EARTHQUAKE

PHINMA - University of Pangasinan
Arellano St. Dagupan City, Pangasinan
EARTHQUAKE
A Report presented to:
Subject instructor:
In partial fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Geology
Submitted by:
Umagtam, Michael Joves
Naval, Bianca Yllen Sagun
Decena, Von Philip Sarzaba
Matute, Mikko Gevan De Guzman
Vergere, Jimberly Joice Beltran
Buada, John Rhey Bulatao
Evangelista, Gel Albert Solano
Macaraeg, Dean Vincend Po Quiz
Tabucol, Joseph Angelo Versoza
Professor:
Engr. Renzie Keane A. Dumaguing
INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing
widespread destruction and loss to life.
The effects of the earthquake vary upon the magnitude and intensity. Earthquakes occur
every now and then all around the world, except in some places where earthquakes occur
rarely. The devastation of cities and towns is one of the effects of earthquake.
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic
waves.
Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and
earthquakes are formed. The area is also called the Pacific Rim, a term that refers to the
coastal areas of the countries around Pacific.
About three quarters (3/4) of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here. The
ring is 40,000 km long, and there are 452 volcanoes.
About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur
along the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the
world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through
the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the
third most prominent earthquake belt.
The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of
crustal plates.
Terminologies related to earthquake:

Focus or hypocenter is the point on the fault where rupture occurs and the location from
which seismic waves are released.
Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus, the point where
an earthquake or underground explosion originates.
Fault line is the surface trace of a fault, the line of intersection between the earth’s surface.
Fault plane is the cracks or sudden slips of the land.
Fault Scrap is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the
land surface by movement along faults.
Types of Earthquakes & Faults
There are four different types of earthquakes: Tectonic, volcanic, collapse and explosion.
 A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to
geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical
changes.
 A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which
occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.
 A collapse earthquake is small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that
are caused by seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
 An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a
nuclear and/or chemical device.
There are three different types of faults: Normal, Reverse, and Transcurrent (Strike-Slip).
 Normal faults form when the hanging wall drops down. The forces that create normal
faults are pulling the sides apart, or extensional.
 Reverse faults form when the hanging wall moves up. The forces creating reverse
faults are compressional, pushing the sides together.
 Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults have walls that move sideways, not up or down.
Waves
Seismic waves are produced due to earthquake are basically divided in two major types:
 Body Waves
 Surface waves
1. Body waves travels through the interior (body) of the earth as they leave the focus. Body
waves further divided into following types:
 Primary (P) waves

 Secondary (S) waves
2. Surface waves travels parallel to the earth’s surface and these waves are slowest and most
damaging. Surface wave are divided into following types:
 Love waves
 Rayleigh waves
PHIVOLCS
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology is a Philippine national institution

dedicated to provide information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as
well as other specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and
property and in support of economic, productivity, and sustainable development. It is one of
the service agencies of the Department of Science and Technology.
PHIVOLCS monitors volcano, earthquake, and tsunami activity, and issues warnings as
necessary. It is mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from such volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other related geotectonic phenomena.
Intensity and magnitude of earthquake
 Intensity Scale – scale to measure the effects and degree of damage caused by an
earthquake to the local environment including the infrastructures.
 Earthquake magnitude – is a measure of the “size,” or amplitude, of the seismic
waves generated by an earthquake source and recorded by seismographs.
Instruments Use:
 A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record

earthquakes. Generally, it consists of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an
earthquake, the base moves and the mass does not. The motion of the base with
respect to the mass is commonly transformed into an electrical voltage. The electrical
voltage is recorded on paper, magnetic tape, or another recording medium. This
record is proportional to the motion of the seismometer mass relative to the earth, but
it can be mathematically converted to a record of the absolute motion of the
ground. Seismograph generally refers to the seismometer and its recording device as
a single unit.
 A seismoscope is an instrument that gives a qualitative measure of the oscillatory
motion produced by an earthquake or other disturbance of the earth's surface. Unlike
the seismograph, it lacks a device to calibrate the time.
Effects of Earthquake
 Ground Shaking – is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the

