am°ŠgrH$aU AdñWm Xem©Zo H$s àd¥{Îm KQ>Vr
h¡ &
(ii) H2O go H2Te VH$ Aåbr` bjU ~‹T>Vm h¡ &
(iii) ClF3 H$s Anojm F2 A{YH$ A{^{H«$`merb h¡, O~{H$ Cl2 H$s Anojm
ClF3 A{YH$ A{^{H«$`merb h¡ &
56/2/1 14
(b) (i) XeF2, (ii) H4P2O7 H$s g§aMZm It{ME & 5
AWdm
(a) âbwAmoarZ H$s Agm_mÝ` A{^{H«$`m Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE EH$ CXmhaU Xr{OE &
(b) ídoV µ\$m°ñµ\$moag Am¡a bmb µ\$m°ñµ\$moag Ho$ ~rM EH$ g§aMZmË_H$ AÝVa Š`m h¡ ?
(c) Š`m hmoVm h¡ O~ XeF6, NaF go A{^{H«$`m H$aVm h¡ ?
(d) H2O H$s Anojm H2S EH$ ~ohVa AnMm`H$ Š`m| h¡ ?
(e) {ZåZ{b{IV Aåbm| H$mo CZHo$ Aåbr` bjU Ho$ ~‹T>Vo hþE H«$_ _| ì`dpñWV H$s{OE :
HF, HCl, HBr Am¡a HI 5
(a) Account for the following :
(i) Tendency to show 3 oxidation state decreases from N to
Bi in group 15.
(ii) Acidic character increases from H2O to H2Te.
(iii) F2 is more reactive than ClF3, whereas ClF3 is more reactive
than Cl2.
(b) Draw the structure of (i) XeF2, (ii) H4P2O7.
OR
(a) Give one example to show the anomalous reaction of fluorine.
(b) What is the structural difference between white phosphorus and
red phosphorus ?
(c) What happens when XeF6 reacts with NaF ?
(d) Why is H2S a better reducing agent than H2O ?
(e) Arrange the following acids in the increasing order of their acidic
character :
HF, HCl, HBr and HI
56/2/1 15 P.T.O.
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STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

Santosh Kumar Mall

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

Shri Santosh Kumar Mall, IAS, Commissioner,

CO-ORDINATION TEAM KVS (HQ)

 Dr.E. Prabhakar, Joint Commissioner (Training/Finance)KVS(HQ),New Delhi.

 Ms. K.R, Chugh, Assistant Commissioner,KVS, RO Gurugram

 Ms. K.R. Chugh, Assistance Commissioner, KVS RO Gurugram Region.

ASSERTION -REASON TYPE

WB = 0.42 x 92 x 500 = 37.73 g

Molar mass of CaCl ,M =40+22 X 35.5

Therefore, Molar mass of CaCl2, WB = 0.75 atm x 111g/mol x 2.5 L

2.47 x 0.0821 x 300 K

b) Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation MB = Kf x WB x 1000

Expressing Conc of Solution

Ideal Solution Non Ideal Solution

(ii) ∆H > O (+ve) ii) ∆H< O (‐ve)

3 Ecell = E0cell – 0.0591log [P]/[R] Cell potential of a cell can be

E° cell= 0.0591 log Kc

5 ∆G° =- nF E° cell To calculate cell potential from °

9 W=Z×I×t Amount of a substance produced at

10 W1 W2 E1 /E2 Amount of a substance produced at

Ans. ᴧm = k (1000\M)

3.) What is meant by limiting molar conductivity ?

ii) conductivity of 0.02 M KCl solution

0.146X ( 10–3) S cm–1 ?

Ans.) Cu(s) →Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– ( at anode )

Given: E0Cu2+/Cu = 0.34V; E0 Mg2+/Mg= ‐2.375V [Hints:2.651V]

5. The cell constant of a conductivity cell _____________.

6. While charging the lead storage battery ______________.

8. Conductivity of an electrolytic solution depends on ____________.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY MIND MAP

3. Differential rate law (Rate law)

This is differential rate equation.

Q1. How does catalyst alter rate of a reaction?

Ans Order of reaction = 1/2 + 3/2 = 2 i.e. second order reaction.

Ans Rate = – change in conc. of A/2 x time interval

S.No. Rate of reaction Rate constant of reaction

2 Order of a reaction is an experimental It is theoretical value.

3 It can be zero and even a fraction. It cannot be zero or a non integer.

4 Order is applicable to elementary as well molecularity is applicable only for

Ans Let the rate law is Rate = K[A]x [B]y

t = 2.303/K log [R]o /[R] = 2.303/1.21X 10 log100/80 = 1.9033X 10-4(log100 – log80)

Adsorption isotherm in term of Freundlich.

Factors Affecting adsorption

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

A ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0

B ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0

C ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0

D ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0

C neutralisation of charge on colloidal particles

A absorption of light by atmospheric gases

B wavelength of scattered light

19. 2SO2(g) is an example for

B) Based on Lyophilic Colloid

Liquid + Solid = C) Based onTypes