Endo and Exo Process

EARTH’S PROCESSES
ENDOGENIC AND EXOGENIC PROCESSES

ENDOGENIC AND EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
• Endogenic processes are processes of internal origin. These processes take

place inside the globe and are started by forces inside the Earth, leaving
little impact from influences that take place internally. Endogenic processes
cause things like earthquakes, and generation of volcanic activities.
Exogenic processes are anything that happens outside the Earth’s core such
as the force of gravity, energy from the Sun.
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
• FORCES DRIVEN BY THE EARTH’S VAST HEAT ENGINE

• MOVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES DUE TO
CONVECTION CURRENT IN THE MANTLE
• CAUSES EARTHQUAKE, VOLCANIC ERUPTION,
MOUNTAIN RANGES, DEEP VALLEYS, AND TRENCHES
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• DRIVEN BY THE SOLAR ENERGY

• PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE
• CAUSES DEFORMATION OF CRUST
DEFORMATION OF THE CRUST
• WEATHERING
• is the physical disintegration or chemical alteration of rocks at
or near the Earth’s surface
THREE TYPES OF WEATHERING
• Mechanical or physical weathering is the physical disintegration and
reduction in the size of the rocks without changing their chemical
composition. Examples are exfoliation of rocks, frost wedging through ice
crystals, salt wedging through salt crystals, temperature changes, and
abrasion.
• Chemical weathering decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock

through chemical processes to form residual materials. Examples are
carbonation, hydration, oxidation, and solution.
• Biological weathering is the disintegration or decay of rocks and minerals

caused by chemical or physical agents of organisms. Examples would be
organic activity from lichen and algae, rock disintegration by plant or root
growth, burrowing and tunnelling organisms, and acid secretion.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
• EXFOLIATION - pressure in a rock is released along parallel alignments near

the surface of the bedrock and layers or slabs of the rock along these
alignments break off from the bedrock and move downhill by gravity
• FROST WEDGING - Frost wedging is a mechanical process caused by the
freeze-thaw action of water that is trapped between cracks in the rock. When
water freezes, it expands and applies pressure to the surrounding rock forcing
the rock to accommodate the expansion of the ice.
• TEMPERATURE CHANGES - Daily diurnal and seasonal temperature changes
affect certain minerals and facilitate the mechanical weathering bedrock.
Warmer temperatures may cause minerals to expand, and cooler temperatures
cause them to contract
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
• SALT WEDGING - Salt wedging occurs when salt crystallizes out of solution as
water evaporates. As salt crystals grow, they apply pressure to the surrounding
rock weakening it, until it eventually cracks and breaks down, enabling the salt
crystal to crystal to continue growing
• ABRASION - Abrasion occurs when rocks collide against each other while they
are transported by water, glacial ice, wind and gravitational force
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• CARBONATION – When carbon dioxide and rainwater reacts it

produces carbonic acid.
• HYDROLYSIS – Chemical reaction between H and OH ions in
+ -
water and the minerals in the rock.

• HYDRATION – Mineral structure in the rock forms a weak bond
with water which causes the mineral grains to expand, creating
stress which causes the disintegration of the rock.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• OXIDATION – Oxygen and water react with iron-rlich minerals and

weaken the structure of the mineral.
• SOLUTION – Solution occurs when minerals in rock dissolve directly into

water. Solution most commonly occurs on rocks containing carbonates such
as limestone, but may also affect rocks with large amount of halite, or rock
salt.
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
• LICHEN, ALGAE, AND DECAYING PLANTS – Organisms such as lichens
and algae often live on bare rock and extract minerals from the rock by ion-
exchange mechanisms.
• PLANT ROOTS – The most common form of biological weathering is when
plant roots penetrate into cracks and crevices of rocks and cause the rock to
split or break into smaller particles through mechanical weathering.
• ORGANISMS ACTIVITY – Burrowing, tunnelling, and acid secretion of
organisms are another form of biological weathering that chemically or
mechanically contribute to weathering. Some animals may burrow or tunnel
into rocks or cracks in rocks and cause the rock to break down and
disintegrate.
EROSION
• Erosion is the physical removal and transportation

of weathered material by water, wind, ice and
gravity.
MASS WASTING
• rapid form of erosion that works primarily under the influence of

gravity in combination with other erosional agents
• TYPE OF MASS WASTING
• ROCK FALLS
• LANDSLIDES
• DEBRIS AND MUDFLOWS
• SLUMP
• CREEP

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EARTH’S PROCESSES

ENDOGENIC AND EXOGENIC PROCESSES

• Endogenic processes are processes of internal origin. These processes take

• FORCES DRIVEN BY THE EARTH’S VAST HEAT ENGINE

• DRIVEN BY THE SOLAR ENERGY

• Chemical weathering decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock

• Biological weathering is the disintegration or decay of rocks and minerals

• EXFOLIATION - pressure in a rock is released along parallel alignments near

• CARBONATION – When carbon dioxide and rainwater reacts it

water and the minerals in the rock.

• OXIDATION – Oxygen and water react with iron-rlich minerals and

• SOLUTION – Solution occurs when minerals in rock dissolve directly into

• Erosion is the physical removal and transportation

• rapid form of erosion that works primarily under the influence of

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