passage of seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in small
earthquakes to incredibly violent in large earthquakes.
 Ground Rupture – is another important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the
earthquake movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth's surface.
 Landslides – caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by sustained shaking
of unstable slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in their path, or block roads and
railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with them as they tumble.
 Tsunamis – Tsunamis, which are popularly and incorrectly known as ``tidal waves,''
are a grave hazard to many parts of the world, particularly around the Pacific Ocean
basin. Tsunamis are a series of water waves caused when the seafloor moves due an
earthquake and which can travel vast distances in a short period of time.
 Liquefaction and Subsidence of Ground – Liquefaction and subsidence of the
ground are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in
earthquakes, particularly in unconsolidated ground. Liquefaction is when sediment
grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its
solidity. Subsidence can then follow as the soil recompacts.
 Fires – Fires, although it merely happens, are a major source of damage after
earthquakes. Ground rupture and liquefaction can easily rupture natural gas mains and
water mains, both contributing to the ignition of fires and hindering the efforts to
control them.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES:
What Should I Do Before, During, And After An Earthquake?
What to Do Before an Earthquake
 Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio,
a flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
 Learn first aid.
 Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
 Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
 Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).
 Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor.
 Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace.
What to Do During an Earthquake
 Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If you're outside, stay outside.
 If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in
a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from
windows and outside doors.
 If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that
might fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the
building could fall on you).
 Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
 If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake
stops.
 Don't use elevators (they'll probably get stuck anyway).
What to Do After an Earthquake
 Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone who needs
it.
 Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are damaged, shut off
the valves. Check for the smell of gas. If you smell it, open all the windows
and doors, leave immediately, and report it to the authorities (use someone
else's phone).
 Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
 Stay out of damaged buildings.
 Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep
from cutting your feet.
 Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
 Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground
has stopped shaking.
 Stay away from damaged areas.
 If you're at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of
the person in charge.
 Expect aftershocks.
References:
Godard, R. (2020, January 7). What Are Some Differences Between P & S Waves?.
sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/differences-between-waves-
8410417.html
Earthquake Glossary. (n.d.). In USGS. Retrieved from
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=seismograph
Bolt, B. (2020, January 2). Earthquake. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). (n.d.). Department of Science and

Technology – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Retrieved from
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-
scale?fbclid=IwAR15IbR7CTDCSXtnjcDLnPwCRI92a8Nj3Zg1Thjc7cCHTbrclIL88
NS9nK4
Tsunami. Retrieved January 7, 2020 from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami?fbclid=IwAR0CcLl28uB6-
wnlxgke3DJOQkppM2EXhFB85FjlO9BUgT4stD2UW4jYslY
What Should I Do Before, During, And After An Earthquake?. (n.d.). Michigan Tech.
Retrieved from http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/bda.html
Pacific Ring of Fire. Retrieved January 7, 2020 from Wikipedia:

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire
Anderson, G. (n.d.). Effects of Earthquakes. Retieved from

https://topex.ucsd.edu/es10/es10.1997/lectures/lecture20/secs.with.pics/node10.html

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PHINMA - University of Pangasinan

Arellano St. Dagupan City, Pangasinan

A Report presented to:

Terminologies related to earthquake:

 Primary (P) waves

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology is a Philippine national institution

Intensity and magnitude of earthquake

 A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record

 Ground Shaking – is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the

What Should I Do Before, During, And After An Earthquake?

What to Do Before an Earthquake

What to Do During an Earthquake

What to Do After an Earthquake

Bolt, B. (2020, January 2). Earthquake. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). (n.d.). Department of Science and

Pacific Ring of Fire. Retrieved January 7, 2020 from Wikipedia:

Anderson, G. (n.d.). Effects of Earthquakes. Retieved from

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